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ٶˣ⣬Ū
ףԶ꿿
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ţˡ

ע
1ףλǿ
2˫
3he

Ԥİ
ҵŮԾ
зԼֻͻȻһСϷ
ϷΪŮṩͷӵ֮ĶܶȣͨͶιŮȼҲԹƯ·Ů
ľϷˣ£Ů¹˺üҳÿղͣͷֱܶ
ܶȺ󣬳жϷȤͣǡ󿼣ֻҳսɡ
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ΪԼᣬԾϪ룬ͬרҵΣҲʵʵһߡ
ôЩӡ
Ϫȴˡ
ӵסУƣ㲻ϲΪʲôأ

еɴ۾ͬѧϷŮ
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Уһܶʲô

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ӽףλǰϪˮ


һ仰飺ǾͰȥ

⣺ദҪͨ


1 
Ǹˡ
Ѫɫ߹ҹա
ڵҹһⶼݴڡ
ףλֲ̿ţͷϢ˥Ůӡ
𣡽𣡡
ɤֵƣ֪ҧ촽Ҫҧơ
Ůֱ̧֣գҪޣףΡ
Σ֮ʣŮӵҲôᶨκθ
ӽ͵˪ɴδڹ»˵ΪǱȺҡֻҪ㲻ᡭ˪䣬
Ůӵͻأͣ£ǿŰףǰ
ףβʹЩѸٹƽȡ
ĺ»µһϢľأܲҡ
۲˳أһ߽
ףŬȥգŮ𲻳
С󱲡˵ڶʾˣÿһ
Ц˼ȻȻǰ
֪½ӦҲ֪ҴŹ㣬ͬŹǿСӰɡ
ԣȥ
ʵ˵ظϾɱǱزĹףΡ
նݳĵ˭ס
ʲô֪֪»ǿˣֻҪϷҾͽزصص㼰ھ֪㡣
˼Ц˵߸ϵĽ˿ң̫ϡˡ
ζ±ʶ˵飬ףĵԾӿǿҵ
𡣡ףο˵ҲҪ
С֮ɷ»
ҪˣԸ
ңף棬Ҳף㽣ΣֻǱŪ䣬ǵ
ȻˣαýһǱۡ
ף㣬ҪסԭڵϵĽ
ȻΣдļ䴫ףǰԼұ۱жϵѪȻ档
ηӦͼסģѪԴԴϰڵϣ
𾹻ܵһ̾ϧмء
˻ǰ˼ף˸
˲Ƶ뻤ŵӣ˪ɲʢ
ǰͻȻ߲ˡ
˾һ˲Ͼͷαأάֶá
Ѳɣ»ΪṦǾӵõ
ָ򾲵ĺͥڽ˼ϾĿˡ
࿴ףۡ
СƷвϧƽƽﲻʲôۡ
Ҫزôصˡ̾Ϣ˵ҲãҪǽ˳ȥǿɳǵĸ󻼡
ףȥƽ𷽲ŵơ
ϧϧ̫ϧˡ˼˵ĳƺ̫ˣС꣬һ˼
꣬ʦ㡣
ף֣λ±֮ǰȥʦ㡣
ʦ㾪žޣ츳׿ҫ۵ĴڣΪδļ̳ˡ
ףҲλʦ㱧羴֮飬ǳʱ˶ʱա
ʦ㣬Ϊء
ǰʦڣĿ϶ˡ
ԡ΢΢ЦЦᣬףΣ¸ңҺźûӡ
źûӰɡ˲𣬳Ū˵ǽµӣǵӦһЩϾǸѿеĹͷ
»ԣ俴ˣ֮¹治⣬ǵ״Ӻʱڲߡ
𲻷󵨲²⣬϶ԤĻҪ硣˷·󷢴ȱϸϸ˵𣺡ܱаΪɱҲѾ˼
껹δɳǵĴҵ
Ȼ»õĽŪѺۡ
ȻˣĽͻޡ˵ȡСӵ
缴١
ףβɱļӿһġ
˽Ƶأɿ쵽ǰŽҪɱףΡ
ͻȻԭһϢ»ֳһʹˡ
ͬʱҹк˸¡һ׽£
㡢ӣֻüס»ĽȴΪ
ǽĽʶȫķѾˣصûϢҲ⡣
˵ѡ˵ȷ
Ϊˣ»һԾܹ˺Σ˺֮
˵סС
ȴ㲻ˡ
ͬھСˣʺ˵ڡ

»Žɿֻô˻÷ףԶ
ףʲôˣֻ屻һǿҵߣС
һж̫ˣʲôɻ
ĿУֻʣ½΢΢һЦ
úûš
»Ļ

ѣѡ
ףθеԼ
Щ죬յͬϪϪȥ
ѵǻˣ
Σգڿɻã
ףȻѣ̧ͷȥѰϪӰȴһ
ǰԶǳɫ۵Ůʣݾ֮;ǣü֮һ룬ʥ֮УȻǧ֮⡣
ģףμ̣ͷԾڣ¾ʲôСģʦ㣿
š
ƽڷϺ˯ʦãŹȰ䡣
ȻƼʦõ۽Ѹٺӯˮ⡣

еɻδ˵ʲôҪˡ
һ˲ӹŹֵ鷢ˡ
ʦͻȻס
ʦ㣬ʦ㣬㻹ţ
˵˹ֻ
Щֵʦá롣



2 ӵ
ʦ㲻
λֵʦӵսʱü΢΢
һϢףμǷ˳ȥ
ֱײǰ鰸ͣ¡
Щۡ
ףԴꡣ
֪ΪΣж˼ί
۸
ɻЩϵ飬΢üɿˡ
ս̵ķһš
˵תȥѵɢѧ֮ʱ
һֵʦòע⣬Ϊ˶ͣ
ͽʦãֻΪʦδΡ
㷽ſǷ֢
Ӱ뿪ڴӸղżž״̬гˡ
ϪߵףԣŴ󣬾̾˵ôҵģȥʦ㣿
˫ֶ֪ôˣ̬ģ·ףεĶţʦG
Ϫʣ˶ĬĬͶ˹֪ףεôĵӡ
ȻףԸʣʶСڿϴǹؾصĺѧһʵʼϲ֡
ʮ롭ԡ
ףη·Żعסһ㣬ûд𻰡
ɫЩס
еСϪģʦҲˣ´ڿʱǸ
һ䣬߶ҪˣʦӦüǲС¡
Χ˲ɵͷǣǿʦ㡣
鶼͵أ
ٱˣϪ˫һ죬ҽ˵ĶʰףߣȥˣҪȥãߡ
ö֣ʿ˿ֵ˼׷Ĭʼ塣
ȷһߣԷҪ
Щ˻δٹȣרΪǿСãȥĻܳԵʳ
ʳҩţֲҩ谭յҩ
˶棬Ϊʿ˵ѵõĺö
նòŰϪѣףʿ֮һܴС˳Ե˵õʳ
ղ֪ôˣף⣬һҲںʳˡ
Ϫ˭Ҹɳǿʦ֮£ٶЩ
ֱ֮߳⣬ףڻͣ½Ų
ˣϪЦ٩ѹǰҴʦϢԭǽⷬ¡
ҿѹСֹʵʦ㲻㣿

ʲô
ףǰ֮£˼Ϫ֡
˼δȫá
ĿǰľӦǻص˴ǰϪͬŵӡ
ʲôʱ仹ҪʰϪףʮ־裬ⷢʡ
ǰľڼ顣
ǴӺ翪ʼͲʳ˪ɣڼʹʦʵ⡣
ףδʱֻǸŵӣע⣬Ծɲұ¶κ֮
պѵ˽»̸
ףβǻɰϪҵֻ֮Сġ
ˣ룬ദģʽ˵Ȼǡ
Ϫ䣬ȴףεĻش
ž
Ȼײ
ףסԴǰһӡ
Һǲë̿ǵġ
ԱߵİϪѾʼӴӴؽл
´ΣСҽǴȥִáֱʹŨĲá
ףαԴ̬ȥ
ڷſҵһλŮüë˫ֱأϲʦٷٺȥҩһĲݣ
˴ˣʦ㣬ǴˡϪѸٻ򣬡뻨ʦ̧֣ĹҪٺǾҪΪ˪ɵһĵˣء
Żʦĳνףλʦͬŵĵӣĳһ״
˪й涨ŵǰڿΣŵǴ඼ŵЩ˽⣬и졣
ŲδΧ˵ĴڣףԼʵ̫΢
ԼΪΪڡ
˵ټɽ磬˪Ҳֻһֻ
ԼҪӽǡ
ӳѩδΪǣɫѿĸ뿪
þˡϪһҲƤˣŲصףСȥ
䣬˶δڡ
Ϫʵˣףȴ˼
˪ɣ
ǰĲһŵѪζƺ˱Ǽ⡣
ͬţΪкЩѪȾԭڵİף峺ˮΪɫѪء
ף򴽡
˷˪ɵĻ
ǡ

ףβǸԷƱˣǰ±֮ǰʼӲ֮ţǼ⡣
ʮ֪֮
ףΣƽƽ
ǰŻ˺ЩͻԲ޵βͽš
ǵʱʮ꣬꣬ʮͻƵĻŶȥֻܰİŵϰ
±䣬ʮʱ
ˣǡ
ϪҪʲô
ףε⣬Ϫһ֣ܣ˵㲻ҪңҲģҪܣоϲ
Ŷףιɵͷ
Ϫʱ
δʱ䣬ΪڣʦŵϿεݡ
ô꣬ʮꡣ
ˣڣʮһꡣ
롭ʦС

Сú󣬰Ϫ˵򷹿ڣָͷɤ˵ţҪȡ
ʳˣǵȻҪԵʳο顣
õİһҲѾͽ޵ġ
ֵףΣЦݲã𾴣ţҪĸ
ĸָͷ
ꡣ
ʦȥֻˡ
ףζűķ룬Ϫʳ
ӣϵ
ϪţͿС
ղˡ
ʱ򣬰Ϫֲʵˣੲݵ˵ŰԣҿģӦǲ֪λʦʦͷĽߣ
һֻţףξգҺû㱧ʦһĻȻҩβһĳͷӲˡ
ףȷʵ֪
Ϊǰʦ㲻ʶֻǵ¼еһ
Ҳͬǳ⣬Ϊѹѡ
ʱףβעʦ㡣
·ϣ뵽ԼĿǰӦʲô
ڣڣֱ˪ɼֻ۵붼㲻ϡ
Σգֻռ൱ҪλĴܲ취ֹ
磬š
Ҳ磬»
ףֻżΣ֪ԡ
ڼ飬û£⽫͸¶ˣ˵˪ˣһľ
ˣףҵ»ǰʱ»ϦദԽһ˽⡣
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˵ǡף¿ʳ˵ӹͲ˵ˣϪ»ǲǻδڣ
ǵģ»𲻰ɣףμͶݻΡ
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ģףǺţ˱Źȥȳȥ˵
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˳˳ؿڣ˵»˶ʦ㶯ͽͷ⣬ʹδչӡ
ϪǴףμۣȻҿĶãǶŵӡҪ۾Ͳˣ
˵⻰ףˣæ꿪ŽŵıˣʱֻҪõ˺Σﵽھܽš
ţȻݲ»𣬵кüλóɾǣأ
Ϫĵµ״ӣҲܱûʦǿ
ףľϢ
š
ǰǿţϪ»Ϣֻǳڽ޶ǰľ
ףμǵãǰĥ̬ⳡ
㣬վȲŵļλӡ
õǵֻǰλӡ
ʱʧ䣬ֻΪеˡ
ڣף޷ӵôƽ͵̬ˡ
ܴŽŵŵ˵ΪҪʮŻһΡ
꣬һξˡ
ףοɼǵãǺ˵ʦܱа
Ҫʦûķչܻܿ᲻һ
ңźܽӴ»ĸԾС˵Ǹ߶ˡ
ǰֻңң»һΡ
ףμӿ˳Էٶȡ
ôˣϪԣżӿ죬ףСΣ
ף̧ͷɨգҾ˵Ķԡ
ӽտʼҪϰڽš
˵⻰վԣˣȻһ꣬л
ȵңҲȥ
죬԰ϪԺš
ףѸǰ䵽Сݡ
ṩʿСӣһ䣬миϣ㲻
Ϫѡ
ʱֱȥԼǲȡϰõ
Ľеӳףεݡ
ʱ߳ŵļЦѾʵüﺬſѹ֡
ͣףΡ
Ʋ壬һᷢص⡣
֮Ƚš



3 ʧ

ҪŲǸ׵顣
Դ˲ϣʿ󲿷ŵӶѾ׼˴˴ѧ
ŽţǶԣ·һţֻҪԾȥʹ㻯
뷨̫ˡ
Ϫ£ǿ飬˵ŽŵĵӼб״ġ
츳ܱ峤ϡſϵĵǣŵͱˣĻȵڡ
УҲٵÿϪռϢҲôСèֻ
ȻͨŵҲܺϪճȭףСΣ츸ĸĺýãɹģ
飬·һ˲䣬ףξҪ̨
ףר־ϰ˪ɽŵӵĻ
ȵһ׽ˣʵϪΪ㲢ţ
ףȻ⡣
Ϫӵ¶ЦݣȻ˵ȻǡҲ밤򰡣
㲻֪ȺΪ˽жƴʮһΣʮ껹δĵӾʧȥ˽ŵĻᡣ
Щʮ꣬źü꣬ʮʦʦֶԽŵִ룡
Ϫſ˫ֱȻֱĶɺ
룬ܶûޣҪǱ˵ǰһȭһ
ϪŵһҪؼҼ̳мҵأ˭
ףμǵðϪ˵˪֮ЩС⣬ܽ˪ɣи˪ɵӵͷѾⲻˣǿʲô
ҪԣϪŻ÷ˮһеԾĲˡ
ЩϢ֪
ףαЦʣôȰȰңһҸʦʦô죿
ҵӴϪЦ˵Ҫ˵˵ء
˫ִ꣬Ѿˣڹܾŵλʦʦ֡
Ϫһһָף̵㣺һλʦ֣ʮ꣬Ϊڣý
ڶʦ֣ʮ꣬ڣޣõ
Ҷʦ㣬ڣޣʮꡣ
ʵܸϿεʦ㣬ʮ꣬Ѿõˣ
󡣡Ϫǿμⳡʿܿʦ㣬֪֮Ŷʮ꣬ȻѾҪͻˣͬŶ˵ǲ䵽ŵĵӣҪعˡ
㣬ҵĺףСΣɲһʱ䡣Ϫֱ˵ܵѾ˲ˣǡЩʦ㣬ǲǡ
ԶָЦһӵ˵һ㶼أ˭
ĻףȻ
Ǵʵ
ǰԼڲμⳡʱʱһá
˵Ǿ൱һ˵
ףλ΢΢ü
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޵˵ĿǰǸ¡
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ף뵽´νķʦʱӦԷ˵仰
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ڣֻҪŵʦ㣬ܶݷЩ
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ˣȻȥˣҪҹһᰲЩȡ㡣
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ȻƼף͵Цһ£٣Цʲô
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ǺЦֻ벹һ䡣ףһ˵˯ˣĳλʦ㣬Ҳѽѡ
ϰԣףζĳٵ˼ء
ȷʵϪ÷ߺףΣСûĵʦãҿƴڰѼϢȻЦң
ƴǿЩϪȷ˲Ŭ
ףεȻ֪ů
ǰϪҪ󣬶ʮʱ͹ңȥ˱𴦡
һкüûˡ
ܺãϪܿǳֻ
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ףνźãⷿС˴¹񣬾ֻһСС鰸ĥܻī֭
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ݽʱָǿྻظĵҩ

ţȻΪ̫ƶ
һϣףֻʮžķ
Ҫķóһţ⼸죬ȥγ̣ʱ䶼ȫڻϡ
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Ľڻеףû
ϪŬŬ죬ҿģ´λ¸ұһ

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ӳѩϴˬˣȻûۿʦӵʦ㣬֪ºԾ
ɶ񣬵ʱҲţ뿪ôһᣬͷ顣
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ܵõĴ
ڻӳѩ
Դӽţʶ󣬻ӳѩĲ׷굱Ҫ
ö֮ٳٶۣӳѩˣԼʦ˱仯
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ӳѩ޷뷲ʦᶯ顣
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Ǳͽʦãδ⡣
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ףȫȫ⻭žķڷεϿ֮ǰŪȫ
һϹ䣬Ѹٸá
죬ѵİϪȥˡ
ʱֺ壬·߽С
ףξ֣ôôؿùأ仹δϿΣգͬǿɲ˷
ҪǱѲõĽϰʦƼˣҪץȥҩβġ
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Ϫһе˵ҹʦɽ𵤣棬һҹꡣ
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ףɻ󣬡ôˣ
顣ϪؿڣĺϢǾȻ֪ĻҪⲻɶ𣿡
žӳһӱƣշеۡʦͻƵϢ
Ϫҧгݣ˪ɵӣȻҪ̫ۡƲˣ
Ϣףβ⣬ο˵ڳΪƣн´˳ȥ
ҲµˣϪǲϽܡ
ͻȻץסףε֣δᶨףСΣһҪţ
ףη·µɣȴף̽ʵΪˡһְԣ
ǣϪݺݵͷǴͷһͼ˵ףΣ밡ףСΣҪʱŵӣȻܵʦͻʱĶϾͻ֪ʦѾɽ𵤡
츸ĸĺýãô᲻Ϣأ
ҲǾʦͻƺ֪Ϣÿʲۡѽ
ϪĿ죬ħ
һҲǹĵ
ףſգţţš
ڱϴԹУͻȻ뵽ҹᵤʦնȻҪΪ
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˼ˣףβһʧ䡣



4 ڸ
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ף˲̧ͷҵǰš
ԼɼСӰۣǽϰʦ峣Ŀʽ
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λʦ壬ϲץȥҩ度棬Ӳݡ
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˪ɽ綫ϷλٺռڣӺ
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ڱ˪ɣʽ׷٣ܼĿʺϲ
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ңʮµĵǶǿҪȥϸγ̣԰ѰҵʺԼĵ;
ִɽǱȽеģǳĴţڶԴŵ϶ԵмϿ
˪ɵŵӲҪŵ֮⣬ȻŵȥڿΣʵǼΪۡ
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7 
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ܺãַģӦûȥʯ

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ףβһ˸ɻŽŲᣬȦ
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8 ˮ
򲻸ȥ
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ںðĵǿʹòΪĽǳǵڣڽ
ʿ̫ϧǰѽ󣬱ʦΪԼİ¶ΪƷʵĲϣڽҲƷʡ
ʱգףѾѽĥϡ
ʱȡº󣬽Ȼһ
ʿܸлȻ򣬻һ֣֡
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ˮ·𷸴Сͷţȥꡣ



9 
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10 Ŵ
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11 ȵһ
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13 Ǳף
Ľޡ
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14 һ
ҪӮ
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óǰλʦδˣӦеΪѡ
Ϊ׺Ҵһա
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Ǿ˵һҪʤһ
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ƽסס֣סףġ
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л˵



15 Źǰ
á
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ڻӳһʱףδڽ˺ڡ
ҶԺϰɺܴ㵱ʱ̫ˡϪü˵֪ţҲҪƴ
Ϫ֪Ŷףε塣
֪㳣ֵŲֵøкܴΣ;Ĵۡ
䣬ףֺõЦЦ˵Ե飺ԭʱʦˣΪǿԵʦ㡣
ʱ۾ȫˣȫѪɵġ
ֻǵ˺ĵؽסԼˤϡ
ҺʦءϪΪ£Ҫǵ˽ڵʦڣףСھɣ
䳡ڵŵӶˡ
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Χڡ
˵⣬㻹Ҫлˮ
ϪһһΪʱԵףεˮԣŻԵɺʦ̤䳡
ȻһŴȣôܻ֡
ˮ㣬Ͱ޺õٸˡܵ㣬Ȼǵøƽ
ףνٸϸϸ۲죬ԭȵȱڱֲ޷죬Ҳˡ
ˮҲ̫ˡ
ȽٸŵͷλãȻóơ
ˮʱҲһ˪ɵĵƣ֮䣬ȽϢһΧڴš
ףθˮƽϪʵʲôʱˣ
ʱϪŬŬ죬ûƼ춼𡣡
ףһ£ֻ˯˼ʱ
ϪЦǳѾ˼ˡ
ʲôף̲סüҲǴ˺Ĵ𣿡
һʱЩĽ
ߵˣҪǴͱȵͻڲܽš
ڱӲͻںڣڣǰı׼ꡣ
죬ҲǶʱ顣
һʱ֮䣬ףָסͷ
ʲô취
ϸȥ룬ҪûãףΡ
㡣Ϫ˷ӦЩˣŵڶգȥ䳡ˡ
ףκһá
ԲףСΣҲЦϪ۲飬Щ
ףҡҡͷ¡ɫ̫ˣȥϢɡ
죬ˡЦЦǰʦӦúܵҰɡ
ͻȻ˵ֻϪȻһУ󲱾˼Ƥ
ססס죡
·ණģֻֻƯĽ˵˰ɣ˵ġ
ףαķӦЦ֪ˣʦ㡣
һжãϪȷʵҲûֻٸ˵һҪϢ
֪֮ʦ˳Ŵˣ˵ٱȥ
ʵΪǿĶͻȻ˳ףеãȻ
ҿšϪȻѹ˵ʦ㡣
㽫ʦıˣģʦһݻԵ
ʦһݲϵֻҪʦ㽫ЩռŵʦķֱƷʣ
ףηˣʿ˵Ҫ
յıϣ࣬ѡƻͬʦı
գǷһȫԤϲԼһ
ʦ㡣ףβɸпá
õʦ㡭
һҪס
Ĳк蹵ףԽԼĿĵظ
Ϫͷ˭˵ء
Ҫ֮£ŹǷˣѰ㡣
ȵĿͰϪȥףνڴͷٸõ
ٸʵСİƻҪС
ŮͯЩģҲʱ̫Զµĥ
ףüš
ͷ
ǡйŹ֡
ɻףξԡ
ɵϣûɿٸʼ˯⡣
֪˶á
ףεǰٴοǸ
ˡ
۵ͯףεͷһ಻꣬߻ûȵСŮͯ
Ůͯһѱ߳üͷĳѸٳףο
Ǿͼ
˵գŮͯˢˢǺüȻнᣬŶݺݳףն
Σ
иСŮڴ
ĵ档
ףһ߶㣬һ̽ʵǰǺˣ
Ϊ衣
ԼɱҪаˡ
ɽвĹ¡
ʿͻȻһλǿߣĳ޷뿪ʿ
ȻǿҪô˵Ҫ²ҪôǽҪʿر㿪ʼʿϸĽ̵ʿΪԼȭ𵤣ԪӤʮɽ٣
ʵ
˲˼꣬ʿͱˡ
Ϊõڱ
ϧǱ˾ѡСġ



16 Ȫ
Ҫ취ӽʦ㡣
ᡭ
СŮͯƺ˼ףεĹδͣ
ǰ̫ǿˡ
ףδ򣬱ȺʱҪǱ
ؼǣǰĽ·һ㣬׷صĵط
öζ㶼ֱֱײϽ
ҺðнҲֻۣˡ
ǵˡŮͯһñ
Ҫ
ףҲûƢʵǰͣ𣿡
ͣú˵˵ɡ
̶ֳȻϢ
СŮ˸ۣĮ׼
ˡ
ףΰһϡ
峿ʱֱˤȥˡ
ԭ˯ôʵ
ףεİϪϡ棬˭Ժ˯һ飬ñ㼷´ȥ
ףδӵЩήҡ
ȫûϢá
Ժֻǻûиߵǰᳯӽģ
ʱʱҪ˵ûֻѼ㡣
̫аˡ
߰ɡ
ףʰԼ
ҽǰһš
Ŵһգɹš
ʦľ룬ӽһЩˡ
ȥĩŵĽϰͽˡ
ȴǰգףѾвһûӴʦ㡣
ţףԼһʲôɡ
źףνȡ֮ǰһ׼
취ӽʦ㡣
ڵ׿ɲ飬ûκι֮
¿ֳֿ꣬ʦཻҲǱ˳ЦͽˣԲı߰ˡ
ףȫ
һΪðյ뷨
عᶨ
ֻҪʦ㣬ס˪ɣֺη

յ䳡֡
֪֮˳ŴȺȲ߻ʣ¾ˡ
վһ̨ϣȺյı԰š
̨ӱľŸˡ
УףΪ۵ġ
ΪС
ףǰǾһ˶סˡ
ףζվţԱߵļ˰н
ô嶼ˣ
޷òȡˡ
Ͼ˵ǵһ۾ֱ۸ܵġ
ףεĳಢԣС㳤ˣԾɴż
ƫƣ۾ܳʣ峺Ȼ
ϷĿ
ɽ磬ֻ㲻ˡ
˿ƽƽ档
ྲ
һŴ󣬾Ȼ䳡
ףңȥ˵ڲԶĸ̨֮ϡ
̨żӰ
мŵһλ״ӣ˵ʦʦǶֻ󼸲վš
״ɨ̨ˣ䵭ؿڣ֮ձԹģٽеıȶ
ͻı仯ͷˮ
Ŵȳ꣬ɴδŹ
֪Ϊλı仯
ԺҽǰţȪ״Ӽ˵˭Ȫˮֹ㣬˭ܳΪŵӡ
ƺܼ򵥡
ȪˮܽţȴùѪͷǿˡ
ܱƴڣ˶ʲô
ȫİĵ
ȪǺ
ѡһϿÿδܴŽŵĵָһΣʣ¼أ
˼ֵ㣬һҲҪˣ
ʲ
Ȼ⼸ʱҲûС
״ӻСͷۣԼУ˴Ȫ
ŵţҪһظʶ£зٲ¡
Եĸϡ
ʵŹڴδֹŵӽ
ȥ
ڣ޷˳ٲ
ʱСڣϡ
Сϵļ¶
ףαɽˮգֱá
е״ƳһۣЩŵ̫ûʶˣҾȻˮסЦ
ӵ񣬵֪ҪŵȥȪʱиⲻˬ
ȪŵӶҪܴŹףܽʥء
ġ
Ȫ
ںʿҪʼδ;
һΪѵ顣
Խµ·ܱ˸̤ϵ;˵һ
ͼ졣
δģΪһʱٶȶóȻµ;ʿע߲Զ޷дĳɾͣͻƲ𵤡
ʿ̤Ȫڣľ
ľУеĿ¡ֻšͳͳŴ
ģѰҵ;Ҫ
ԣŵǶ뾡취ŹףȪ
ƾʲôЩŵʲôͽʥأ
·״ﲻ֮£κζʾϸˡ
ȵĿĵغСջأָ˸ֱ߽ȥ
ףǿȥɣʶ塣
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Ĵߴ£˿ʼǰȥ
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ǰŲþ±䣬ˣδȥȪ
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ܶŵӶԴŽŵĵи߸ϵԽУ󲿷ѶϢǼһµѡߴŽĵӡ
ˣףҲ̫Ȫʲôġ



17 Խɱ֮
ڴ֮ϣϺз෢Ρ
ʪˮɰ
ף߽༸˵ӰѾʧ
·ֻһˡ
ȪˮòѾˡ
ͨͨòʮȥ
ףûԥߵȪߣʧ̤Ȫˮ
ǰࡣ
ףαȪˮΧʧȥʶ

ϲ
»Ҫͽܣ
ͽףΣԺĵλͱʦһˡ
ףվȺģΧȫ*صĵӡ
ۣеĲŲ뼵ʡ
ѵûһţ㣬һҪͽܣףΣΪʲô
ΪʲôȻףʦڽǷ»ϲ´ӲͽҲҪףʦ¡
ʲô
ףվԭأһ˴ȥ·ʲôĽš

ףȷˡ
Ҫôܳ
ְ˼š
ǼףƽϹþʼӴˡ
»𣡡
ôˣ
Ⱥɢóһĵ·
ףεĿȥ
֪ǻ󣬵û̲ס»
룬ϣþƻ
ζ
ףü
»忡߽ͣЦ˵ôһ˵ģΪʦȥ棬ɺã
áף̲סν
Χһپףˣ
Ȼڽǰν
ףβΣֱӳ»նһ
ƣٶ
һȥ»飬ʧʱףһۡ
ΧЩҲͳͳû
ףŽǰֳĻ档
СΣ⣡
ףκͣ٣æȥ
ɫ£Цţ֣ȥľˣһ
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óϸٳ꣬ȥѧա
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ףԴף᲻ƿ
ô㿴Ů˵Сѧպȥʲô
ףɬߡ
ɲСŮСΪڲĺܺ𣿡
Ůůָףεͷ
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ףμȥңѾˡ
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Ȼֹ
ףŽʹ˾
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ֻǣף룬þ̫
ӦóʦΣʱĻǲġ
ʱһ߹ź֣ףΣԵִ
ֻˡ
Ӧǻþʶ
ףνս
Ļ棬»˵úûš
Ϊ˻šף֣أҲΪǻš
Ǻᣬ޳زݣ
ף¡ը졣
ףβ仰Ϊݣǻѹȣ
޷תɫף·𱻼ѹһС
ꡣ
ףαſ죬ڴڼȡ
Ҳûкõȥ
еʹҪը
ͷ·ȫʪ


ֱͣ
ͬʾǵĮ߹ŵ
ܻš
ףοǻѪζ
ݺҧͷѣָĿơ
Чѡ
ֻ㹻һ¡
ףμŽݺݳԼһ
ʹ֮£γ
ѪҺӿ
˿ƣ
͵ȥ
ף̧ͷϿգκֻޡ
޳
زݡ
ִ
ף˫սѽ͵Ծ𣬳նȥ
Ϊģ
棬Խɱ֮



18 
󺣱ϣ˵һҶ
ͨ
ףһԽȪˮ
һˮûǺ
סףδȪˮ̽Դ
ʱʼǰߣȪˮߣһӰ
֮ǰǸ״ӡ
ԭôŻΪ߳һξ롣
ףȪˮ̤˼˸ϸߵλãȪˮ֮С
֪ûеʱ䣬ʵŰɡ
״ӦδףΣ񶼸һ
ȪȪˮ̹ǣףνմˮɡ
˳̽ԵԼ

Ȼǻþ
ףβ˷ʱ䣬ȴļ϶תʼ
һЩ졣
ǿͻƵľȻȹˣҪٶ໨ѹ
Ȫ
ףβٵ飬ǲģ˵
öɴ
ʵ֤ܴ
Ȫ棬°빦ǿ̫࣬ףʯҪࡣ
ֱδؼȡ
ףû֣Ȼͬһѳʵı
â¶ɱ֮ӿ֣Ʋɵ
ףγݺ˵
罣뽣ϻⰵء
֪˶ãףһˮ
ۣһλǺˮʦ㡣
ʦ㣬𣿡
ףιĵһ䣬˳λʦϳˡ
Ҷڡ
ǰϪҲгʿ
Ҷһۣҡҡͷ¡
ֵˣ
ףγʵش𣺡һˣ岻֪
Ŷǿ
Ҷ˵꣬Ҳ˵طµϢпմһ
Ҳǽޡ
ǿʱԾԾԡ
áףӦ¡
˺˳Ȫ
ʱѵ
գɹͨΪŵӵĽףΡҶڡ

ѽʦ֣þòţ
Ϫձգߵλʦߡ
ʦɫЩѿ֪ҪΡ
ţô֪ҵĺףν
Ϫ죬װɬʵ󣺡ǿ׽ȥŶ
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ϪЦ
Žι㷺ʶòˡ
ЩͬЦףأˣӢܣףʦÿһɳ쿩
ɲʮ;ڣˣԺ˵ܻλء
ʲô˿ţһףʦó״ˣֱųһ崫ˣ
Խ˵Խû߼ʡ
ʵϪô롣
ʦҧ˵ѳŵӵףΣӲڣʲôףνûͻˡ
Խ˵Խţһʱ㿴ϲѣ
⳶ҫڻһʦ֣ʦûʵ㣡
Щʵ
ŵӺŵ֮·бݣδŵŵӵѵġ
ͬʱûаǻ
ޣϪۣҺף츸ĸ׽ãֵõŪǷǣ
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ڰϪֻҪףιúþˡ
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Ϫͷǻϰæվֱ㣬±ɨӵ
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ޣϪޣʦԼ극ȫȥǰɡ
ʵڽϰǰִͬ
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ϰȻ¶һܳƵЦݡ
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Ϫ̣û˵ʦ˰ɣ
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Ϫ̿ˮ¼ˣòǲǱˡ
ףʦֶѽĻø㡣ϰ̾ύ֪ǶΪ¡ʦֶȥšע1
˪ڴŷıأԽΪ治ֹнз࣬˪ɼǧĻۡ
Уɽֻ
Ǹ˪ɵӶȥһԣֻҪķԸܵõ
ϧǣŵӸûʸ
ʦֵɴ۾ɵˡ
ԱͬŴͣˡ
Ϫֵ죬ˡ
дʱȻгȫһͷ
ô˰ֻó
߰ɣףʦֶŵ㡣
Ϫϰ߳ȥִ͵ŵӽš
һν鶼û⡣
ϢŨĽʱףΡ
ףѻŵӷƼʱ¶ϤЦݡ
ɵϪȥֻôøѵˣⲻϹ𣡡
ףκЦ⣬ıĽҽҴʹ㣬Ҫõġ

ϪˣﶼỨŴڵ
ɵӣףС㴿ɵӰ׬ʯһѻƼ͵ˣһȥõأǿˣ
ˣԽ㣬Խ
Ϫŭǰͦ𣡡
ף˵Ժл뽣󣬵Ҳ֪һܲٽø㡣
ĻᣬÿζãǾˡ
Ź棬ûйزɷԲ
һΣҲųɹףνλó

ϪĬһᣬٿʱɤ棺
ףСΣ󺣱ϣ˵һҶ
ףЦŵͷǡ
л˵
ע1ύ֪αסҥ



19 žŷ
֮
˪಻ͬ
ռشСͲˣҪʽͬ
ŵĵȫѧüùϽоŷ塣
ŷзڻгְ֮λ
Ȼ֮أΪ
ŵĵȫΪϽרŵʦʦ̵
˷вͬ
ҽڵ壬רϰĴ壬޵ɽ壬󷨷ʿĶ塭⼸ʿϰĵƫһŵӻܿС
༸սʿΪ־𣬸볤ϻӦʱѡŵӡ
һֱûߵŵӣ壬ȴһλᡣ
Ϊһ»ڵĳ壬»Ϊһֱδ״ӣĵΪ˿˶Σȡ೤¡
ˣ³ڽȥķ
ףβκһ壬ʱֻ塣
ʦĵط
ҡ
ǰ»ӡ
ֻԼ֪飬Ȼ˵ʦ
»޴ףҲ뷨
Щ϶ˣͲԸ
ףСΡ
ϪѳɹӽȡһѻƼмǴ
Լͦϲģϧúá
ŵһᾭ׶Σ˾ǱĽҲӦƷʵķ
ΣϪʵЩ˿ɺദ᲻۸㣿
ףҡͷסԶѰȵȥѧʱܼЩˡ
ЦЦģֻҡ
ܽӴŵӴԳݣмദ
ףǰҲܹⷬûʲô뷨
޼۹̫ϵˣۡ
ϪЩˡ
ˮڵ㡣ףǰ·ɤӣףĳʦȥιһ
ϪЦҲҾʹݹˡ
֪ԺףˮĻͻˡ
Ψϧ¡

ŵӵĴŵҪ
ףʱҪϪסһСݣ䣬ڰ´鰸ûʲôռˡ
ţΪͨĵӣҲֵ˶
ˮ
ˮϣ۾ҪˣԹϪ
֪ΪΣϽаϪ㣬ȴֻԸףε֡
ϪЦչȥѽղˮôƯ
ˮ죬ûûаɡ
УϪϸϸ۾ƯƯƯﶼƯˮǲӣ
ʣףСΣ˵ǲǣ
ףε庢ӣͷû
ˮŹ̵Ķûס
ֻ˳ëɹСԴ̲ס˻ΣϪ㣬ס
Ϥǰˮ˵˳ÿ춼ҪһװͰӶţҪϪڣҾͲˡ
ףʣλʦ㣿
ˮԼ֪Է֡
ԼĲˣ»ء»ءǼ֮ʰɡ
Ϫ֪˭ˣӳѩʦ㣬ΪҪն㣿
֮ǰ͵ȥŵ鱻ˡˮ죬ף˵ܣͲ׼ҳˡ
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ˮæͷͬ
ʱ
ӳѩվڰ뿪űߣ͡С㣬ȥˡ
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ף룬ҪЩӲС
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ΪΣˮСֺܿܣǣ˵áʱ
ʱһʱ
ӳѩЦΪһ
⸽û˵ֲأȻ
ӳѩûôСҪҼˮ
ôСȫ⣬᣺ˡ
ˮû취پܾڶˣԼԺͲ׼ٳˡ

ˮزסί߹ӳѩЩΣ֮׼ޣȻᶼΪ۸㡣
ףΣϪ㣬´μˮ̴
治֪һͰ͵װĻǼٵġӳѩ̡
ףκͰϪ˵⡣
ʦ㡣ףһ䣺ʦпУϴ뵱лһ
ʵҪӦҪ
ӳѩƳһۣʦЩС¡
˵գżˮȥ
ףվԭأաѰ졣
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ˮɫɷף亹ֱȫڲ



20 ǰǡ
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21 ʦ
ҪΪ߳Խʱħ
ŵҪͬǿƵǰѧΡ
ż⣬ͨȡԸԭ
ڿεǳһλˡ
ԪӤΪɽڣܳΪСŵĿʦ
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ףδڳҶڴߣȥʡûϯ
һͬŽţȻ׽رŵӲԸཻ֮¡
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Ϊ壬ռ*˪ɽСһ룬˻ҪڿڵѧҪЩ
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Σѧνϰ֮⣬ųͽڹְ
л˵
СʹǲҪѽ[]
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22 
ףαǼᵽֵī㣬ۡ
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˿۴䣬ڰУ罭ˮࡪ
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С˶ɽֳۣһ
˽Ͽдɽ֮⡣
ףһϢһ붼Ը֮ϡ
·Σɽ硣
գֽڻ֮Уӽ
̶̲һʱڽ֮һϣ
⣬˽ѧ
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аšɤƽףʦã
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ףλδü˵Щʲôǰ仯
Ѳѧ



23 
ʦʱͺܿ
Ьٴ䵽ʱףηԼѵһլԺ⡣
ʦ㣬ˡӳѩŽվ⡣
ֿףΣӵ㷳գףǰɣСͲϳˣȥ
С͡˵ˮ
ףüͷ΢壬ʲôʦ㣬ˮǽ͡
ˮÿնŸԼδϵδкβԡ
ãǼС㡣ӳѩʱǱĥˣǰ
ǰŴˮΪʦһ¡
ˮɽңű֪˴ص࣬ߴռˮΪŵӡ
ߴʦʦҲŽǰеġӳѩǰ˼⣬͵˵Ҫò
ο˪ʱ˵ˮģһس֮ⲻҪ˪
ӳѩŽͷյķţ⼸üκ޲óſá
ҪʦֹĻô
СȫϣҲԸˣԵҲ֨Ҳǽȥ
ףˣʦˮԵɣ
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ƽ޲ԴֲĲ㣬üСӦʦ
ԾһϮɫۣʿЯһǹ㡣
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ƬʦطһֻǸ»Ľʦ治ὣĶǵһ
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ףβܴӦȲܲˮܿ¡
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ףαˮլԺ
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෿С᷿󣬼ˮɿףΡ
ȥЬģȥñŹסԼһ˿һû¶



24 ˮ
Ҫټͺˡ
ףһʱδ
վ᷿ڣûҴ̽
˪ɲˮʱŵ⴦լԺװξͥԺֲïܣ͸¶ŻŵϢ
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ףξˮʵϲסط
լԺܴ󣬷нǿյ
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ʱڴϣССһֻ͸ź¡
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25 ֽ
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ˮ˪ɴˣڻʦȰ˵پܾȥ֪չ
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ӳѩһ·ֱҪֱʱڰʣҵĽҪȥˣܸ·鷳
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26 
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ԤУôȻᱻǰġ
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ˣʦͽ̡
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27 ƷԲ
ףγˡ
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Ǹ
ϵۣҪԪΪͽ㲻Ҫްɣ
ϵۻǸģǰ֮ˣͣ㡭
˳Ȼмƣһ׳棬ܲ׼ֱ档
ҪǸҰ˵ϵۼΪТ˳һȥǲԴϢꡣ
⻰ֹסˣţҶԸ׿ڳԣ
ţȥúó⡣
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̫ѰǻƼҪͬ˵ҪһЩ
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οЦЦȷʵǡʵ



28 ѡ
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вԴˣŶĶԴ

ȵʽ볤˴룬ֻʣƽѡʱе
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˲һȣŵĴ޹أԪҪͽһԼͷء
ֹſˣߵԪȥһ㡣
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ûܹղأҪ[][][]



29 ף
󵨣
ף,ôףأ
µʵǲ⣬Ԫ˵Ļ󣬸Ϊ졣
Ѳɣڽϵó
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,ôǴŹģ
ֹСʱûü,񿴵˸,Ʋסҧҧɫࡣ
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ϰ̾ϢһСδԺ;ҸƷԲѵԺϰ
ϸϸϰΪλ´
˿ƷвõĲСֹ
Ǳ˱ĵӣˣǵʧ
ֹˣԴǣԪϣֵָ㣬Ժֳɴ
֪ΪԼ˵ЩûʵĻʱⰵԵͷмͬ
֮ˣرʿ顣
һʱ֮俴ףεﲻɶ˱ġ
ףģڸζУվţδһԡ
ףΣ֡ԪЦЦΧơ
͸
ףδˣ޷ܾκһ˿ġ
˳Ԫûͽ˼ԪϽѧʱ棬ѧϲ
ҲֿصȺ
ףδ⡣
ִӱ
ͨͨһѽƽƽһˡȤҪԵܱԪϡ
ΧɢЩ㹻Ŀࡣ
ֻһˣ㡣ԪҿеԸǰףһս
ԪǰֵĻᣡ
˴ɣǷףβڣȥսʤ֮䣿

ֹڻĽǶűʯžͲ
ʡԪϲδֹ
̾ȷʵʣֹҲŲãΪڡ
ôʲʱóˡ
ֹڱʶףΣʱ·òУץסᣬ׼úýѵһ
ϻϵۻףһΡ
۵ĺͰµĴһˣ
ֹ룬ͬڣǸڵʦרŴ죬ѰʿԦסһ
⽣˷죬Ϊ˳֡
Ⱝµļһŵǰѽһ*ڵʦΪ׬ʯķ
˵һ㣬ֹ
һһĵӡ
ô䣿
ףι֣ͽ̡
ߣֹ˵ֳ滰ֽǰȥ
ˮ׺ͣʱӳ֣ӽ֮Убˮ֮⡣
˼ˣ俴ⲻֹڽ򣬵Ҳûʤ֮䡣
ϾŶԵʱܲ˵㷨̫ˣƷʵ
ֹն࣬ϪϣӿףξУ
ף㲻ܡ
ʲôƲףѲ밤ٴ
ֹɴ˴αԣӾˣԵûʲôʵ
תʯâһ
ʱ
粨βİ
ֱֹ˽̲صķ󣬴ûзֻѧʲôؼʱʹ˳
ҳҲص̣ô⡣

ԡף
ʲôԣֹڵҿɲˣ
±ΪС˺ͬŵñӡ
ףƽֱ
Ҳ⽣ж£ͨͨһѰýһӣҲܳһ

潻
ֹϢΨѵһ
ڵ¶㵡
ֹڵĽ˳ȥ˵ϣ
Щ̲ס˲۾ǿֹտգͬס˰վ
ǰѽʯڣǰ㲻
áףμһע
վԭأսֿʼǰһ£δֺ
Ľȷȷʵʵͨ
ԪЦϲһ£㾹˳
ʱǣ뻭ʱ̴󣬽ճ̨Ȼ֮⡣
ϲɲף࣬úӣҳЩ꣬ڽߵÿЩ
Ըȥ壬ʵ֮·ףǰ֪Ψֹ䡣ʦѵʦͽΣ
ԪΪǫѷˬʣڽԡ
вĽߣʱ˳Ͽ˲ף֮С
ǿԪϣ
ʦѣףοúߣ
ϰ۴Уս
Լв̤ˣ
ףνջأԪϣһݡ
ͬʦʱ㹧
ۣշǱѰֳһλ״ӡ
Ԫϡ
ףֱ΢΢ͷСĴͷˡҲܰΪʦ


ʲôܾˣ

ΪԼ˾ܾΪ״ӣ
ͽ
Ԫϵͽ
ž͵һͬ顣
ͬʹ
ʹΡãѲǻǶݻþ֮У
Ȼôܿ·ʦЦˣʦ㲻ˣʦֵܳĻ氡
ܾԪδ־飬һɺ㡣
Ŷ˼˼ϢЦʣǺοͷɷ˵
ף˿֣Ҽᶨ
Сտ񣬴ΩԸ»ΪʦܣֻԸʦ
κͬѰ˵ǰ㣬ֻׯء
˶ȴߡ
棬Ϣ˳
ǵǵ
ֱֹ
»Ҳ
ɽʿؼڽ֮;Զ֮ˡ
£Ψҳƽ
ףһССʿԣֻϰ»Ϊʦ
ܣ¾Ȼκ˵ʦ
󵨣
ϰ֮ɿƤ˶
˿Ц
֪
л˵
ллСʹǵף[]
ӽ쿪ʼϢȡ㷢ġ



30 ƫ˽
ʵڲ֪Ϊע⵽ףСӡ
ԪƷЦ,Щᡣ
ԭˡڣҴȥ
ףû뵽Ԫϻ˰ݣһ
ǰδ뽣ദһʱ⣬ԸԪ¡
ϰ
Ԫףμ,ת,ǽϰҹףγ,ڲأʹĺ,ƷԲѡ
᲻ᡣ˶ഫ©ʲôʲô,ʵ
ϰ˴,һʱ,ĳѶ෽֤,ףλ˱ĵȷʵδ顣
Ԫ,Ը۽,ʵǰĳѧϡ
˵ţϰüͷ,ɶе衣
,Ǳͼ
ʱһƽ
ףƹȥ,ȴڸ¥ϼ,
֮,Ծóռ,벻Զ,Ŀȴңң,͸֮羴ҶͣһϢƿ
ԪƼʣγԣ
ʦֶϰ⣺ףкιϵϻƫ̻ػһΣײʦδҷ
һָƫ˽
Χȴš
ףıʦ˽ģ
˵ЦƵġ
ǰϰĪӳˡ
ŵӶ֪ʦ㿴˭һһֱҵĻӳѩ
ԶǰƽȻ·ɣﶼ顣
οһĵӣ
ܳϹϵףνճԪϵ״ӣûܡ
ӳѩҲˣƳףһۣͣϰȥţȥˣӦ֪Ǳ˱ĵӳΪѼĵرԱʹ
֪ףڶͻƣ֮޷֮²Ųٻǵӵķ
Щ㳶ڹϯĵӶ֪ϰǲ֪ء
ӳѩŽת䣺ǿʵٻһӵѧ£
ϰЩⱳ֮ȷʵ֪Ų֤绨ʦֶԣһ᳷
һ˦裬ѧӹƽдҴʦֶһԣѧںεأ
ˡƽִû¡
ִã
ôҪִˡ
ڵӾһûӻӳѩ˵ЩﷴӦִ䡣
ɾϰҲѧŶԡ
ԪҲǲ⣬꣬ϰʲô
ִкԵϰգʦֶͽ֪ż֮ȨԵ޹ʾִѹңֻһССϰҲ飬ȫ
⶯ӹ˶Ŀġ
һЩϰΧ˹ѧڹµĳϡ
ʦֶǳִ࣬Ҫѧ֮ˣó㹻ɣȻ
ףµ򣬴ʱȴѱ֮Ժ
˵עϡ
Ҳǡ
ףʦ㣬ܿ뵽ʲô
Ѳɡ
̯һƳУȻףΣǰݲƽƽš
˵ʲô
֮кθɣ
ֹڣͬƽƽԼͣڽѣš
ҷĵ飬
ֹԼ䣬ڴӷű״ܵг
ǿޣΪ˸˹ʱȴ
˳ͶֿףΡ
˷ŶԾȫ෴Ŷ԰ɣ
ûǴˡ
ر֮Ļᵽĳ⡣
ݣϰǺ޲дǰɷȥǴд
δ벻ֹ꣬ףһסΪʶ۹
ɲʱ䡣
˷׷׿ϰ
ҶȻˣ
ϰôףΣ϶תףεȥţ
ˡףֲʵ뷨
֪֮ʦǰ˵ĻףΣЩӦõûУôû֮Щ˾͸üˡ
ǰףڲʮŽţʱۣǿʮǰɹϰδ
ʮ꣬ѾڣŲ꣬ʹżٸӱš
̫ˣһͻϰ鱩¶
رǣףһλߵʦ𣬶ϰ˵Σա
רѰʯףͻ֮ʣͷףһ½ա
һ½ջףʧȥεѡᣬֻܵȵٲμѡ
ĳ֣ϰա
ϰֻ취䵽⡰ƷԲѡϡ
һĿģΪף޷壬⼸ڲܰκһλʿ¡
ɡ
ϰָ䣬꣬ŵĽ
ʵڲ֪Ϊע⵽ףСӡ
ΪףȥЩѹĲظﲻյĵ飡
ֲܵ⣬һͼա



31 
ʦ˼·Ȼףˡ

˽,ŸΪ
Ŀ⵭Įûпϰֱӿѧϡ
֮,м֮Ȩ,ִû᳹ѧ,űԴ
λߣС,ԴǼ侹ȻҪѧֱûаҲ̫ѧˡ
ѧ䴦,һйϽ,Ӳ¡
ٽϰ̲סü,һ˷꽫ìͷϰ,ǡ
ѧ
ⱳ,Ҫֱʡ
ԥ,ϡ
ѧأ£ʦֶԼ˼,ţ
ʡ
Ǻ޲òڵ,ôײֳ,̫ˡ
ʿ۹۱Ǳǹ,Ҷ,Ҳҿ
Լδκα仯,ǰ㵭Ȼ
̲סЩ
ף,ü,ƽ
룬ǿߣǿΪжǿ¡
ѧϳĬϢ
Ϯ䵽˺¡
ˬЦãã
ôˣЦˣˣ
һС棬˵ҪԼĵ̣ҪǷŵطֱܴ衣
ǧ̣֮֮ѨЦ⣬ٳ֮ңͻ϶̷֮١ע1
ٸҷ֮ѧδû֮ˡ
һһϰǣΪ˽ҵţʦֶ̽Ҿ룬᲻еӷͨȴϰ˽ģ⡣
飡նʦֶղҪѧҲҪϱţѧ⣬ͬҲɾ
ϰˣ׷׹񣬡Լǡ
˳ⷬҲ᷽ࡣ
˵ʱΪСҲ˵׻
ûκηӦ
ʱִõʿٴߡ
Ͼǲ²⣬ûóֹڸ׽׵֤ݡ
ǵĮʱˡ
ܱ꣬а
Ҳʿǻܾᣬȷʵ
в̤
в̤
ףΣ֮˽ĵӡ
ףע⵽ߣؿȥ
پȻûջŭ
ǰɫɫ۹⿴ʱվţ糣
ٱˡ
ѡڼѡ󣬻ִ龿ѧ
ҪЩӡ
ԪûյӣҲˡ
ףμ򣬡ڽ󣬾Ѱҡ
ףβϵͽܣһԸڡ
£Īǡ
ǣлϡףĸлԺ󶨻߶
ҿɵˡ
Ԫ˵꣬ɴ࣬ȥ
ףΣѧᲹ㡣νϰˣѡ̸̸
ףδӦ
㡭νϰЩ棬ССȻ˺ã£Ҳ
Ų󣬲ʦʣԴ
ף˳ţ˵ͱԪϿˡ
Ŷף»Ϊʦνϰ롣
ǰףΣҲɡ
ϰһ˽˽ʮꡣ
ףںѲЩ顣
΢Ц£ʦ壬ҸҲǶѽ
νϰԴԺӡ
漴˳ϣɲӣÿһޣίЩõö
ףονϰգգۡ
֣صͷǡ
ʱףοɲ˼档
ҪǿͻץסһлǿֻҪΥߡ
ǰڣпΪԪƽ̵İԪ¡
ֻǰĴڣⷽ棬ҡ
νϰ˵£Ҫȥæµٶ
ѡϾһεĴ¡
Ҳ˿֣ȻԼǰҪ
ҶҲҪȥȡ塣
ף˵ҿŻڵʦѲˡ
ʲôӳѩѵ壬С㣬Ӧýмʦˣѱʦȥˡ
ףҡͷʦ㣬ʦģ뵱лһ
Ҫӳѩ۾ܾ裬ôʦ㣬㲻Ҫ̫ࡣ
Һֱ˵üˮ˳ʦʦΪ㲦ҷ¾ͳƽˡ
ӳѩɻǵãһʦ㡣
ʱûжעˡ
û뵽ڻΪˮôϵ
üˮ˳ʦ֮ףʲôˡ
ҲΪˮ֮£ڰλʦ㡣ףε£ȷʵʦҡ
ӳѩӣԳֿɰ˺塣
壿ףָգǻʦԸңʦģ
ӳѩƲ죬ء
ףεͷ
Ůǡڼ֮ԶףΣ˺Ҳǰ㡣
ʦһ㣬кҪ
ӳѩ־Ծ
ʦ˼·Ȼףˡ
ΪԼڰԷҲΪøлԷ
ӣ뷨
Ųᣡ
ʦɲ塣
л˵
ע1ԡϡ
ллɰСʹĻ[]
ллСʹǰ֧ԮСʹӪҺ[]
ллСʹǵĶ[]
ϦȽæϢһ졣
ǰףҳϦ֣µһ´[]



32 Ҫ
䣬׺Ѱҡ
ףĲԶĵطͣ¡
ƽĿףפ˼Ϣ,ʣݲ
˪ɽ綫ϾϾȴв
˪ɲδȥɽв,ճ,ףӦֱȥ,ȥ෴ϡ
ʱ磬ȥѰסףβ,ԵɵֻɱĵЩ,ǡ,˪ɡ
ô,ӳѩףͣʮꡭ
ûˣ
Ƿ,ʮ,һԵӦڲǡ
ס,û˵
Ӹ߰ӳѩҲֻ֪˵ˡ
δб仯һ,ʾ֪ˡ
кҪ,Զ˽ĸΪҪ,ƴǡ
겢δ˵,ˮִⲻ,ʦ,˪ɵ,»˼ˮԸ
ʱ,˪˷飬ͲŵĳҪһ
ʦ飬ֹ
ӳѩ֪ʦΪʲôô˵ʦ̫ᣬʺϡ
Ϲ롣
ҡףԺȻһ棬ѿڶʦ㣬ҿٳһ𣿡
̲ط»һס
ɫһΣ͸ˡ
٣ʲô˼ӳѩز׽ۣʦףǰ
ʲôʱ򣿣
˽¼ԼȻ֪
ӳѩеľߣףΣֵùעķΧ
˵ز㡣䣬׺Ѱҡ
ӳѩæʦ㣬Ҳ
ȩ̈ɨһۣã
ɶⲻҪףκʦ𣿣
ӳѩΪԸûһΣ֪Ҳá
ʵǣʦֺ˽ӣʦҲδйκմ㰵ʱ̡
ǺҲǻŮͷɬ

Ͻףν󣬵ԴΪ㶼ϣɻҪҵ֪ǰȥĻȥ
úӣΪȡһλᣬΣ
͸ŴȰ
Ĳ﷨ŵĵͳһȥһΣ֮ĻҪԼŬˡ
Ҫôһ󾳽磬ҪôŬ
ӦϡףμǵǰĶķãȥȪ֪ɷ񣿡
Ȫ
ӦϿףΣϢ߹š
ĿҪ˿κ鶼Ź
˼Ϣϵļ̣ʱȥȪ治࣬ΪҪȥ
һлΪĳţʵǺ˺ð
򡭡
ףεͷ̧𣬡룬ټһΡ
ȪӪþʿ
ڻþ׵ݺ
⡣ӦΪѣȥһε޷ףΣԼ󷴵档
ףεͷϣ֪ģټһκҾͲȥˡ
ԵˡЩ䣬Ҹȴ
Ӧҡҡͷȴӣ鶼ȥ׷飬ʧҡ
󣬵ȷʵȥȪ
һӡ£ǣɫӡ渡ʧ
Ϳȥˡ
ӦЦЦףΣǺǰޣһء
νϰĴˡ
Ҫδͬ⡣ףʵһʦ̵ķӡ
ӦϺЦŵڿҲķͲ̫ʺˣȥһѽ
ϡףκи򣬡ǲǣϲ˿ޣ
ӦЦ˼߰ɣˣý
ûϣ
ףη˴ܡ
ߵ䣬νϰء
Σ˼۾˲ҵľС
ףҲգգۣʦ塣
ţ
ˣǱʦˡ
ԵʲôȷʵǸС
ӦϽ飬ףεͷˡ
ԺҾ˵
νϰʦЦĺõ
ϵ
ףδǰ컹˼Ҫòֵܹıǰ
ʦһֱȥȪˡ
ǰΪҪԼȥȪ
ôȥˣ˯ǰи֪
ЩȻסľ
ȻҪȥʦ㡣
ףΪʲôҪҵļԣ
δ߽Ҷʦ㱯˾С
ףæϹȥҶ׺ڽнмһֻͣ
̲ס£ʲôǰˣȥӽһ
˳ָ׺׵С룬ǲˬغ
ףΡҶһλסԣҲ̫ˣҸտùͷǿҪһһֻˣ
Ǵ꣬󣬡׾ȻԼ
ɺﲻӦƮƮ
ҪԣҲӦóˮİɣ
ҪˡףεӦ볢ζ
ˮʦɹֽΪһ·ͻʧ˰ɡ
ֽףദһ£ÿУЩϰˡ
ףΣҽˡҶ˵˸Ϣֲָᣬ֮ҪȥˣʱһԷˡ
ҶʦҲҪߡ
Ҿ֪ʦһСףЦЦڣ
˳壬ֻʦ㣬ȴƺûʲôᡣ
ôأ
л˵
[]
ףԸλԸʵ[]
ллɰСʹ[]
ͻȻףλû֪˶ᷢ[̲]



33 ˶
ףμ˴ľ󡣡
ֳֻ,Ҷڻȥˡ
ĺɫƻʱ֣׺һ
ףϰ׺ס
ֽ׳,Խɽͷ,Ķȥ
Ī,
ദʱʦ˵Щʲôء
Ҫ䵭ʦӽ,ô
һ£ʱ򵥣ʱӡ
ףԾĿ,ñ,ʵûⷽľ顣
˼,׺׸³塣
䵽ϡ
ף°׺,ꡣ
ʱƻʱůչҫ,ٽҹ,ůͣȴ͸
걻֣ҲԳּů
°,ת,ǰȥ
ף,ظš
;,ݷ,ʢ,ڡ
߹һ·,һСͤӡ
ͣ½Ų,ף
ףεĽȥ
ֻʸа֣ŽΥ͡
ףβҴ뽫ʦÿһϸ΢Ķ¡
ԣɽӣޣΪʦ
ƽתŽ˸
ǽϲĶʦҲҪתôЩɰ
ףĵЦ£û͸¶
ȻƳһۡ
û˵ףεĽŲ̤䵽ͤĺˮϡ
ףμ˴ľ
һϮ£üŵʥŮӣˮ棬ĺ֮ϣһ׽С
ףͤϣֲԾסǰľˣһս
ٻƵɹˡ
ûգۣӽɽƽתƲľ͡
ط⽣֮С
Ǽ򵥵뽣ףμڶﲻľ硣
ʱ˿̣ƾ⣬С
ˮ沨ƽͣ
ףʶعʱѻصͤĽҲص˽ʡ
лʦ㡣
һ
ףԭֻʦٳһõıԤĶ̫ˡ
̧֣Ϊ˱衣
ƻȥͤйգҹ飬ɫƫ䡣
ףԤУʦҪ˵Щʲô
Ȼ裬ֱ뿪ǡ
豭ðˮ
ףָ֣ᴥ豭̡
棬겢ΪԼ裬²󣬽Ŀ䵽ףϡ
˵ӣעӡ
û졣
ףʦá˵ˣѩɽȪԵ䵭ﾰɫҪȥ

ףһֽѵֱߡ
£Сħټ
ħף̧ͷʦ㣬ΪħޣΪһСɡ
ܻġ
ħµĴƣСʿӵġ
ףθеʦĿϰһɨ
㲻С޴ڣϽı˪ɣ죬ԸͬС
ʻҲ
ˣѯԵùֲЩ
ףˣȴܾ
ʦӽⲻǾõĻ
ʦ㣬ʱ
ʱǳ⻹࣬ףβ룬ʦ˵ǲаȫġ
պ󡣡ֵ²¶Ͻһڵ񣬵ʱ׺׻ҡ
˵꣬߳ͤӡ
ˡ
ǵĻô
֮ʦˡ
ףζ豭ⲻȲĲˮһڡ
ζࡣ
ԥ£Ƕ˼ڣֱˮǳǳס
ףվ߳ͤӣʦӰѲˡ
׺׷ףΣһٷɵȥ
ףηϣſֱۣᱧ*ֽףҲᡣ
㻹ʧá
׺һ˻Ӧ

ףԴӽ˪ɣԶȥǡ
뵽Ҫ׼
ҹȥ˻ǺߣҽޱϰԺ
ףβǻᾪŵϰ
㰡
ϰԺ£ڣҲ֪Щʲô
°ͣҹãҪЩʲô
ϴ˵ģʬˮɻУףǽͷ߹ȥʵ
ϰɣҪ¶ˡ
ȻǸ׼ļһ
ͯߣװʲôء
㡢㣬վǣϰͣһҩƿȥ֮ǰǼۡ
ףνסˬ츶ʯǽ뿪
ȴǰ롣
ôˬɱ˷Żĺ׬
ϰ°ͣһֲֻʯ

ա
ףεȻҪȥȪ¡
ԭǰڳ˯ҪҪЩȥʦҪȥ֪ʱ顣
Ǿȥˡ
Ȫڣףûͷֽף˹ȥ
Щʱ򣬴߽ˮʵȪˮʱףûܵκ谭
УǺ
ԸģԸԽɱ֮
ףΣɱˣ



34 
ȴһᣬδָṴ
Ƿɱˣ
δףλش,ͻȻһӰ
üĿƺ˪Ϊ޺죬ʸ߹Ȼɽӽ
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35 ʥŮ
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36 ǰ֮
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38 ֩
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ףûⷬ飬ѩǻɴԼ˯һɣ
˯˾Ͳ˰ɡ
˯˯
Ǳıӣŵصģ
ѩǺЩȥʲôҲû˵
¶һ¾ˣסǣ̵úܡ
ưˡףץס֩ǰһС
ЦһʲôҲû
š¶Ҳ˵ʲôû
·ǿġ
̣ѩܲסԼˡ
¶ƿӣ˳Щƣҳ͸͸
ףȷȺ󣬾ûȥˡ
ףɾ¶ʵ뿪㶼ȥģ
˺Ƕӡ
뿪ףβδҲʲôܣһ·У;ݣٺš
ݡǰԶ¶ûסǣԼȥģ
ףף·ˣĿİҲˡ
˵ﶼһ;棬һ˵
¶ӣףɾ˲𡣡
СأףһֱڲԳǣ
ɾĪЦҡ¶ۣ룬زȥˣΨһ뷨
ףҡͷλЦ㡣
롭ǳƽ٣˽ٵǵĹ磬˼εӰֻʶ
С¸ҡ֣ء
ԸѺڹȳ˶Ҫ¸ҡ
¶̧ۣȴŮ
һ˲䡣غˡ
ֲԾ߬ȭҺڡ
ΪΡҪʱ򡭡

̦ǱԳ˵ࡣ
ֵȣҲʱ䲻Եء
ףСɵƣҪ̦Ǽĵͼ
֩ﲻڳڲ֣ʱҪֵʱ䡣
ڵ̦磬ȥ䡣
̦˾Ƽס¡
ѩͰ͵ģҲԲˣٹȵҲҪʳ
Ϊ˵¶Ҫף䲻ҲԸԵ㡣
ѩμԼҪ¶С㣬Ըлطⷹԣ˳Է
رǿףδá
ʱӦαӡ
ƼͨģʳǲҶף˵Ǽˡ
겻ˣҪԸ
ףκĳֻ˵
Թ
Լķ䣬ףδȥϢֱ˳ȥ
֩Ҫˣ죬ٳֵڰ׮Ұ
ѩǻҪС㣬²Լ뿪Ҳ˵Щʲô
С㣬˴죬ǺúϢɡ
ףŵͼ̦Ǹ߸䡣
ÿдգջۼһס
ͼȫȷЩ˼صˣЩ񣬲Ը¼ڲᣬҪ˰
Դ˵زףΣֻ顣
ƼĽϣ첽ȥ˳ƥ
ʱĺѧ
һϣܲ߸

մջͷ˵ˣסƫױﶢϡ
һ׳ŮкԼá
ҡͷ˽㣬ס¡
ˣҲкЩûŷˣһﶼˡ
ǰͷ˵׽˰ɣСطͷûãôѰù
ܾ˽⣬ﱳȥ
лСڵأ
ǼСޣӿŲȻչСģžˣܵЩôӻ¡
ɽ·У·ЩŢࡣ
߰Сܣ˴ʱڿԼéݷ
͸Щƹ⡣
⼸ӡ߶䣬ֵʡ
ȷŵٽڻĲ˹˳
ûҡﱳȥ׼Ǿϲ
һֻƿţδڡ
͵رһ˿Ȧס˷ڡ
Ż£ס˷ھ޴˿˿Сټһˡ
ǲ˹ˤϣմ
һû



39 ֩һս
ףѡѩף͸ͬ飬¶С
Ѿȫʧȥʶ
֩̾Ӵ˿,α󣬴ĴָСΪǰ
ȫﵽ׼ʼԼʳ
ʱ
,в˹
,żֳ֡
֩ͣ½ʳ,ᶯ³˿

Զáº͵Ů˽,ºβӭӣ
δ䣬һը
ף㿪˿
Ŀ÷ھ,ֻ֪ȥ,˵,սֲ
ԾɳֽС
ȥ֩Ѹٽɡ
ǣסУ
,ζ֩,ڡˣ
ܿԡ
ףоߡ
,ԣڵı־
ûе
֩,Ȼ,Ǽڡ
ʿʱЭ,ûС
֩Ҫףεʹˣ
ڵʿ,˵ֹ󲹡
ףβ²,֩ɵķĲ֡
ĿΪ֯˿,ʿ,ʿѪ,ɹ
ʿգڵＸֻڵĵ
Ȼɱг
֩ס㣬޿֣ͼıʿ
֩븹ɫ˿ӿϮ
ͬʱ˿ŲתֻŻ
˷Ĳš
ףνϷ⡣
Խ֮ն˿
Ľйնϣνиһ˿Ӵԡ
˿Ȼ𤸽Ľ

ףʶԻ׺͵ʿֻ

֩ϲʤɵɵɵ
ԭʿ᲻ֹһǻðա
һɵӾֱ
ۣʵΪ׼õʳ
֩ǲ˿ʸףСȡ
Ҫ̽˯
ףԽնأƾԾ
Ͻҫۡ
⣬Ἰ£˿նϡ
ӿٶȣ˿֮ǰͱ䡣
ףκܾò콣ˡ
ʱѧҪ
ⲻĳٶȻ
෴ǣܸˣ
áףҧʳָ
Ѫ֣̲ص֩Ųע
ҪľѪ⣬дȷ˺óԶˣ
ѪѪı޿ɲء
ѹѹƲס
ҳԡ
֩Ը˿ϮٿףΡ
ףʳָڽһĨ
Ǳ֩ѣζ
˿ȥ˿ף
ף룬֩Ȼô
³Ҳһȱ㡣
ѪĽԾٶȿ硣
ףδӴͳһ̵ʳָһͿĨ׵Զ
ͬѪϢ֩ϷŹ˼˿
Ƕ̵ȴء
ףԽն˿һ߿ƶ̵ȥиϵ˿
Ʒж֩˿
Ƕ̵˽ɫ⣬µƲס޷ʼѺۡ

ѱžǼˣ֩ǲм

֩˿ףΣȺУֱףȥ
֩Ǽ編Ȼ䣬𾢷硣
ףεסһһ
צ뵽
ԣԩ֩룬ڻûжء
֩ȵײ䣬ףѾ֩ȵļ̲ѻƼ
ѹЩʿȥɱ
²ȫǱô
ףεĳٶʵǺ
һϼ֩ȶѷɫ
֩Щŭ
ףЦЦеģ֩롣
֩Ҫȴ
ϺõķʳߣԲ㲻ż
ϧ֩޷ĳӡ
ŭˡ
Ҳ֩ߴ
תףθǶ
ƻĽʳϰߣɶ񣬿ɶʿ
ͨĸˤϡ
ףγô˻ᣬȫӳȥ
ٶ˼Ϣžһֵϣ
ߣߣߡ
֩ȥ
סʿ˵
Ȼ
ɵһ⡣
ϰͣһ˲
֩ԡ
ʿҪܲݻ˻Լȶ
ףν
ʿϰ༸׺ͣЩСǿԵġ
˺䣬ȼ
ŵĶ̵Ȼ˼£ѳС顣
ףνʣ棬Ƭ˻𣬾ȼ
éǺܿġ
ͷִŻ𽣣֩Ƿ֮ȼĻֻҪ㹻㹻㲻𣿡
㣬裬裬衪
ˣ˵˵㡣
ףԻȥն˿Щ˿ܵȶȣ𤸽еľٶûˡ
Ϊ֣˵
ʿӢ˲һ㣬ΪЩҲֵס
ڵʿҪ౶Ծ已̥
һ
ҲףλҪĿЩ
治ֹһأ֩ŬСź󣬳ŭˣ
̫ȼǸʿֵϼš
ȥȥ
ȥ
֩ͣڷ֮ϣϾҪչˡ
͵ˣֱնףΣ
ף˿塣
ٿڣס
Ũ̡
¶ȵ
Һ÷ӵԶȻǱˡ
𽣻ǰ磬ڶ䣬Ӱ·Ķǡ
ʵʵʵʵ顣
֩ǻ𽣿Уʹ⡣
ŭɶ
ģģˣ
ͣˡ
ѾеΣա
˵Ҫ֩롣
֩⡣
ԡ
´λᣡ
ҡֻҪס
ʬѳһ㣬ܱûкð
֩⣬ʱڵĻ޷֩ƶѸ١
ƣ֪Ƶݱߡ
ӳȥҪ˿ӷס
ԼȼĻ
ףṴ
ȵľ⣡
ȭƬ볯һȥ
ڻ£֩ˡ
¡һ
֧éݵķľ
صľͷЯŻѹ£
֩ӣȴףԽȥ·
һһܽˡ
ףγô˻ᣬȥ
֩У벻ˣףζӡ
һȣףηնȥ
ףαûǱӲ編նС
Ҳȥ˴롣
ݶá
Ϊףֻֽܽ˦ȵֿ
ֶûˡ
ף˫ֻסײƴ䵽ͷ
ӳˡ
δ
ףվ𣬴Ӵ﷭һС
˫۽ڡ
֩
Ȼ
ҲͱϢ֩ײ˳
ףԭĽһ磬̳Ըɾ
㣬㣬Ե
ףսϪ͵Ľˡ
һ㣡֩˹
ʧȥһ㣬ֱµĻãʹŭȫʧȥǡ
֩ˡ
䣬עĿ
ΪסĲôƫƧҪ
Ӧӵġ
¶ƺ˼ȡ
һֻӴıצ֩
˲Ϣڷ
ףֱ¶ǡ
һ󾳽Ĳ࣬֩ڵѩǰɱ
ף룬ҪЩ
̫ˡ
ս󣬹ллѩǻ
ѩûףξҪЩˣӦЩˡ
ףѡѩף͸ͬ飬¶С
л˵
ллĵСʹ~[][][]3 뵽[]
֮ոǧпվ͸[]
ٴθлСʹǵ֧[][][]



40 
ԩԩ౪ʱˡ

ף,Ƚѩ˵ҷһš
֩ˣҪƺ
ѩЩС׸ףΣȥ,ܻЩʯ֩ӦҲ,Ȼߡ
ףμ״Ҳƴ,סѩÿ
ҪȡҵĽ
Щ䵭,ȥ֩˷
ǲ
֩ѳСףƬ,˳
ףԼѪڽͿĨ,⽣ҹ,ǣ£½ѻ,ٿء
,޲ˡѩѵҪС,մȾ֩ĶҺ
յӣɣȽˡ
˵,ѩһ,ǡ
ƾۼ,
,ǽʿ,,ⷽ޸ʤһ
ˮˢé,ϴȥ齣ϵĶҺ
ףεȴһ,齣úװ
²ʹˣǺԼĵһѷ齣˪ڣ
²ټʿǶԼķͨ񣬶ΪܻҲףֱٵģ
ˮѹжָʶѰԼĺӡ
ڣڣ
ţ
ϲ˵ϡ
ףαźӣңңǱߵĸ뺢
ˣˡѩȲˣףɣ¶Сڵ㡣
Ǳʾףȥ
ףԭ̫ã۵ѣֻҷŵһǡ
ѹʯһƥˣԵҲ޷
ѩβͲסףεϡ
Եȡ
ףνսóһʯ׸ĸףĲݣЩš
Сʯţ㹻Ŀ֮ؽݺٳһꡣ
׵ĺܾ׼˷䵽ԡ
ʶסͷȥֻѩ뿪
ѩȻűη
ЩӦǱģţüʣ֮ڸסĲ
˵ĸܣ벻Ưۡ
ֻͬɹԼˡ
˽ħ

ʱףλ֪ԺСΧһ
С
˼࣬Ԧ޶Գء
ϧգ鱦ﱪȥ
񣬶໭ͼ
ڵףΣάֲס̬ſѩϣѩǻҪô𣿡
죿ѩǿϲһܸ죡
˵գأѸ׵磬̦Ƕȥ
ףֻץסëñ˦ȥ
̫̫ˡ
Ҫαˡ
ʲô
ѩʻѩǡ
ԩԩ౪ʱˡ
ѩٶĿ죬ףԭҸطȽۻˡ
֩սʱ˺䲿֣·ֹһ䣬ʱվš
һ·ѩûᣬֱ͵¶ǰ
ףδӱ̧ͷŮӵĪ顣
¶ԭϣ¼ɫ԰ףæվߵǰˣ
鼱Уףƣǿסˡ
ȥ
ãףβæֹС㣬¡
ѩ˸£һͺˡ
ٺ٣ıѩԺؾ͵ſ¡
Ū״¶һɣѣףɾΪζ뿪ѩδʱҹȥ㱻֩ô죿
ʱҲ޷ףΨ⽣£ûƣȫں
¶ڹУ˵һ䣬С㲻صǣʿЩˣõҲܿ졣
ף룬СǸˡ
֪Ǿο¶ü
ףɾӦˣ̫Լ嵱ˡ
ѩԴצװڡ
ף˼ֲ⣬ûС
ʶһ죬СΪԼ
͸ɻ
¶ע⵽ǳǳ˿ƿĿ⣬ٿףʱûż
ԲסףɾҲǷˣ£ȥϢҹˡ
⣬ҹĻѱ΢΢͸Ҫˡ
ףվ߳ź󣬻ͷһ䣬С㣬Һܰϧġ
䲻֪СΪ˹Լϰ޷ӸԼ֮˵ĸܡ
ʱҪ¶ǰǸ磬֤ԷһֱûϢڵ
ףֳŷţ¶ϣҪΪˡ
ҷŵ˼Ҳõúܿ죬ʱҺСġ
ףû˵ѣΪ˻ƣעⲻҪԼˣ򲻵ˡ
á¶ͷףɾȥ˯ա
СҲǡ
ףŹţطȥʰԼ
ѩͷ¶¶
̫õļͻȻһ۱Բ¶С㣬ѵףѾһֱҵġˣ
¶ߵǰߵĹ¡
ûпסԼѩǲҲ⡣
š¶
ѩԲ۾ﵹӳɰŮӵӰ
ףѲǵ¶Сˣ
¶񲻽Ц£Ӳ֪ҵ䡣
˵ףֻһΡ
ǵòǳ
ѩǣظףɾ¶񽫴ϣҴ˺Ѱˡ
ǰԼñס

ȻҪزԳǡ
ȥ·ѩζˡ
ףҲٱܡ
ΪΣѩģˡ
Ϊˣ
ûȡ¶вԡ
ѩϳ
鷳ҵıܿ㹻¶Сףһˡ
һں棬ŤŤ
ףˣѩǻ죬һҲˡ
ǵȻѩ˷ܣ³
Ҫ٣
ףæֵڲȻëײۡ
Сϣ侲һɣ
չѩǵ¶Ƿˣס񱼵顣
ף¶ڳڡ
ǰ룬ʵСǿ
ȥΡ¶һϳǣụ̂żЩ˴ţĵѰߡ
ף򴽣û뵽ǹ
Щ*ǡ
챦ΪԼѡ֮ˡ¶ͻˣ̧ۣģ
ֵףɾҴ£ȥƣ
ǡףβ뿪ʮˣ˷ȥ°ķĹ
ôˣǰ֪˶Ӳݡ
䰢ǰӵ˲
ףɾβô˻ᣬĸŹǨط¶ķãԸȥɨƵЩʯ˴
ɱӲݴ˼ˡ
ףȴҡͷﲻԸ뿪
ǳֻѣ֮ǰͲˡ
ףμǵã׺ϲ롣
ˡ¶΢΢Ц£룬ҹȥҲ롣
ףδЩᣬҲͶʮ꣬ɥЩˡ
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¶̿סЦ⡣
ҪǱȻþЩףƿЦ˵һΪ֤
ѩͷԣǲҪˣҪǱֻС磬ˣܶġ
Ŷףơ
ꡣ¶ûסŮӾѵЦ
ԳƵ˲䱻ɨա
ڣǰʡ
л˵
ллСʹĻ[]
ͶӪҺСʹûҵID[]ллСʹ[]



41 ȴа
д߳ȴаӳ˯иա
˲Գ,ףȥꡣ
ʥŮ⴦ۡǿ˾סҲװλڼ
ڰٵĴ£ףһ߼ʦ㡣
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,Ѹ,Ⱦʦܡ
èצӾ,µĶͣ˹Ȼ,èǲᱻƭġ
β,ߵ
ںߵͤ,ף
ǰԼһ㣬ȻȻ
ף,ʦʲô
֩ˡ겻,˵,ףʦ,˵˵ħ֮¡
֮Ŀ,Ϊ˲Ƿħ
ף,,ʦ֪
,Ϊף衣
ߵͷһۣòֺܿɣ
ʮǰ飬ʦӦͲ׸ˡ
²ɲΪԼ裬·ݲרΪףζ׼
˵ףβٹעüͷԾ𣬡ѲħʮǰЩͽйϵ
ǶΪϹ
ףΣĿ⻹ǰƽ䵭
˵ۣǧΪ֮˷궯
ȴа

ȴа
ȴԵʿ
ǣΪĳǳأ֡
֪ðһţϹȴаһֱ˯С
д߳ȴаӳ˯иա
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43 ֮
ʦ㣬Ǻܺõˡ
׵ףۡ
Ƽ,ǿֲħ޲һѪۡ
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44 ʧ
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Ŀʦ뿪,ףһʱ֮䲻֪ߡ
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[]



45 
պǡͻˡ
ʧ٣
ôʧ١
ףһʱľ,ѵ壿
ڲΪʥŮ¶ץ
ᣬϲ뿪ãҪʱ䡣ʥŮ˵,С뿪˸ۡ,֮Ҳˡ
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¾ɵֽ׺ػѪ,һɫ,һ𽥱
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¶㣬ȥ

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47 
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С㣬㹰ֽȴаϣȷʵԿǷŹСһ
ŮЦôҼסˣкá
ȴа
¶
УףƼǰѽ¶㣬ȴаҪ䵽ħһֻ
ʮǰǴžƣ
ħ֪Ҫˡ
ʲôϵŮƲ죬ССͣ鵹ǰܡ
ҾͰѽ㡣¶ҿԡ
ŮףŹǸ˭׼ȥˡ
СΡ¶תƣǴһȥܳˡ
˶ԼܻҲܰշ룬취ʥŮ
¶ͻڶ
Ǻ¶һ
ħʵֲʿ˵ɱɱ
һġףεħƭһҿˣŹҡ
Ůһʱ˿Բûôס
ôܶ
С׼ĶҪ㣿
ףεͷ
ǰʵǰҪôܻѽ
һǾ;Ŭ䵽ħС
һֱĬǰӦٲ
СΡ
¶ףˣ˽¥ڡ
ѾЩˣ¶˼
ԲЩ顣㲻Ҫȥ
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ȳ֮׷ɱ㣬Ҳǿ
¶СΣ֪ȥ¡
ǺѰɡ㣬
ԣ㲻ģ𣿡
ףλظ¶Ѿ³ߡ
æȥס¶
μÿǻˣᱻ¶񽫽ԼܣʱҲȥ
Ҫԣɱ˺ףΣ
ŮһҺ˷ʱ䣬ѲһӲһ
Цؿ¶񣬡һ鷲Ҳұ̫Сˡ
Ҫ𣿡¶˵ţϾҪ
ͣ
Ůǹ£Уҷߡ
ȥ֮Ͱѽҡ
á¶ŵ
ŮЦҧʳָмѪƮ
ңĺģ˺ɱףΡ
Խɡ
ǼѪʧڤڤ֮УףθеŮǣ
δԣᵽ󣬾Ͳϴ
ĺЦڷˡǼһߡ
ĺ
һ𣬡ħղ£⸱ˡ
ףƣưֽܵ׺ٶѪ⣬ֳһӰ
Ůʥ࣬üŵ롣
ʦ㣡
ˣ
ĺѵ£ЦðȻһΡ
ͷ¶񣬡С㣬ԭһжΪ͸¶
Ϊ걣ס㣿һɱģȳⶴ
ʱʹԼ޷
ĺƻףκ¶񶼻㲻˵˳
ⶴѾرգٽʿ
׼
л˵
СʹǶʦ[̲]
ʦ㶼Щʲô[̲]



49 ̲
꣬Ҫˣ
ףһʱ֮Щ
֮,ʦ¶ıΪľǲĺݡ
ֳָŷֽ˦˳ȥ
ɱˣǴһĺûбƵŭ,Ц,,̫СЩϼһˡ
ж̵䳤ֵ˹ȥ
ǼŷֽΪ,סȥ·
Ļ̫ٴȥʵΣա
ףʦãС뿪
עսǷ,
¥,ʿ˵,ֱ²ˡ
ףβҵ飬¶,߲һԾ¡
һֻֽױ,нסǡ
,Ƕƣĺʱ޷ףˡ
Ⲣζųĺȥرǡȴа¶ϡ
ĺʬЩֽ˦ȥ,μ,һ,ƾԾ,˰׺ԡ
,Ҫȥ¶еĽ

һһ,ĺȻͣ
䲻Ϣ,Ծóĺü,Գ档ⶼѧˣڵ˲
Ǿ͸Ҫɱˣ
ĺֵɨֽ״䣬
ףθ¶˵汳غѸǣס¶ܡ
ĺӿгֵ˾һն
ȻԼֱӳǳˡ
ֽѳȺϣɱĺ
ĺǿ񱩵ĵף˶ȥ
⵶ɽ嶼նҪ䵽ϣֱӾķѡ
κڵ֮£ſķ

һϴչ뵶ײ
أ
ɢݵΧľƽը˼֣Ȼ̡
ĺô˻ᣬնټֻֽٶȳƽꡣ
ƽˣҧʳָѪ
ѪɫīɫûԻƷֽأֱдڿС
һɡ
˵غף
ĺ˳ȥ˫֮С
¡
׻ըõ泾ڡ
ĺԶֳΣȻһ㲻ңɻС
Σֳף˶ȥ
죬سɴ磬ֱ¶ԣС㣬һá
ĺ׷Ϊľȴа
ڴ˷㲻ٶף¶׷ᡣ
Ҫɱǣܳȥɱ
¶񲢲ܾнꡣ
㻹ýĳĽ޽̹㡣ĺҲ̫ȣֻЦûи˵Ϥá
ֳֽȻ˵ңá
ζ
һֱŵĽֳ
ĺɲ㡭Ϊܣ
Ϲˣ
Уӵף¶ڵ˳ߡ
ס¶һͬ¡
ĿС
һϮµֽġ

ⲻܣ
ĺ֮£һϢд˰츳ôܲѧ
һǰնѵϹô䵽ͻȻѹ
ԡԲԡнǵ
¡һ
һȼյ¥ڳܲסˡ
沨طＸȫľƽ˸ԤⶴŻһѻȫˡ
ۣƽѽʱ˿ԡ
˵գֽ볤ĺԾ
к󣬳ĺеֵ˼㡣
ȴ
Σ
ȴа⸱ģ
ٵģĺðѼٽŪҡ
֮ǰһֱŵЦʧмŤ
һ㣬һˣȻŪ
ĺαǣгҲ֮ǰδеǿ
мħղµϡ
ƽָúܲ
ʱ򣬶ֻչֳʵ
ĺΪħ£ԭлΪŴʼնֻнΪʵ
ڣҲûܵԪӤڣֻ͸¶˼ԪӤڵơ
ɱ㣬ӣ
ĺħ
겻ýٶֳŷֽ
ǰѷȴаƯԣ³š
еķֽΪ볤ĺԿ
мŷֽɢ£īִֽ߶ڵϡ
γһ󷨣
΢΢ͷ촽
ʱ䡣
ӿֳǧ
볯ĺȥ
ǽ𵤳ΪٳĽԳĺ첻ʲôв
ǧ
ĺռˣҪȫʢֻΪԼɱ궼ܸһ򵥡
귽˵û
ȷʵָúܲ
ɱħ޾ͺķپ޷ꡣ
ôȥˡ
ĺ֪ԼټҪ׷ɱ
˭ħ¡
ƻҲȫʧܣ˵
⡣
ĺٶȱǣɨ֮£ʮ顣
ƾгֱֱ󷨷Χ
ĺͣһԾͳ˳
´μ棬꣬Ҫˣ
أ*˳
겻ȥ׷ϡ
̯ǰѷȴа䵽
곯ջٵ¥˹ȥ

ĺˡ
ڣ֪׼ȥɱ˷ӳˡ
¶ɱꡣ
Ҳסֻϣ
ôţĺȴһļ¡
æһӡ

ʲôײһ
ĺһ˫۾
צ
û뿪
ȷ뿪Գǣ˻ķۡ
֣
һ٣ٶ
ĺζҪըˡ
ˣôʡ
д˺⣬ƺңڻҰϣΪǵıᱩ¶𣿣
ꡣĺʶʿԲܷŹԺսΪħǵĸ󻼡
צ͵һģ
ĺ֮£󵹣ֱӱĵͨڵʯϡ
Ѫ
ͷԪӤΪҪǰҲ˵ɱɱ
ĺƢƲסˣЩ赽ͷϣǿ̣벻̣
³һѪ
˵Ƥѿ
۾ͫһ
ãҪԱ𵤣
ԪӤΪϮҲȫˡ
ĺǱ壡
Ѹ󳷣۳֡
ҵšĺ£Ҳã˪ҲգҪǸۣ
ʿԱ𵤵Сӡ
ʱ䡣
ƽȫΪ˳
ɵУԳϾ
ⳤĺȻ˷Ĺħأ
Ƿıֻɱһ
ȻħıͬաⳡԾӮҡ
ħȥħƣȻڰ¡
ֻǸΣŲ
ƽɽа̲
㣬ĳһգ´ƽѸ͵߸
ʱţ壬ˡ޷ӹ
Ӷг
ڰĺը٣ǻ谵صˡ
󣬽ŲС
ϡ˷ˣôʥŮȥˡ
ףǸѧ㱾ˣħ޾ܽĥ
ţ̫ˡ국Ȼ
СȻ˵ΣԼ˾䣬컹̫ˡ
ԼĺӣԼ
겻ÿɷ񣬡ĪҪǨŭС㡣
ߣ𣬡޷Ҳϰ
ôһ
Ҳˡ
Ӧðɣ
е㵣
л˵
СʹԪڿ[]
ллɰСʹ[]
ͲӸ[]
ⲿ־ͽ֮[]



50 

Գǡ
ȴа,ˣ
ףЩȣʲôʱ𣿡
˵֮ǰؾΪǰѽȴаʱҲٵͷ
ǱƲµ뷨,Ҫôױٵ,ôܳƵ
ʲô¶ǰ,̳һμ䡣ҵ汲ȴаˡ
ǧǰ
ǻ,ǳضûн
ʱ㼯;סǡ
Ӳ,ؽ,סŲ
,ˮʳ
ˮеһȱΪػȻ,λػδ
ʳͯ,㹻ĹƷ,ͻ첨ˡ
أʿ̤֮ء
ľȴаˡ
˵,Ҫַ
һЩŭ,ֻһЩ,ȴΪ׼
ȴа,ˡ
ʱû,ɷ
ˡȴаˡ
֪ǳս۾,ˡ
İ
Ӵ,
ӿεĽڲ޹ɵؾ,пԼ˫֣֯ƽ͵ȥ
ҵ汲ûܼȴаֻ˼Ƭ¶Ǵ˵汲ù¡
ΪҪ
Ⱥ̫ãܶʧȴġ
һģдɫʵĹ£һ
û⽭ӱ
ҵ汲ھĵطȥӴǾˡ
ʱţ֪μÿһļ
ǶμһλܳʿΪȴа޽ģ˴ƸһƵȴа
¶ǰѷƵȴаʮǰûлȴа
ȴаʹ
¶ĸף¸Ҳûȥ
¶ûл꣬ͻţ˻֪
СΡμֻһˣϣ㣬ܺһͬס¡
סһ¸ҵˣԷɱﰲ
ףׯϣ֣Ӧ¡
һֱδ˵ָľη֣Ƕ˵ע⡣
ɾҲܼס£͸ˡ¶˵꣬־̫ǡҲ
ȴаƬ겢⣬
˵գһƬó¥ҵġ
ŲӦС㡣
ƬСûƴƵ׹С
ףʦģǰУưܡƬԵúС
ڵϣ˻ȥ
ȻǰʶеƬãҪõ
ףûлӦμҴĶ
СƢͦǰ롣
֮Ѱʹòˣ󣬾
¶ӹƬݸףΣСΣǽޣ塣
׼ףξܾҪ뿪
˵ţͽҳƬеСףƬ
¶ףβϣһЦƽ
¶㡣ףʵ㲻ǻħȻʱﲻóȻЩʱô죿
¶ҡҡͷ˪ʿ֮أҾͲȥˡ
ġɾҰźˣ֮ط
ħﲻãҳĺ¶ݺ崫ɣ׷ɱĺ
⼸ڣĺڲ
Ҷħ˵ɱмֵ
ħ޴Ѿ̽ȴаڣ֮󲻻롣ȹ꣬Сطʱ˪ɻؽǡ
¶ҡҡͷлɾ⡣
ʮҪؽǣ뷨ıˡ
ǲҪҪ񡣡
¶ЦףΣֻҪ֪Сһƽţ͹ˡ
Ҳúȥ
ĸף̡ͩӽҲݽ
ֻС¡
¶죬򴽡
δҪԵ޲
Ϊ޹ܴѵΪԼļˣΪԼҳĻ֮˵˽˺˵¡
µף飬
¶֪Լټˡ

ȡ
ڴϣͷȥҲȿҩߣ
ѩ̣£ҩô
Ҳˣ𣿣ҾţⱲӶˣ
èè̾ѩϣ£èżǣòã
ãǶȥ
캰꣬ûˡ
֧䣬ϸ
ȡ𣬡ѩǣ㲻𣿡
췭ȫ뿴
ˡѩ
èܣѽ
ѩίͷһ̻ͣצӽס
󣬻Ρ
£ˡ
ѩ룬죬ȥ
ûǺ
ȿȡȣ
䣬ôţ죬õˡգҾʹȥ
˵գת뿪
ıӰٴαͷȥ
¡𣬡Ŷ
һߣСҷƢ
ǣ
ˣѩ̿첽
ߵ;
ȵȡͷϵ˺ۣףʲôʱߣ
ѩȻ֪ҲգҪЩ
ȻỹҪȥףμء
ǣǼʡ
ѩ֣˵ĲӰɣףκʦһȻһߡ
˿û˵ֻս
ӣ
֪ˣȥɡ
ǣ¡
ѩ±ԭΣ׼ȥףΣȻڳתһȦ
֮ףܲˣ϶Լɡٺ١
ѩβлζš
ȵ߳·ţ߳˺Щ·
ѩͣ±㣬Ȼ뵽¶С𣿣
ףצת
סˡ
ҪǱ֪ûùӳˡ
ȻϲԹӡ
ѩǰûסתɿܻص·
¡ѹ˵
ۣģˡ
ŶίͻȻ¶λСͻ뿪
²֪
쳶ӣסԼ䡣
ֻ֣Ůˡ
ʥŮȮ¶˳׺ݼˡ
ʹٴð˳
˺̲꣬ס󡭡צ
˺þá
ⷿ
Ǻʱ
˺þãشƿӣȥ
бӰ
ʲôӰӶûС
ӣ
ٶɻᴲȥ
Ҳã
ǸŮˣŲȥͣ
˺ˣȻûмöˣ

һζûУ
ôôˣ
Ρ

ҹʱ֡
ۡ⣬ѱ
¶㡣ףε㰲úˣǵøҴš
¶ͷһġ
º˷ģ˪ɵʿʿǻỤ¶뿪
ûֻ֪¶Ҫߣǲ֪ʲôֻΪ¶С͵ѵóˡ
վͻˡС롣
ٺѩ֪Щ飬ֲ塣
¶С㡣Сİ̲סʵ㲻Ҫ𣿵ºϲ¶С㣬ֻҪ¶С£һͲˡ
ѩסè졣
¶һٱָ°ͣԲ٣ҲȥµǸ
ǲǡ̫
飬ȥԭ¡
̫۸ˡ
¶ѡӦ꣬ϼƻʱѾ˾
ңڵߣȷʵ˵
ʥŮ˵شΡ
̫̰ģ˵¡
¶ǰ룬׸ģദɡ
˵֮ʱ뿪ġ
ԣ֮ǰһֱϷִ̰ĵϣദʱٶһЩ
ھһ⣬¶ףʥŮҲΣա
ٵµʱˡ
˵˺˵¡
¶ڸʱ˵
¡

л˵
жǻ[]
Сʹǲõȣ[]



51 ɹ
򻤲
¶è,̧ͷٿһۡ
⸮ۡʥŮΪר²õģԺ֪ʱŻ˻ס档
ͱ˺,ת,Ҫȥϡ

˳ס
˱,ʲôû𣿡
Ŷ,ˡ
ֻꡣ
ʥŮ䣬¶ҧҧ,Ϊ,Ҫܵͷ𣿡
¶ﷺ,ʥŮ֣,¡¡
Ϊ,Ҫء
˶ûá
ս,ѹɤ׶񣬡ƿ,㳥֮ǰ,,׼뿪
Ҳ,¶񡣡ݺݵӽ,ȥȥ,ջ,Ҳȥ
¶˵Щʲô
ѱ챧
,ʥŮݺ¶ҧһڡ
ĺ׶
Ȯݣҧ¶Ѫ
ʹ¶üͷ̲ס壬ûг
Ҳûõĺꡣ
˺һ죬ֻҪһȥһúý崫С
ҲᱻЩˣˣ
ˣ
¶񣬲׼ߡ
콫
¶񣬲Ҫߡ
èѩˡ
⡭ǵµʵ
˴⴦߳
Ӧ˵һһ
ߵףαϡ
ɫ̫ÿŲء
ͷɿ¶󣬡һᵣʥŮΣҲˡ
񲻾ԡ
ⲻǣ˵¶ǵж¶ǣҪһȥ
˱ۡ
ͷ˵ʵڣҲеԤϵˡ
ٶۣĿ䣬Ƿˣ㼸
þͶáһȥˣˣҲҪᡣ
ְ˰ǡ
⡭ѩͰ룬ֱˡ
ôô֪
˵ţ߽ǰץ̧ۣһȥ
ţ¶
С㡣
¶ûлرܡ
кìܡȻ
ƻʼǰѸ֪㣬пܻڶ
ʱûн֮Ӧ֮߸¶
¶ǲ֪ڶڵġ
ҪʵУƭĺ
ڹףκʥŮֻ֪һ¶ϵı֣ɹƭ˳ĺ
ȻȥˡиԸ㣬һʥŮΣգԸ໤𣿡
üҪ廰
ʿô¶һ
ԤУ֣ס졣
Ը⡣¶ᶨ
¶۾ס
Ƴһۣջ֡
̫С޷˳Ϊİ¡Ψһᡣ
Ϊ£ͨĿ飬ıӣܺΪ¡
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ûУ޿ܡֹң̫ᷴǡ
ѩͰٶӡ
ûأǾͺ֧֡ۡСǶ֧֡
Ϊ
ǿԵ
㲻üŻشҡȻҪȥʱͻʶˡرǶˡ
Ц˵Ҫ뿪ˡ
¶ȥʥŮ
۾ʱԵЩԲЩţҧ´
¶񣬻Ӧǻܾ
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Ҫ¶˰¶񹲶Ⱥöö꣬˵¶ء
ˡ¶ʵ⣬лϣллṩĻᡣ
תͷߣߣ˵
һϢֱͣӾ߽˸ۡ
¶񣡡
ڲղǸˣٴס¶֣ҡ
һʱ֮䣬֪˵Щʲô
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ɳʥŮΡ
ңҪ˳յںĳף
ϲ¶Цݣͷã
꣡
ףμϣ˵òףεԴ¶СֿԸèСˣ
ףҲЦ̫ˡ
ףΣѩ˷ܣΪףҹȥܼȦɣ
ףһǲ񣬻ᱻġ
ԱҪȥѽѩɻ󣺡û壿
ףƫͷƼ꣬ȵʦ㣡ǲҪ˵
ʦ㣬ȱʦ㣬һΣ
ףдˣȾȣȾȡ
Ҳ֪꿴ûС
ƽףΣš
̫ˣ
ףתͷѩ˵̫ˣѩǣԺȥܰɣ
ѩίŶ´λ֪ʲôʱܼء
⡭ףһʱ
ֿ꣬Ǹʦ㣬鼱Ҫ˵
šҪ̫һҪ
˵գߵȥȥ֮¡
ѩβһͽףηŵϡ
צһǣ۵糸嵽ȥ
ףηڡ
ټʱȥ
èܳȥء
ŵצӡ

ȵҹ
ѩˬˣڿϷŹףΡ
ףλصϺû
ֱӾͷΣ˯˹ȥ

ǰڱϣ
ף糣һ񣬡ǰѰң£
ûǰ顣
ǰ²̫ͬǰǰĹǱжġ
Ƣͦ񡣡
ǰǣףεͷûܿ
ˡֻΪһ¡
ˡ
ף̧ͷǰһЩ򡣡
ܲܽȻԼ
һСξ롣
ǡǰӱ£˵㡣
һһ
ףȴƲסƿ
·ǰǲֱӵġ
Ϣ
ǰͣǰ
ףθеǰַŵԴϡ
Щů
Сһǰʵƫģζ
Һ㡣
ЦЦˡ
ףβ⡣
һϢмת
ֲϵأиڡ
ףΡǰȪȪڣûп
ɱ޵·С˵ԡ
ɱɱ㲻Ϊɱֽ
ףΣú롣
㾿Ϊִ
ǰף˼
Ϊִ
ҪˣҪȺܶܶˡ

񻹲ԡ
ףα۳˼
ת
֮ǰȹ̹ľʱóеʹ
ҾΪִףԼ
۾
ǰȴ˺öೡ
ԼܿԼ֡
СõľϰõźϪķ

ʲôûˡ
ףβš
Ȼִ״
ҡ
Ϊɱ
ףֻۣս
Ϊǡ
ȴаΪֻԷն
ףΣҲԸһֱǰ֮ˡ

أкһ
ףִƽ
нӿ֡
̨һ
ˡ
ǰҲɹףβ״̬
ֻǣûзãȻɹˣ
ףκܸеЩ⡣
ǰԷջء
ףкһ仰
˸Ҷᷢܳע
л˵
˸Ҷᷢܳסҹ黳Τ̫ס
Сף
γڣΪʦڣǿСףеˡ
֮ðվͻСףܿԼ[]
ҪȻ[̲]



52 
Ρ
ա
ף귵̻˪ɡ
ûȥ·ķ,Ǵ˪ԼСͷۡ
¶ѡʥŮȥأЩ˪ʿڽһͬڡ
⼸ʿнڵΪˣǻͬһӣԳƺʦʦֱɡ
Сףλʦܺ,ףÿջ͸͸,ʱ졣
ʮʦеϧ,Ҫˡ
ףɻ󣬡ʲô
㲻֪ôʦ㾪ȵ,ÿʮٰһΡʱΪܳӢŻۼһߵ͡
ᡭ
һףμǵ,ǳ,ʦʱٴξ
֮ͳˡ
ʦ㡣ףʵ,Ҫôȥ
ʦ㲢ƲףΣѣչ,ڻѡˡѡеĵ,ΪҲء
ףβŸո
Ҫɹѡ,ǾζΡ
̫ˡ
Ҫףε츳ôãͲᱻôˡ
һΣСףͳˡʦ㻹ͦΪϧ,ڴʮ¡Ҫ,ʢ,ʱȥսҲһᡣ
ףͷ,лʦ֪
վ,,Լڵķȥ
ھ귿ǰ,ףβԾͣ½Ų
ǰﲻͬ,ʱףÿȥʦ㡣
ӲԳ뿪һôţףȴûȥѰ
뿪
±Ӽ̳˵Щԣһֱǵͻλ

ף˵ʦľ±ңԶ
ճʱҪʦܹ
ϧʵ֤ıһСףֻѰһССӡ
Щ֡
˵֮ıõһϷףθպóĻϷеСɫ
ϷĻףξûó
䷿վһᡣ
Ȼ
䷿򿪡
ףʦáſڣһƽɤһ
˵ţת˽ȥ
ףʶϣʾ£
ǰСŲ衣
Ϊף˱衣
ʦ㣬Ҫ˵𣿡
ֳмϤ
ףӿЩڴ
ʲô鶼Ҫʦ೶Щϵ
ʥŮţʱһЩʯڷڡת档
²һֻСֽײ֪ķ˳
ֽſ죬³첻ˬ
ףΣΪ֮ǰһΣҾͲĳʯûȥҲŲ¶񣡡
ֽ׻ôáףЩϡ档
ʥŮ˵İָףȥʱװ͸¶¶ʱ뿪Ϣ
ԭǧҵʯǰֻԼٿţʣȫ¶
ףţ¶Ҫȥأǲ֪ҪЩʲôء
޳ֻЩʯá
ҲҪʯҲϡ
ҲҪףεǸ¶ģֲǸ
֪ᱻܾŲ֨ڷڡ
Ϊ䣬˵ǵȥѰСڷ
С²ðʦ㣬ףεʦ㲻ûظȹգԼš
ףһ¡
̯һöС
ħǵսƷȥ˵ӡǣΣƷҲȡˡ
ƽ㣬ıꡣ
䣡
ףŶĻǸսʱŵĴռС
лʦ㡣һ㶼ûƴǣ˫֡
ĸʿӵд䣿ǱرƷ
ףǰǰеĴ䣬û뵽ôӵˡ
ԾЦ峺۾͸ϲá
꽫ָݹȥ
䣬ָġ
ףλȻ
ɻãջ֣ƽѪɡ
ףͷллʦ㡣
Ƴǲˮˡ
ףһ
һκʦݵĲʱܿࡣ
ԭΪǲҶ⡣
ڲԳʱ˵ڶΡ
Ǻܿࡣ
ףεͷðĲˮ¡
˭ǿҪʦ̸ʱһҪݲ
˭
ǳ
䣬ףκ豭ʹˮǰ㣬һ
ÿࡣ
ף治ɫ豭¡
ϲȣѵЩ仯͸ɻ󣬡*ﻹУż
ףδ˴ʦ㡣
ѾΪ˱裬ָƽá
ǲ豭ʢǳɫĲҲΪףϲһǰǱҪ
ףμѿڣллʦ㡣
л껹ǰ֮
ŶŶʦ̫ˡ
ףβһںˣ豭
ˡ
̲꣬סʵʦ㣬ΪԼȣ
ҲȲ衣Щ
ԭԼ֪ѽ
ףǳ鶯ò豭סˡ
ݵĲ裬ףʦǵһȵˡָڰϣ
һ˿춼ûз
ں㻹Ѱҡ
ֻСֽ׷ɵףμϡ
Ըദ
ףƫͷ׽㣿
ֽ

˪ɡ塣
Сͽ
صϰָᴥˮգԸշΡ
Цʵţǿģʲô£
ˮʱڴúܺá
ʦϲֶţһҲףԶһشˮ⡣
ݲ˻棬ʦҲָοƽϵϡ
ֻһ㡣ʱ򣬼ˮףΡ
ʦ֮ףζûܳˡ
ǲǺˣ
ҺϪ㻹ڣᾭϵ
ˮڵӴˣʦִȥ
Цݣʦףλ
ŶλʱôصְַŻȥͽС
ѽ˾Ͳˡ
йλӵĳطо顣
ԼĹŵӣٲԺҪȵʲôʱȥ
ԼЩĵӸмͽ
ţ
ˮĺܸˣʦҵȻҪȥյĿҵɲԡ֮ϣ
ԽʣԽ
ˮŲĻӡΪףλŸţû취ǰ׼
һҪϰصһǾʦҶ༸£ͽһ
ֺţϰ㲻
ֱˮ쵽ЩˣʦŽַ¡
صһûʵȥɣĪҪʧϰ֮ġ
仰ˡ
ˮʦͬ⣬Ӵ뿪ȥš
ʱ
ףϪѾˡ
ڰϪľڻδеӵݣףԭǼӻš
Ǳ˰ϪԶЩռ䡣
ȥ
ڻɰϪ˼ҲľƼҡ
ףΣˮºȲʵȥɹ𣿡
Ŷԡ
ףǰΪڸ٣ȷʵ˸
ˡ
ȥǸУȻʱޣᱻٺ
ˮףʵôɻӦ
ȥ鲻̫֪λˣȷʵ֪ˮ
Ϫ󿴿ҿȱ˵˵
̾˿һȥ̳мҵˣ˶ãҾҪ롣
Ϫģʮˡ
ΪΣϪ㻹ûʮꡣˮЩѹĸ㼱ô
ϪָȥʣҲûʲôҲá
ֻǡףκͼˮպ󣬾ˡ
ף֪ôһ⣬
Ϫˣȫ
ϪȻˣһһ˰ɡ
ΪΪ
Ϊ١
л˵
ллɰСʹĻ[]
ллСʹǵӪҺ[]֮Ѽͳ[]
һƪ£Ρ
괳[]
ûжŶһ¼Ӹ[]



53 
ŷа
ԼҪһͬ,Ҳܼ̳
ϪףεĽ֩ˣҺãѧӦӦʹף,һѽ
,ǡɵʱ
ףȥѧ,׼ȥӦϡ
ȿϰ
ףΡνϰЦŵȥһջǳ
ǵ,⺢Ӹʱڣ£ɹ治
֪ף,ˬӦȥӦ,Ҫõ,óϳѪ
·ϣ˳˵Щ¡
ִѲࡣΪ˽,ֹڸ׸ĺô,ֹš
ü,£̷󣬱˪,ֹҲǲˡ
Ҳû뵽,ѧڲһ,λϰҲĽѲҷ,ѧӦĲ
ֻǵЩ,ǲס
̾˿,Ϊϰ,ѧ֮,Һʦֶ΢֪ǿƳѧȻ˺ôЩˣ֪Ժ᲻޼ɵ
һ£ѧȷ©֡
ףЩ춼Ժˣʱͬʦ
ʣԣ˳ᢵı궼Ƕġ
ǰǶڴʦֶɳָЦ⣬߰ɣ쵽ˡ
;ı֣ĳɳɽĵλȽ͡
ӦȻǵԼĳŵ
úӡɣҸմӴ
ӦЦмֽӴһͳüѽƣϲģ
ЩƷʣ൱ְ֮࣬طâ
ֻӦ⶯ף뵽˻İڵ̷̯սһԵԩͷš
ףѹסԼǣҲ̫سˡ
ϸϸȥ
ܹѽЩǶ˱ʯܸʿýΪǿ
ףһһûѡЩбʯĽѡһѽнΪĽϱʦʱû·Щӡ
ڽ׭֣
ֵĽζʦƷ⡣
ףѽ˻ӣˡ
ϣ

ʿؾ֮·
ʿֻпչؾܽܶʿΣ֮ʣͻϡ
ڼˮʦҪʱʦûоֻܾЩ
ҵĹŵӣȥһҪϹ˵۾
صһô˵ţһ߸ˮϸ
󣬲ʣˮҪȥģ
ϡˮȸԾǰڼоͼţ˪ɺҪȥԶĵطˡ
ݣ

ݡ
̲֮䣬Сˮ棬żȻɼߡ
ףŸͷڴͷᳶһ㣬ӽˮ
ӵĺ׼һͷͷϣǷһ֮ʳ
ҡҡҡλΣҡŴμҵ£
ǡϪЦӯӯ㣬λҪȥ̽ףòˣ֪μʲô̫׺ǽ˾Ͳȥˡ
ˮףԣЩˣףοҪ˯ȥʱ֣Ҳһͷһ
ǷԶûᡣ
㡣ˮչ˹ġ
ףЦ£ٳһͷ˵㷨
ͷײˮǵ㣬һ뵽Ƿǰ
һ죬ȫˡ
ǽãҴ£ôһ㶼񣬲Ҫôӣ϶Цѡ
òʶء
Ϫͬġ
ȻҲһ
ѹˡҲδʣСӣҾһŴĴ֪ĲࡣʱʱǺμơ
ǰã˼մ꣬ˮ̫󣬳Щ©꣬μ֪ˣ˰æɣĲȡ
Ǹ˼ҡϪ˿ǽҲܷǰȥõıϳˡ
Ц˻ὫСǸϳȥ
žͲǴ˼ҳ
ˡｫͣ£˰ܿšȥСҸʣӦö֪μġ
Ϫ˴ʣ˴
˸Ϻʣι𣿡
棡ˮס첲Ϫһ¾ʵϢ
Ϫûָգûá
̫ףźδ˱ɵǲ׽ˡ
˴뿪ʱֹһ
ףȽȡռһָݲеĿʯ
֮ǰ˷ָݻԵ񣬱һͬȡˡ
μйأҪȥҺμҵС㡣
ǰȻ紬˵˳š
Ϸų֡
ֳڸСǣûʲôĵطʿ
ˣ׶ʹýʯҲãûн㡣
аϪڣЩѾˣǰ
ϵѾ֮أеעͲҪ鷳
Ǻܷ㣬ɨ˼ۣǽȥˣҲûȡǮ
ߣϪȥҸƼס£ȥǺС㡣
ףеɻ󣬡һΪ
һֱȥμҲԲȣϪ¹ڣףСΣǿǴڵӣ⣬Ҫе緶ġ
˵һ
ˮЦ۾Ϫ·ϣû뷨
˲Ǵ˷ۣˮ·
ʮأʡǮĳзʽ
ȻҲȫΪʡǮСǲзͣģǻЩʯۡ
ϪںѪѣʲôҪɱۣҪһգҪҰʳ
һ·ʡ˲١
Ϫ˸ùͷˣǺúһɣ㾫񡣡
ˮûһ仰ǽװѡΪ֮£ʱҪŪע
ʡȥҪ鷳
˳õľƼס¡հϪĻ˵ǱҪ֧
˵ڶա
ϪţСˣöԷȥһˡ
ǺСԺͬ;֣ԤŰݷãȰǽϡ
С˽ӹȴСĴδźμС㡭СǲǼǴˣ
ش˶¡
ףʣμңЩˣ
μ̫үηˣм޳ȥĺδС㡢ζС㣬֮⣬ֻʣĹӡ
μǳСƼҴ˼֪꣬ЩԵϢĹ귽꣬ӵԺѧͣǰʱͻȻ˵Ժ۸
ԭˣŪˡϪջʣֳУʮСԺ飿
С˵ͷеģռҡҡܼңС
һ£˳˵˳ռСӻлԼ
ϪЩºС뿪ˡ
һ飬ô¡
ǽӵǣС㻳ֳŷаΪнʧٵ˶Ǳаˡ
аأ˪ɽˡ
ҪǼЩһ㵱ţ˪ɶ˻ء
أΣͺܴ
СĹаȥʮˡ
òŶôʿʺڵĵǡ
ףԭºתȥɣɽ
ɣɽʺʿ
£ûôýϪҵС㵽˭
ףǹ˹ȥҵǲǡ
Ϫһףӣ⣬ˮסЦһ֪ӳˡ
л˵
ǽװѡԷԡ



54 ֳ
ԸΪףɾ轣һɾ
ɾݹ,ֳԡ
ֳǵĳ񣬼Ϊʱգɾͳ,ʲôҪ,Ը
ףνմ֮ǰ¶,˪ʵƣ
˵һɿɾ緶
ף,³ڳŴ˳
;˵أһ󡣡ףεʯѰ,֪м
Ϊһ֮,ƶף̫ˡ
ӵܸⲻͬ
˪Ժ,µʱܻܵŴ
ر˪㲻ϺԶĸݡ
ףȥʢĳǳ,һܵΪֹ˪ɵ,ŵӡ
,˼ΡЦЦףɾɣֳʮﴦп,һûҩըҲ
ѹ,ձ˿,ضڡףɾֳǶ,Ҷϡ
ҪףЦ,,ұضм¡
ѵȱЩʯ,æɾ,󣬵ֵɾ
˺šףʣкҪ
СɾܶҲƴǣԸ˵ֳټʿȮŮɾָܼһ
һ񣬡ɾգȮŮʣزٴɾ
ףʣŮˣ
귽ʮ꣬δѡ䡣ָѧʦѧЩȭŽҲ֪ĸ߶ɾ
۴ɻСţֻʮĵӡ
׶δ׳̫ס
ӵ֮ͬΪʱͻҩȪԴ׳ʵ
޷ṩֻŮѧЩǿ
ȵףδӦס
ֳЩӵ˼Ҵˡ
Сѵüʿùʿɴδ˪ɵӡ
ǸڵСʿҲҴңȥҲҴң뷲˽
һΣɾҪڳڶգ˺ͳһ˼
ܳΪʿð̵١
ңҶɾأֱƼȥ˪ɵĻ
ͷ˲
ܿ죬żҪ̤ˡ
ټЯֻΪףɾ
ܾһκҳˣĪռ⸣Ե
ˣҪЩʲôĪҵȲˡ
ҲͷɾﲻЩҲҪȥףΡ
ףɾ⡭̬ŵú֪ܵͣɾΣ
ףΰڰ֣˻ȥ
һʱϲǲΰ룬ϲֻԼŮ٣ǵǣЩҪ鷳
ȻδȡףֵգѰһЩĵطó亢ͯƿ޵Ӳġ
һʱˡ
ףΣţ
ǣɾԸϲ̸ˡ
䣬̬ȥЩϢ˳ȥ
ףɾϵգԸѴҪȫǺͯȥ׼š
һʱ֮䣬ֳǶ䶯
δףһֵͬİϪˮ˸Ƽסš
ףСΣġϪЦŵ㣬ǺСҪа֮£취ȥףСΡ
ˮʣϪ㣬Ǹʲô
ȿ֡ϪСôˣ
ˮҡҡͷÿնţһ㶼ġ
˼ƻףע⣬ϪˮڳѲ顣
ֹҪǺС棬ԼҲҪ鿴ûа¡
УȻСᵽ˹ȥʧ˼ˡ
ףס˳ҲΪȥڣûؼ¼
ֿ£еڣϵ˴ˡ
ǾȵǺСɡ
ʲôˣΪҪøȥ

ףηԸģȻҲףξ㣬ſŮ
һգѽǳأͬ£Ҳȥ档
Ȼҹزúá
ȵڶյʱ֣ѡĵصǣѾΧȺ
׼ֵϵԶֻд˺ӵĲڲࡣ
ɾȵ·
ףЦһˡ
Ľгʣ¡
ףɵ̨ϣһ㲻λá
ͽѧˡ
̨˿ǿɾºǳһЦʱѹֲס
Բ˽ʿķ˵ܷɾˡ
ˣ
Щ궯ɤλ
δöÿ˶
Ŀ·£Ѿ˽Ǹ̨
ףɾұһ
ףף͡
˵ҡɤӣȡĺƣʮһ飬ǵĺӵ̨
ǰѳ˳
ǰţˡ
ףϸϸЩӡ
ûܣΪ£Ҳɡ
ϾЩʵ
ܳΪʿضܹͨ
ںͯʱڣҲһ֡
ףһľľºͣڽӴͯ
ǽУˡ
ЩͯһһƼʲôŸһ¡
ͨ˿ֻɾĿտա
ַͯȥǽӴףƵģм
ʣ䴥ɸܲκΡ
Ⱥ˶ʮͯд
ڼ䣬Щͯڳ壬˵У˵һͨ
ףҲҴֻ糣һ
ĵܣһȸɾ񡣡
ףۣλʮŵܹܵ
ע⵽ףߣͷһ񣬡ɾ
ǵܵѧż
ףεʾ£ܵ֡
˼Ϣܵҡͷ֣ʲôû
û¡һ񣬡лɾ
ϣףεԡ
귴Ӧһ£ɾ˵ԼɾѹꡣǰҲμӹѡΣ
ֶæɾԣһԡ
򴽣ַŹȥ
ľ
꽫ջأɾҲʲôû
޷ףЦЦ㣬ɡ
ͷǣŵܵ뿪̨ӡ
ķʱֳͯһ顣
ֻܸܵ
һǳŮ
ϲʤҪףΡ
ףûоܾδȤЩɡ
ǣֵԺݼ٣ЩΪɾչʾ¾ա̾ȥ졣
ɾǰ¶飬˻ܾͽӵܸ˹
ڻƻʱ֡
ףθ߾ףƣֻ衣
һں
룬費ࡣ
ףɾһŮϯ߳ԸΪɾ轣һɾ
רŮףԱߡ
ŮСףɾռҽ㣬ߣ𡣡
ףǹ£롣

ŮڹУ
˵轣Ҳ̫׼ȷ
һ׽У磬Źĵ㣬Щơ
أѧġ
ͣ£ףף
ʱкüλչʾ
ϯβ˺ˡ
ףͥԺڡ
ɾ˹
л˵
Ӹ[]
Ѽͳһ[]
[̲]ֳ֪ʲô[̲]



55 Ŷ
ףһ,к¡
ѧ˵ƽ޲̬
ڲǰͦˡ
ɾһ¡¶ᣬȻˣ㻹˵˳
ɾʣϿ,Ůӱ,ߴӱŮӣ
ףüë,ɿ
,Է£
Щ㱣ҡҡͷѧ
Ǵӹż﷭ĵ,һʱ,ɾѯʡ
߶ɾ,ѧˡ
ԺѧӣʶԳơ
ףҲ,Ŀƽ,кѴ,Ѱҡ
סЩһ,,лɾ
ռСߺ,ףԶһۡ
ͷЩ,ͨһ,Եڵϡ
ףȥ,һꡣ
ɻã
,Ǻμ,ǰܵ
ԳǺС㣬塣
ɣԻ
ͬͬǺ
˵ǻԭǺС㲻
ףβŮװΪʿ˵αװûκ塣
ȷȷʵʵǸӡ
ɾӵ˸ѧʤһڵأɾɾԭ¡
ףЦЦ£ҪиС˹
òá񣬡ѧȻ˲٣ȥ
Ըˣ߻ĵط
ףĿ뿪

ΪҪӣˮܲ⣬Ůãʲôõġ
˵ϸŮŵ㣬ŮŮӴŮǿŮᡭ
ŶϪԴɽ磬Ƕ֪Ůá
ˮʿҵĺӣڷ˼䣬Щų¾õĹ
ԽٳʿĵطԽ׶Щˡ
ףҲûϪ֪ϸΪ롣룬ûЩ¡
޷ϰЩڸʱܶϪ˱ȽίķʽͣЩˣƫӡ
ֹµҲˣϲö̳мҵ
ԭסľƼС˵μҵһ棬ͷѳޣʣºк˲ʮҡ
ˣ˵ʱŮӰӡ
μġףεɽ綼Уμҵʲôӡ
ҼȻĶˣΪβһαؽһúõŮӡ
Ǻ֡
ϪףΣԤУѲɣȥǺμƣ
˽լףɾˡ
ԽԽˡ
ףЦЦȻɣǾȥֲϾӣҲᱻ֡
Сĵ㡣ϪҪǱƼˣɾɶˡ
⵹ǴȤһʿǱ룬ôܱ˷
ˮЩȤҪ˵
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ŶˮԴϪϣϪ㣬á
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˶Ц
Ϫȥ壬ԴͰ˺ˡ
⼸ˮҵ˺õŶҿɻҪˮð֡
ףסڳ⼸죬ףλæЩ
߷áϪֲ˻ȥһùԸˮƹˣδԡ
з˻ȥⲻԶһɽϣݣҲȥǰݵһ¹͵ֽɽ㲻а
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Сβѹȥġ
ףΰЦ£ҺˮʲôСġ
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ʱ˭˽أ
ѽ
Ϫѽһеˡ
ˮţѣϪ㡣
ָָԼ
ŶˮϪȭͷһϣͬ*һ㡣
ˮЦŽСɵݣصͷ
ţˮ
ˮ
ϪǳˮС
ʱˣҪȥǺ«
ˮһ˵

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Ϫͱһ͸յס
ҪϪ˵ˣ
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ˮίˣŲҪ˵ء
͵ףΡ
ףα
ˮƿߡ
ףס촽̵úࡣ
ϪߣǴô۸ˮء
Ϫһ뿴֡
ˡףأˮʲô
ˮˡ
ԼĺԼ壬ϪˮȥǺ«˼ңˮ˵СҪǲļǵš棬šæǵķա
˼ʣǺηʥ
Ϫ˵ףСǰǽʧٵļ˾ڳдǣдģŴϹϵˡ
ڳҵģף÷дݣһݸǣһԼš
һչǰʧ٣ʱʮꡣ
˼˵һﷳҪˣ뿪ˣ飬ùǮƣ˷ţͲ뿪ˡ
ˮˣѾֳǣַھ˵ʧǰն˻£ʧٺû¾;ټҰߡ
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ǽַΪǮͲˣ˼䡣
ͲҪ׸ˡ
ףüͷǺ«˼֪飬ڰдϢ
ʹϪ˼ʮüЩͿˣ˵һ˵μһ˵ġ
һ˵˼ҵĹѣ缸Ѿˡ
ϢͶˡ
Ϫˮףεٲ飬û֪šҾȥμҿǺμǸʲôϸ
ԭǺСȴûʲô
֪ǺСǸʲôа֮£ˡ
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꣬ף뿪
ʱҹ
Ѱ·ϡ
ʱ
ףκȻͣ½ŲѰ˷Ϫ˵Ĺľȥ
ľƳ㲻ס
ǧľԡ
ľܺң׳˶輸˺ϱ
ףԾ䵽ϣͷڡ
֦ϰŲٺ˿
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Ǵ벻Լһʱд˿ᱻһλɾҹ²鿴
ףҲ£󣬺°˻ȥ
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ףңָ̬
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ףѽѰ˴̯
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գ
ͷ̯ûΣ˶ţվֱӳԡ
ףҲ⡣
Ƿúǲض׵һȥ
Ǳмģͣ˵Щȵش
󡭡ˣǣ
ϳףΣЩ˶ûôֱɾ
ֻǺŮôô뵽



56 ȢȢ
ףѧˡ
ףζ,ЦЦ
Сд֣ΧλЩ
ǡףмֺ棬ǰʱ˺ü,ˮλһŴȥĳ,ǲд,ֻˡ
˵еƣ̫,ʵڲܡ
ֳʱҸǣ֮ǰ˼,óһЩ˼ݶ©ˮˡ
ŮǳɡλĪҪ,ͷ,ֻࡣ
ǰˮźд,»ûߵǵزءЦҪٹ,ٵġ
ףԵЩ˼,˼̫
ǽǡʣֳأһͻºüôҵúúһ¿ɱˡ
Ҫ϶,ףλ˫ֺʮĶ,,Ŷó
ǸСճ,ͷ⴦˴Ҳ߱,һʱֿС
ᡣ곤ЩŮĽ͵ʱϡ,ϸ,Żᵽˮڡ
ŮҰ,ֳǺϸա
ԶԶԡ˲廰ٹ죬Ҫٰƻᣬ֣ʺЩϽء
˵⣬⼸λ¶Цݡ
ƻ죬ŮɺɾǶȥǹ£Ե֣ЩСҲһ׮
رЩѶ»ԼģһͬΣꡣ˶һͬȥǹϰϺ˿˳죬δ֡
ףαߵͷԭֳлĴ£ҿɵһˡ
˵ЦݸֿСҲЩȤϣŮĪ߿ա
Ȼᡣ
ף½⽳꣬վ⼸λ𣬡߶˽ǣȱ
ǰֽ˵ķǮˡ
̯λһ㶼ԣȳٸǮɺףˡ
ͷ뿪ʱ
ףȥ
˼ⲻѰ꣬޹ϵأ
˽ڵʿСΧ
˼յа֮ҪСˡ
аܴٳɴ£㲻ܽˡ
а죬жǷǰߵʵ
չҪС£ף룬аöԸӲţ̴ţҽڵʿ
취ԸԼǿһЩĵˣĥ
ִϱԼǿһ󾳽ĵˣǱˡ
ŵʿôʦأαط衣
ȻɢҲᣬޣɢ޻ἴ·

˳
Ů˹Ůֹжȣֲ͵ĳȡ
ףɾ
Űľԭȵ磬ԴӼףκ󣬾ѧ
Դ۾¶ֿɾտпգ
ףζϤ
Ц£ǳ˶мֶŪӵ飬ųȥ˻ᣬЩˡ
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źáףι󣬡СŽң£
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Сʱóصľ졣
СĽиҿ
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ּǵﳤĽ̵ӻؽ󣬳ףǰߵĿյȸԾС
СŮô֪ʿĿÿ֪ʲôء
ף߳ԶСˣתɡ
ס˿ؽѧĽʹ˳
ս͵۲ף顣
ף΢΢ü
С˫ֽľҺˡ
ףɿüͷЦ£ʵСġ
ģԼǱϪˡ
ȻôöСô˼ء
ллɾ
ҲάֲסСģˣЦüۣҲ
ףֽ©ˣСľʾһ顣
ܿ죬ɳݣ˳
Сףʵ㶼ôȥ棿
ǶɡЩգ׽Ҷм˼ҵͬЩö඼ֻ֪ңһ㶼֪䡣
ұȥԺ׾̫ףڼѧš
ɽڣݶԺڡ
Ӻ翪ʼû˻ȨƾҲ֮ȡԺеѧӲΪѧֻΪѧʶ
ЩԺһйأҲԺΪԺ
ԺʿͰйżжʫ飬ѧԺϰѧӡ
ѧԺѡѧӲݡ
˵Ժ࿪ԺѧӻǷˡ
ҲԭѧǴ಻֪ʿڡ
ҲпСԺﱻ۸ףεϣųλ꣬Ժ۸ݼ˶ʱա
ȣɾ˵ĿǺμɣ֣
һɾôʶ磬ԹԵ˵ȥˡ
˵ǱǸ׽лģ˵Ҫɻ顣ҸҲ˵μռҺ½֮һǢ
ֵδޣ㡣ףɾˣѵϣΪɾ轣
ףֳɹ̽Ϣ
ҪС˺ӵϢѽرֱ̳ĺӡ
ЦЦԭˡ

֡
Сƿţ̣Ӵ򿪵ŷＷ˽ȥŽŹϡ
߹ȥҴӳ͵ģֿЩ
ڵϣҡҡͷǷ򣬸ײ׼ʳ
˴Ǻμҵá
Щʱ򣬺ŭ˺θš
סĽ̷£ʢЩ㣬С֪ΪθͻȻĻ
͵͵ꡣײ֪ġһˡ
ǾܾȥЪ£Żسȥ
ںı˵Ҫʱõűˡ
йճθ
۾ŵֵܶˣ̾Ϣ
θֱ߽ȥʣȢȢ
ɹţȢ
㡢㣡
θһѶеḷ̌ˤͷϡ
мںǣҳѪ
̵ϣĸĴɢ䡣
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Ŵˣ㶵ؿŸף¡
ǰһԡ
ӣθŭգΪ㶨µĻ£Ҫ
ͷһ䣬Ȣ
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ۣ߬ҲȢҲޡ
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θŭˣǰԸۣȥд˿ڰˣƻҪˡ
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Ȼ˻شʡ
ֱ
ţ˿δ
ֱ۹ͷʱȻѰ㣬վȴľڵء
л˵
[]
ллɰСʹĻ[]



57 
һģҵˡ
ƻ졣
ֳѵҹ
Яͯ,˻ڻУһյ¿ɰĵ
еһ飬ҹֳյĺ
ƺ÷ʡˮ̷̯ϵĵͣפ½Ų
תͷϪ,˵,͸Ҫ֡
ϪЦЦ,ܾ,ȥǹա
Լýڹףμ档
̷¶ЦݣС۹,յʱĥʱء
ϪϤЩ,Ҫ˵,̷˵ԩͷ
ɡһİŮҪǮ,ˡ
ð֡
ϪһӦ,̧۵У
С⻹ò˰ɡ
ˮѾ˿˹ȥ,һʱ䣬¡
˵֮һľϣɫ͸İ,ŮӺ
Ѱɼ
һָժ֮,Ƿݱʾ岻Ĳ԰,Գ,ȴ,
һǮӾ͹ˡ̷Ȼϵ˵,λ,СҪٿģ
ˮŮӿ֮ʱ,Ϫ˶㣬ûϵҿø㡣
ˮϪϲֲСңյҪˡ
˵ȡǮݸ̷
̷Ǯ󣬽øϪϵĿǸС㣬ƻʽûϲģ
Ůףţٿ
ϪˮţҪȥףλϣ߰ɡ
ˮͷǰ̲ס¡
ǶϵŮӵͷϸϸʣµĵ
Ϫ㣬ҿɲԽյλˮЩģ°Ϫ
Ϫü٩ˮԭǸˣԸ⡮ӡ
ǡˮеԵúû˵
ϣһѵóһΡˮ򴽣κиܣϲյϪ͸ңҾ͸ϲˡǡ
ŰϪԾԴ°ϪϪ㡣
ϪҲˮίԼʱˣȻһյƶѣˮͱ͡
Ϫã
ˮ˵꣬תȥ˲˼Ϣʱ䣬ϵŮԾ̯λǰ
߹ȥ
ˮ׽֮˵ȫͣóȻİ˵̫
ˣս£Լ
ˮԵģ
ľϵ˻ףȻбơ
СתԶˣ㡣
Լһܻ㣬ܻͬʱǣͬҲƵˡ
˴Ṵ
һġ
ҵˡ

ҵˡ
ˮϪף֣⴦
ӳʱл˳ͬĽ飬ҲܾСˡ
ҪΥɾ緶ء
ɱ˿ˡ
˴յһ顣
ϪΪڴ⻷ڵˣ˫ֽ궯£ĸ֮ý֮ԣȶ»Լˣ£ķչأ
͸˼˷ܡ
˭Ϫˣ
뵱֧ףνŵһ֪ܶŵİ԰
ϧףСһһϰⶼˣȻûᵽ˵ĿУ
ڣڵϪʱˣ

Ϫ㣿ˮǳμϪ⸱ӣףǰףΣϪ۾
ƽѼҪҪԵ˰ɡ
ˮԡףˮֵĽԶһ㡣
Ϫغû˴ڣҪ˶Ȥ
ǣǡϪ˸ףЦЦ߰ɡ
˾ǹܽˡ
ҹ
Ҫ£ǼӺ
Щš


ҹȹãյơ
ƽյĴ粻̫ƣҲڼбĥһ
촽׼󣬵Ҽš
Ǿ߰ա״̬Ҫࡣ
ԣһСϪϪʯš
ҹãǻϰ˿·ɢϪߡ
δˣ·м䶼ˡ
һͬţԡ
⸱ģʶ·٩˼˻ΪǲʶأǴСһ鳤ô
·û̫ŮģرЩҵ׵˼ҶὫкȥѧɡ
һطģСͻѧʶ
£ȷʵǴСһ𳤴󣬾ȥԺͬһȥġ
ǰͬСʱϵôãô˵ˡ
ĹǵˡװָˣԼԼȥ
Ž˸ߡ
ȥǴɣ١˺ЩҪ˵
ָָϪ԰ԶҪϲ١
ͷ˹ȥ
ԾЩ
𳤺˴ΣҲס
֪⣬ת
Щû˵ճĹԵð
΢ƵƹںڰУҲᵢ㡣
ˡҲףҲ˳ס
Ѵ⣬ҪɽżΪʮԡ
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˵󣬺мϢĬ
ϲ㡣Ժ˻֮£
ϲҵǰе·һ־
ҡͷĿں˿ӹһ˵гȥμ˻飬ȴЩӾܻԺˡ
ҲԺѧ֪
Զ
ѽ̲סɻΪΡܾǸŮӡ
ͷҹһֱӿҪ˵
ԲסͣҲǾԵҪЩ
϶Ǹӣӹɵġ
ŮװĪҪġԺȥŮᣬÿеĿ
ͣ£ܼǵãʱһҼǴ˲ɣ
Ǵˡü𣬲Ҫ˵ˣҹˣҸԹҡ
ˣôٺŪУʡȥˡ
ǾúϸǸŮӲŶԡ
ʶ˿ڲ£ˡ
˵꣬ŵߡ
ܿ͹ȥ켣ȺС
£򴽡
ʵźû˵
ȷʵĶ
ɡ
ϸ룬ǲ˭ˡ
ֻµ飬ϲһˡ
ˡʲôء

²ͣߵʱ̧ͷһۡ
ͷȥ
뿪ԡ
ؼңԹŵֳС
ԽߣԵԽˡ
һ

Ųһͣ
Ŷϴˡ·Ǻ«˼ЩˣսϸǸޣ
ţҹˡóǮȡһǺ«ȥЪ¡
Ǻ«߿
ֹȥˡˣ
壬û˭塣
ǰߡ
ҧǺ«ųţǻˣڸǲסᡣ
֪ߵġ
ˡ
е¡
ڻ
ɬˡ



58 
ʲôϵ

ʰǵ,ʵί
æȥһĨȥ˷ɳ,ˡ
˿ȥ,ůƵҫ,һʱɾô
塣ףЦ,߽Ե꣬βһȸ衣
Ȳ裿
Щɻ,ҿ,òײŽ˴ϳ,Ӧǳĳ
šףνһ豭ȥ
֪ͳһˮ÷,ˡ
ʶ,˫ֽסС豭
ܿ,ůȵĲ豭֮Уںܶů
ҲȾƣûд,Ҫף˵,ҲԼ˱衣Ž
һڡ
ݵ,Լݵ,Ȼࡣ
Щ㶵,ź˿ڲ,֮ǫǶ˵
ѧʦĴ֮,ףŵ,϶ʲô
£Ų豭ָΪ
¡ףεˣɾһġ
˵ţĽһ磬â
ܿ˻ȥ
ǰףκ˵һ£һ˼ң˼ҺͨĸŮˡ
ΨһעǣŮǸòСӡʮʱüλýţż˵̤ƣҲĥ
ĸ˵ʹһŮ֮֮롣Щµ˳ȥôֹһ꣬Сӳø
һ֮ӣ·Сӣǳɱ֮˼ɫۿȢӡ
ΪǸһƣһƼѰȥҪͷȵ渶˲ǮҪɱá
ûԼ񲻹ȥ˼ҹáò״չһͬúȥѰҡ
ټʧǾƼҳûдˡͷô滧ҪǮұҲǮϣȴ˲١
ʱٴţԵֻҪСӼ˵ǷǮҸĸܰꡣ
ĸײʣŮΪǮ޳ȥջ֮ʣһơǴϢҪܣЩ滧׷ҪǮ
˷ӡǮƣҳɹȦס滧ǮǷ˸ӵӡǮ
ΣšòǮŮ֡
ף˵֮ˣ壬һУˣǻȱʲôأ
͵ͣɾҲ֪
ȱ˺ˡ
ףЦЦųˡϻģһ֣ǸΪԼɱСӣ£ع֮ʣʧ
֮󡣸ӰͶӡǮһ±֪ҲǮƣֽӹؽС
ɾ
ҹˡлв豭첽ߣѧҪˣɾԱ㡣
塣ףЦ⡣
º͸ϧĴ
к£Ǵǣ̫񡣡
ͣ½Ųɾ
ûתҲûлͷֻɬǴ
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ףߵԣ塣дŵУһ㡣
š͸ɻλɾɾǷʲôҲдš
鲻α
ʱ
ѹڵשʯϵ
ͬʱȥ
԰׼Ůľ֮ϣκ󲻼ƶ
Ů̧ۣǡ
ЦһҹȤ䶯֮£ϡ

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񲢷ָʱһжעˣأԿ⡣
޴˵ʿǷѣ鲡ʿͬʱֺǿ
ףιòƣһ񣬡֪ǰС˪ɵףΡ
ŶľƽȹǰУŮӵףǰ
Ů֣Щ
ףβδΣʱֱ֣˳ӵظȥ
ھǲɵġ
ĸ֪δִ˺ۼĿȴܿˡ
ˣȴǸܲĴڡ
һλǿߡ
ǿôСǣ
һɷֽīˮζŮڱǰȶַ£ﺬЦôԶţζء
ֽīˮ
ףԺѸʦģ롣
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ٻһ顣
ζסüġ
񣿡ףٴοʱȻˡ
ѹǰŮӣԭΪʲôѲɺӣ
嶥ֳ˿˺屾˵Ĵںۼ֮ʧˡ
ף*ȷкأ
ǹϣŵĺ˿ô
ֳʲӹżһҲ档ɣ
ġ
ܾÿǷңֳҲϲ¡㣬ֲֳĴ
ڴȥԺҡҲȥֳ˵ҲȥУֳȥҲžͺˡ
Ϊ𣬱ȳ˰ŵǺ«Ҫģ



Щ˿Ǻ壬ҲǺǺ
˵ļû˺塣µּûʧ
ףȫǺͯʱ崥ľϵ
ζԳΪʿ
˵Լμӹѡûв
δķ޷Լ
ףƲ⣬кҲк塣
ֳϲż޷ãϲ
ڵĺֳá

ŮףΣ͸Щ£ʲôϵ
ʦ㣿
ףβ⣬ͬʦá
ѾǰԼ˪ɵô
ʲôϵ
ŶŮЦ
ǰףδĳЩҪʱǹ˲ǵģǺô죿ʲô취ܰ񻻻𣿡
ЩˡŮӵ˶ܾˣǴʼ
ͷѣſŮӣңʲôҪģ
ľϵŵ̾Ϣ
ǣǲˡ

ʮǰ
һ䷿ڴŮʱʹະ
ĺμ˶ｹȴʲô
ʱȥ
ڣӵˡ
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ӣһһŮ
ͬʱӶĸ׵˺̫ˡ
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˵Ҳûˡ
ŮӱŮԼ
ʱ
һʿúμң˵ҩСŮӤԳ˻
μ˸м㡣
飬ǣر
ⷽʿӱӦţƽ󡣡
μ˷ʿķԸֻΪСŮˡ
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μֻӡ
ɡ
Ϊ
ҪʿԣҪСŮֳʾˣԽ֪Խá
ŮӲСŮֶûУͬ塣
ÿʱֳģ
ǽˡ
ĸײţθ˼꣬Ȣһλӡ
Ƥãơ
Ծɻš
к𡣻ֳ
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ɡ
ⷢˡ
˺£ȴ˱
˲֪ĵϸ˺
ˡ
л˵
ллɰСʹĻ[]



59 
㡭˪ɵӣ
˵
屻ףβס,ֳˣҿֳš
ֻкڣͲиġ
ü˾֮ʹ
ֳδ룬԰æɡ
׾ӵĻԡŮ̧,Ƿҫ,񳹵ױ֮ʱ,ɱ㡣
˲һ֮滻֮񡣡
ƭˡ
岻Ǳ,в豭䣬ˤϣôı,ֳ
ֳ,ѵֹǱԭ
ģףʵʱ
Ҫش,ȴһ㣬벻ˡ
,ҲҪ¡벻ʲôףεı,Ҫɹ,һֳڣǱߣҵġ
ϵ,Ṵ,Ե,һ䡣
ǰҪ,˶Ǻ塣,ȲˡЩʲôء
˭ܼǵú壿
Ŀһʹ,𣡡
ʱ,,ܾǸŮӡ
ǷʿΪ谭ȡ񡭡
һɱ

뿪֮Ҳû˼ڵƻɡ
߹ʯţصǹʱ
פ㣬ͷïʢڡ
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һЩ˿Ʈڽҹڶ£ֶ顣
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֪ΪΣͻȻ𼸷ѹ
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ҹЩ֮ˡ
ռֳǲĸסڿĳ
յƻᣬ̫˳棬ӵ¡
ûгǲй
ֳûϰʲԲҲۡ

̲סü
ˡ
ȷʵСϰѧʶʼ
ʶ˭
ͷٴӿѹ
һΣͣ˽Ų
Լôˣ
𡣡
ߺ
ܿȥûӰ
Ķͷӣҹ鿴̫ˣŽҹ֮£û˯á
û˯õ¾Щ˰ա
֮ҪעЩˣһ۾òˣҪЦȰ

һļ£˺ӿʹ
޴룬Ŀڣ˭
۽
ңʲô
һҪ
ƿ֮̽Уȱһ顣

𲻶ϴߴԼ
ǡ
㱼䣬ǰӰ֡
Ȼ㣡һõ
𿴹ȥƼһʿӡ
ղϣͷȴ˿Ҵҵɴ࣬ʴȡ
˵ţѸٶһĿڡ
ʿǷˡ
룬һ󣬽ʬ嶪ȥ
һʧٸ˶ѣǡѰ˪ɵӡ
ʿ˪ɵӣ¶ѡ
ǵӵȺ廹Ҫã
ϧڵӲһɢġ

ײ
ʿһȻ˪ɵӡ
ףεǰ뿪
Ѻι£
ʿ򶨷ʣսǷ᣿
ȴȻ˦ŷֽ
ףü䣬С֮÷
ֽն
˲ϢЩֽͨͨ롣
ȻϷûЧ
ÿĽʿľȴŨŨɺޡ
ЩЩõɾܵﵽõľ硭

ͳͳ
òףܸдԼǵһٵͷˣҪֹ
ʿ˼ŵҩҲȥ£㵹ҵĺ£һڵӣɢ޵ǰ֮·Ƕģ
۾ͫ׷Ŵ۾ȫΪɫ
ԭڵΪȻǣڵơ
ף֪˶ǳȼվѪȡΪĽҩ
˪Ӳ׼ôҩ֮ʡ
һжѣµҩףЦһʿж຦´򶷡
ѹݷڰأ󱲣ù⡣
з⣬˿壬ֽȥ

ʿкɫͬʱ˦üŷֽ
ףѧó
ŲܹƱһЩֽѿ
Ϊȹķֽʿʵ³ç
µҩֶ֪£򲻹ˡ
·ʿҲɱڵӣԣҲɱ
ߣܻ
ɱ˴ڵӣһᱻ׷ɱʱԻһúܲҡ
ţ޼ɵЩŵԭ򣡡
ʿһԽһɹʩչ
ܿ죬Χ֮ؿʼ䡣
ףýնľļ֦Խ֦ɡ
ȻѸٸϣڿн֦Ƿʿͷϡ
ԥֽͷնȥ
ʿշֳѪɫһһһأӿףȥ
ףڿж޷Ųλ
СǻУҪЩˡ
ʿ׼ӣֳСܾʿ
ǲȥˣ˵ͻˡ
˭ĻƿСɣ˼ˣ£ֻ
ˣ
ʿͷߺޡ
ϣЩȻһ㶼ûףΡ
Ľն١
滯Ϊǻ䵽ϣЩ
ڻ֮С
ףһնڷʿ֮˳ڷʿϣһء
ʿˣȻףȾͿʼӡ
żû˷ЩѪҺѪֽѹ׵ķֽ˳
һʱ䣬ľˮ
ףתܹЩնЩ
ʿĿĴﵽˣȷʵף׷ٶȼ
ʿ³һѪ
һ뵽ԼǱ˵ҩֻܣеĺȼա
Լıۿɹȴƻ
Щڵռ˴Դһ·ɢ
£ޣ
ǿʳڵӳɢޣȴ׼ɢȥԷˡ
ĵ
ȻʿеܵٶЩ
ԣϸδʲô©
Ƿʿ
ʱףȴЩ׷
ħ޵Ķͦá
ǰףһ䣬Ǵ䱾ħǧ˿С
ףκƷһЩħǧ˿µ˿ߡ
˿ߵĹЧӵúãΪ¡
صؽ˱żĴڡ
Ȼף֪޷Ч׷ʿó
ħ޵Ķɱаޣʡ
㡭㡭ʿڵأųֽԼףΣ㲻ɱң
Ҫɱң;Ȳˣ
ףνڷʿĲϣ΢΢˵ôܾ
ȻЩɵӰ棬޷Է˼ȡ
ԡʿҽ֪㣬㲻׼ɱҡ
ľ飬Щӻġ
ףβȵϣᣬ̸
Щ£
ѪҺ罦
ʿ϶ʱһѪ
𣿡
ѪЩףεϣ΢Цţ
ʿʹ֮£⣬㡭˪ɵӣ
δɵӣ
ⲻħ޳ɵô
ף½ŵϣղǾ档
¡Σ᲻
л˵
ллɰСʹĻ[]
Сʱͦݵ[̲]
Ͼ֮ǰɱ֮[̲]



60 ׼
̫עˡ
ᱻɱ,Ǽٻᱻɱʿֵ
Ļɱ
Ҫ߶ȡĽݾʿϾͲһء

ʿæ,һĻᣡ
ף,д뷽ʿ,𣿡
,ʿµأ¶֡
ڵᣬӦδڹ,Ϊ
һ˵,ֻ,߲Ըɱ˲Ŷԡ
Եȡ
˵𣬡ף,
ףν,ʿ,ְγ
Ƚⷽʿָжˡ
Ůӵľˡ
ˮվκʵҲ֪λΪʲôҪԼΡ
ʿſڵأ۱ж,ʱֶ֮
̧ͷ,ϵŮ,۾в졣
ԼΪԼĵ;һ,Ϊλǿˡ
ͣ¡
֪תĹʺ,ǹ,ѵĲ,һٻ,һֱѻꡣ
ѻͨ鿴˵ļ䣬ݾѻɼĳƻ
һαʹ˼ȱΣͻ˱ɰ׳ա
ʿǵսľҡǴһõĹ
ǶڸݣԭһλԪӤʿҽǶʱĺöѹˣֻҵŹ
ʿʱ֪ԭ˵Ȼת
̫ͨ˴ڵ֮ǰһСڵӡǰ;ãɴ뿪ɵɢޡ
ʿΪԼɵһΪԼãһõȻܳΪˣ
ʱʲôҩʯͨͨܵô
ָֽ΢˶ζ˺塣
ϰŹҷҶݿԿһ˵ĸԵʿʮǰ;֣λŮӸԵ
УҲȷŮḁ̃ұִ˶ʱ䣬ȵŮȷˣŮԴԵ
ʿʱмɺ츳ҪõˣرСˡ
ƾʲôǵҪã
ǣʿҪõ
õŹ֮⣡
˺ö
ճӤδ̫ϵֻҪ״̬ܽΪá
ŶЦЦǱŪˡ
ʲôʿס
˵ŹӦñ۸Ĺ˵춨һʿ͸񡣡
ֹ㣬ʱˣ
Ļϲ֮ʱ¡Цŵһ׽£ɢ
ܣʿǹǰƪдˣŹѾ˳ԼԼɹˣ
վ
ô֪Ʒд¹ˣǼŹء
̾˿ϰ˵ٲ˷ӣֶϧ
ᣡƭң
ʿ˺ѷκƭңҿҪɹˣ˵Щҵģ
ûЩ˶ҳɹгɣΪɽĴܣ
ˣ˫ֲȻڷţѪͷҲˣòͲϡ
ƴ˻ţʧķһ㡣
ʧ̸£ףΣɡ
ǰףʵ֮£ܡæ𣿡
ⷽʿ״֪жϴ¡
λصǰΪɿ
̫֣ףȽⷽʿˡ
˵пηϣ°ͣףΣܸʲôۡΪƼˮ֮ˡ
ǰʲôģСԸ
ף߹ȥһ󣬶ͷǰ
ǰдŰɡ̽Ժ˪ɵš
ᵽаӦø޴¡
ֻ˪˵Ľڰˡ
̣ңкдš
С֪ףε£ɡ
ˮκסԼͣ÷
ԭֹϪ㣬ףֺñ˵ʱҲ˵Ư
ˮ
Ҿԡ˺ܰЦƢܺãҪסǷһ顣
ףεͷá
ɴࡣʦû㣬ѻ
ŮӾеףΡ
䣬¹ء
ָ糣ŮЦЦϣ㣬պɲҪڡ

ʿˡ
ףζ֣Ǻ塣
֮Ȼ뷽ʿйء
ɾлӽҵɾģҪ
ףҡҡͷź壬ԵºͣԼġ
󡣡Ը⣬Ȼǿġ
ܹԼ¡
Ϻ»¶ᷢںʱһ
Ϊʲôرֻܹ
ʿףνһķݸ壬ڵȴѡʱʱ䡣
ķΪͨɡ
ȵպţҲܺ˳תķ
֮°źúףõ
ǼҲ뿪ˡ

ֳ⣬ʮһɽ
ɽϹһ¹ε
ľͷģЩͷˣǶ
֮£Ұˡ
ԾľϣľδմȾκγ
ЦЦ̯ꡣ
¹ľͷСɵĽǣһֻ뿪ƮŮ
Ǻãٿ޼ʮˡ
ľ
ǷʿȷʵûЯԵ
⸣Եľ¹
ȣľ¹ǽԵ˺ĸס
ĸȹһͷ¹
ں̫Сܻĸ׷˺ԸϣŮܹ
ǷݸԵ˵˺ϡ
¹εʼδһԣ
ֳ޹˼մ꣬ŮӲˡ
ˮľ¹ġ
ϰ뿪˵أֻʿæ
¹˵Ů˱꣬Ҳ׼뿪˵ء
Ȼ
ͣ£¶ЩЦ
һֻССֽײ֪Ӻʱ䵽ηϡ
һԡֽ׿ԣѩɽȪĺֶΡ
ָ봥ֽס
ֽױܹ
ô䵭ջֽ֣ףò»ӾˣôͥҲᡣ
ֽû仰ֻҪףʦΪʲô
й¶ʳָ촽ǰ
ġЦŵẦʦá
ֽ׷
ѽ
˻һѵΪݼ񡣡
ֽͣڿУŮӡ
Ůƺܿ⺢˫ƽ
һ㶼ö
֪ףϣʲô
ֽûлӦ
벻֪Ůǰʾ
ķѸʱ䡣
㣬ǣ
ŮӵȾ˺Ц⣬ͥñˡ
ֽԾɳĬ˵
ȷʵС
ꡣŮǵЦ˼ЩģȴаΪƾ֮ˡ
̫עˡ
ŮǻƷɵֽף˫۾ʲô
ֽŻӦ޿ɷ档
ŮһûòҪѧϰңҪ˵й¶
ֽҪʧڴˣֵ㲻ңԼ
ѩɽȪٶ¡
׼
ֽ֮ʧ



61 ɣɽ
ˮҪߡ
ɣɽλڸݶϷ,뺣ܽ
ڲʱðܹʵĳħвסɣɽ
̫࣬ɣɽΧûз˾סʿǡ
С
רˡ
ַͨ䶼ҪʮʯһϪƹ,Ҳ̫׬ˡ
ֳʱ,סõľƼҶֻҪۡ
ƹЦЦ,СɾҲ,ɣɽֻʮ⣬ܸ
Ụ̄ײ,ž졣
ЩѪ̲סʱ,ͻ˳,Ϊҿ˵İȫҲöҼλʿô
ÿջһٷʳ,ⲻý͹ôһȥ,ɱ,۵ȻҲ
Сɾ¡ƹͣ²Ū̵֣Цݣ,պÿճ䷿,ǲס,ҲǰͷǼλֱӽɽȥ
ɽ¶,ʱʱϮر,Ҫֵ,һ
̾Ϣ,Щʿô,ϧϧ
ף֪λƹŻˣ˵ȷʵڣǿЩ
ɣɽڣһ˵ﶼΧܼȡŨȸߵħ
ѪΪˣѪִŲή͡
ԣЩﵽܲ˵ʱ򣬻ʳ
˽ɣɽɱҲţЩѪ⡣
رɣɽΧ˶յ£᲻뿪ɣɽħǣڴʿˡ
˫˵Ļɱ
סףε䷿ȶʮ졣
գƹЦݸ¶Сѣ̴ֽ죬һʮʮ˰٣һһǧʯСɾ~
ϪҲ¶̵Цյ̨ϣ㣬ƣסʮ죬ܸЩô
ѽСӴƯӡƹһ䣬ء
ϪʹŽʯˡ
ƹ˵Ĳ
ף򣬡ɱرġ
ɱĺ׬
յֻ֩ʬףκһǧʯ
ȻΪսʱ򱻻һѷЩ̫㡣
ϪŤͷŹ⣬ףСΣӦңѷ׬
ЩӣΪ׬ʯô
ھ¥һ¥һ¥ǷԻڡ
ףοȥ˵֮˶һľϸһѸӡ
۾һֻϹˣЩ׶
ǰϪ벻⣬Ҫ׬ʯ·ӣһҪ˵һ
ƹƳСŮҲҪ
ˮסףε䡣
ߣã⣬ȥҵһޣõʯȥǳԡ
ףϪһۣᡣ
ϪͷˮԴ㣬鷳Կ׸ǣģҪһ
ԺӣǱߣ¥ݣǵķڶ¥
ƹ˵ţ˳㽫ͭԿӹȥһ䣬ϵӲ͵ӣǶдգضߣŷҿɲ⡣
ϪӦ߰ɡ
ȥֻⷿ䣬ξס
ˮˡϪЦҹҪѡλȥأ
ô˵ˮһӾͺ͸ˣַڶҪ
Ҫˣ㲻ҪѡϪûۣˮСҪ
ԭѾ͸˵Ը졣
ˮԴ϶ҪðˣûУ
Ϫ̫ˣ
ףο˼ۣĻڣҿԺͰϪһ
ˮϺλδȥˣЩһ˯ǡҺϪɡ
ѽϪյˮߣ˵ˮףСǼһ˯಻ãˡ
֮ǰֵġ
ˮ
ףʵüԭеɻ˯ܹء
ȻǰǰΣÿᣬʱˤȥαϪƼˡ
ǰǴΰٶȳ˯ˡ
˯ǰ˵ĵУҪȥߣġ
ףܹоǰѡĵ·⣬мϲ
ǰġ
룬ǰʲôа
¥ݣӭײһŮ
¥խСҲȺţǰ꣬һ˲ӡ
ŮģŹͣ½Ų󣬿ǣûҪõ˼
ף˶ʲôҪߵ͵ˣ·
ŹŮ̧£ʼʲôҲû˵
ˮѧŶϪʱӦ˵лл
ˮͷá
ĽŲͣ¡
ףλͷŮ
Ϫ̺ӻٽ̡
һ䡣ףҲûƿߣѣ£
ллŮ䵭˵һ䣬¥ߡ

䷿⣬λԵڰţȽϷ㡣
ǰֺõģףһ䣬Ϫˮһ䡣
ףѡ˱Ǽ䣬˽ȥ
ΪͨķȷʵûһŴ齣һӣûӣиľʡ
ֹķ䣬ŵʮʯһ
ףСΡ
ⷿʵûʲôù͵ģһ࣬ϪѰ૵֪ôЦˡ
ƹЦ·ڶߡ
ЦԽÿļ̣ԽݰϪݺ̾Ϣ
ףʧЦԺɱѧˡ
ѽѽˮҲˣС*װͷϪ㷽¥£ЦúƹЩء
ϪָԼǣȥЦҳΪ̵һǵʯͳͳܣҵı²£
Ϫȱʯ⣿ˮǣûбǮģˮʯԸϪ㡣
ˮ
Ϫжˣѣҿɰˮãʯ⣬ֻǺ«ˡ
Ӿûٻǳһˣ컨ˡ
ϲǺ«ˮˣϪʱҪȸҳԵһ
Ϫúúá
ףЦЦ˵£Ϣһգһȥɣɽ
ǵһվΧһ㶼ЩڵϪ֡
ϪˣףСΣҪȥҶ̳мҵʵ᲻𵶡
ֻÿʯֿööʯΡ
롣ףεҲҪʵѲԺ󻨴Ǯ뻤
Ϫ㣬ʹࣺ֪ˡףСڱﻹ¡
˵յļƻȸϢһᡣ
뿪ֺһֱ·ϣʵЩˡ
䡣
˷ʯȥѵ
ϪǰˮӴ޶һմˮӣ
ˮû״̬
ˮ
ϪȥڣףβúڴϪĶ󣬾ͽ˵Ϣ
ջһ¥á
ƹڲŪԼ̣ҪЩʲôС˵һһûС
˵СƼҵĳӡ
ͺͰϪࡣ
˰ϲõ˲ͣûãķʣµĿλˡ
ѣϪƣԱߣء
ıŮ䵭ŰϪ
˺þá
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ףҲ̫⣬ʵк£
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Ҫһˣ
ˮÿģ
ѣŮҡͷĻᱻϳȺҲܺѡ
ˮίˣϪϣˮҪߡ
л˵
ллɰСʹ[]
[]



62 
ϴ˵ĻҶ
ôˮϪغ庢,Ϲ˵
ѡףŮʵû˼Ĵ㡣
δ˪ɵƹ䣬һ֪һһġ
ǹϵõɢ,ֲ̫
ɢһͬ,ͨΪӽ,ڵʿڵʿرɣɽ֮ء
һİôҪϡ
Щĺݵ,ȥɱʱͨȥյСصˣٵջ񣬻ҷ
Ů䵭,ɻ,,ΪʲôУ
ˮʳָԼί,ң
šŮͷ,ȷ㡣
ˮǿˡϪЩ,ô˵СҶ㲻
ŮƳ򲻹ҡ
,Ҳܵ㡣ô˵,ʵǵĹ,ҪǸ𣿡
Ϫеã,˾ơ
ƣ
ôưɣ
ô˵,Ȼôʡ
ܸоӦĻ,Ůͻ
ǸҿءϪԥº,ô˵
Ŷ
ŮϵĹȡ,õ
ϪۣˮͶףȥˣףСΣҪˣ
ףεûôá
ŮŵϣҪÿԼۡ
£˶ˡ
ףæ֣סҪʲô
ǸŮԼչʾǸ
ϪٶŤˣôǸġǸֻҪ˵Բסͺѽ
ŶŮͷԲס
˹ͨһ
Ϫˣˮԭλġ̫ˣǲա
ŮϣҺܴ˵˲
ٴοףΣϴҪǡ
ϪæףʹɫԴ
ףСɱķİָеëнҺˮģ
ף룬ʣΪҪǣ
һɱ˴Ҫ˺Ůջʡ
Ϫ̣˱ˣ˵붯ˡ
ˡףҡͷǲҪ㡣˵İˣΣʱ޷ΡǸѰ˺ɡ
Ůˣüͷ£˼һᣬǿҺܾң㲻ڣһʧȥõĻ飬ˡ
Ҳߣƺ˼
ɾǵĲСӶ̣˷£׷Ҫ٣
ףμŮûߣʱҪ׷
һŵŮǰҪô
Ůͷİ׷û⣬Ҳԡ
ԼϾͷ˿ͲϪȡһ˫ݹȥԼǷݲأȥͳӵ㣬˷ѿϧ
ɼƹʡˣ
ŮӽӹҡͷҲסˡ
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ûáŮӦȥϡ
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㣬׷ҲҪǮϪߵģٳһݣ
Լû׷ԶܹˣǵʯŶ
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ǲǿҪϵ뿪ȺˡŮʣҿԶô
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ף˵ţԼķøϪѱٹȣǰϪҪʳ
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˵ʣµĲⶼɨ⡣
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÷׼طˡ
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Ϫϣ֪ˡ
ǲҲҪ˵ллŮлл
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ףεķڶ¥ߣϵʱ⿴˿
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ڿջһϢ
̫׳һ֦ϣԱ߻иѡ
ףεӽǿȥߵͷء
м
񵰳Եɣ

գ硣
ڿջԹ緹ȥɣɽ
ʮأ鷳
ףοˮҲз
뿪ջʱףۣѾǿˡ
񵰻ڡ
ֻʮһɣɽΧ߶˲١
Ҳɣɽľ̫ߣֲ̫ʢҲɣɽⶼ䡣
˵࣬Ҳûൽܿ
ףɣɽߡ
ڲͲˣ¶̫׾
СģǱǿĶϣڡ
ǰƹʵ⡣Ϫһ·Ҫûɡ
ѪζƭЩͬڵﻹǿԡ
ˮ⣬ΪϪ
ߺߡϪҶӦףСˣƭ
ףЦ£ϪʦԳУʦ
ǣ
˵˼䣬˼ǰУһСϪ
СϪʱࡣףεЩԲ˵ʱҲЩޣ⸽Ӧûټ
Χңҵط
ſ᲻

һ㡣
ϪͷˮҰǣνΪСܾ裬ѲӺ󣬲Žӽˮ档
ͷ֮ʡ
ӿзһͷӥӥ쳣ӴȥǶ˶ˡ
ͷ
ףδϪڣùܷɣȽ鷳
ԣ
ϪԼǴط˳һͳӥȥ
ӥӥХһǣ
һУϪԼ÷Ҫһ
Ȼʱ
һʸϮ
ֱֱӥԴᴩ
ӥ˼³򣬵䵽СϪС
סҲˤҷӥոշ𣬻ߣûˤѸˡ
ϪĿȻȥ׷һͷǡ
ԶˣЩˬҶϵģ㲻ɡ
𹭣߹㡣л񡣡
ҲҪϪһջס𣬡Լȥ
ԭء
ףδӲ֮سΪҪԼɱ𣿡
߿촽һߣˡ
ϪֻһˣҪ˵
ǡףε
ףСô¡Ϫ졣ӲӦÿο
СҪףεԺ飬Ҫȶ࿴ôҪóȻ֡
ߵͷϴ˵ĻҶ
л˵
ллСʹbronia[]
[]



63 
һģ
֪Ϊʲô
֮ǱߵŮˡ
ͷӥʬ,ˣӦˣһ뿪ط
һʶ
һͷӥ,ʶʱ䲻ٳ
ϴ󡣡Ůǰף,֪ʺɱ
аϪ,ˮҽףΡ
ףθ߽˵,˳ףξͺˣúʲôϴ󡣡
оԼƦ
õϴ󡣡˵֪ʺϰϪɱ
ϴˮ,ָԼ,ϲ,ǵڶ𣿡
ˮô
Ƴһ,ҡͷ,ġ
Ŷˮ,ֻһζί
һԼ϶λˡϪ,İɣ
㲻Ҫôظſʼ򰡡
ף̾˿,,ڿʼ,ʲôһĶ׼ˡ
,ͽ֡ǽ,Сߡ
һ,Щϰ,ټӸ֡
Сͣ½ŲרעؿףΡ
ϪϤһҪˡ
ǶףСΣϪʹСߣ˵ʲô˵ɡ
ٺ١
ȡ֡Сߵϴ󡭡ףΣԺյġ
ۣϪŶӹЦˮҪףСˣ
뵽һ˵ܾˣû뵽ô˰
ֱҪףСˡ
ˮһ䣬Сߡ
С߿
㡭ˮ㲻ô˵ġ
Сɻ󣺡ΪΣ
˵ϡˮȽϺ
Ŷ
СǸӱˣĿڣףΣһϵġ
ϪҪַˣ嶼ڶ
ҪյףαͷҲأ࣬Ӧûһϡ
ˡҪСߣ֪Ϊ
СߵͷҸǴ·
Ůףž裬˼£߰ɡ
Ǹʲô
Сɣɽдеú˳
һϣһ䵽棬᫵ɽ·ƽء
ϪЩϣСߣһ㡣
С߻ͷûֻˡ
˽Ų
Ҫң룬ҹȻˣ߲ˡϪҧʵ
ӵǳѸ١
ǰˮСߡ
С΢΢۾ûзϣǵĹһأҲ㡣
ǺǡϪЦлл
СҡͷҸġ
ףε䱻ǣסƫͷˮ
ףΣҵʾòҪǰˡˮʦҵķΣʱҡ
Σգ
ףüҿ
ɣɽֲ̫࣬ԱԼںδ
Сߣû𣿡ףʵ
ҪһᡣСָָ򣬡Ǳ϶ʮľ룬ܿһ
ףʣʲô
С߽֮ͣǰ￴ģܶʺɱ
Ǹĵѡ񡣰ϪĦȭƣߣð״ħ
ףȴֹˡˣȻؿջ
Ϫɻ󣬵ףΣãǾȻȥ
С򴽣˿ףΡ
תʲôҲû˵Լ˵ķǰٶȺܿ졣
תۼûӰ
СߣϪûüüһ̫ˣȥﰡ
ΪʲôȥСˣˡ
ףνˮһ˵
СΣô죿ϪЩǡ
ԥпףΡ
ΪһˣȥΣգϪԾ
ǡ
ףСΣһʱЩһ
֪ôġ
Ѳﻳʱ򣬾Щӣ
ϪȻԺһףΣǵΣСйأ
ȻӣѾ׷ȥˡ
һİŮͻȻǣɣɽôϤ
Ϫĥ£Ҳعζˡ
ɣСڰϻƭȥɱɣ
ն񣬳ʱ೤ۡ
ǻȥϪʵ
ˮߡףδ⣬ȥһʱɣɽ
ˮæס䣬һȥʦҺܶ෨ˮں
ԣҪȥһȥϪ£Լȥ۰ɡ
ףҡͷ֪ˮˮҪ𱣻Ϫ
Ϫһۡ
ɣҸˮȣʲôҲȥ㡣ϪҪˣ
Ǿˡ
ף˵󣬰Сߵķ׷˹ȥ

ݣ
Сǿ
ϴԼ
ٴһΪѸ͡
С룬Ҫȥϴͻˡ
չʾԼĲܱϿɡ
Сȷʵȥûüˡ
Լڵ߹ȥ
Ȼ
Сߵֱס
ܴݶá
СüץͲһʸüͷ񲿷ȥ
ͷ˳ڡ
ûɿɽĽ
ˣ
Сüͷ
ùһ㶼Զȥ
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ҡ
СϪչʾԼǸڸ
һ˵ĻͲˡ
Ѹսһ㣬ҪС߹ѹ
Сߵĸܵѹȣ۵ðЩ亹
ûԴУüʸƻ
ȻƻٶȱȲ޸ٶȡ
ֲŲ
С߷ʹüʸţԷ
ַЧˡĺܹ˳˴ľŸҲȥ˲١
ô졣
һֱСߵ沿ȥ
Сʶ
Ҳͷ˵Ļء
ֻһˡҧأάסϡ
ˢ
źľ硣
СʹûϮ
ֽۣĽˡ
ϴ󣡡
ףλӽһϢסСߵѳɺü롣
ȻѸճôСһָɡ
ùˡ
棬ӣ»£Ҫǿ̫ˡ
ףѹ۲ǸΪСߣ㵽Ҳ
ǣСѵ˼ԵЩ˷ܣҶϴģ
ȻĿڰɡ
ףѳı壬ȥϡ
ѸͳףγҲֳȥץСߡ
ףνת쳣ֿ졣
Щնϡ
նϺףλģַɳŷֽ
Լģͨ
ϴǷʿԾףξãЩֽͦõġ
ֽȼǱնϺ޸ϡ
Ϊﻹ벻ԣֲıܡ
Сߣ
ףνŷֽ
ݡ
СһʸЩֽϵ
˲䣬ȼ
ףδʱҲѳ嵽ǰ׵Ѹ˫ĽҶƬǰ׵ؽϡ
սֲյ衣

ףνջصŵĽ
ϴ󣡡Сܹңָȡ֣һģ
ףΣˡ
л˵
СߣҪӼϴ[ʺƨ]



64 ˮ
ʦ㣿
յջ,ֻһֻ
СɾҪ
ƹ΢üЦݾͱΪ,ҿǼ̡
Ϫ,֪֮
˵Цˡףεֵطջ,ôǼأ츣ҵʿ
ԶԣϪһ⻰,ϣó򣬡ûн,ЩҪס￪ĵȥ,಻㣡
㰡,ӣô,յʯô,Ӧ
ˮпڹ̨,˫۾ؿǡ
ѽ˵ġƹЦ,Ц,̫˵ˡ
Ϫڴǽ,Щ٣
ӥİʯ,,,˰١ƹЦ,Σ
ϪһѪ³
,̫ˣ
ļ۸˵ӥ٣ҲҪ٣ڵһͬȥһǧʯߡ
ƹһţͳԵʯ
Ϫ
Сߡ
ף룬Ůɣɽã
ϴףȥȥġСȻһģһֱ㡣
ΪʲôҪôµ˵
ףα˱ۣ㲻ܸңԭҪȥģ
֮Ҫţ˪ɲøİ
СѡǰϴľܾҲ֪֪ˡ
Ŀ⾼
˼Աˡ
ϪǵʯôףʱС߹ͨתϪ
ϪʣʯǵǰмСߵǾҪ׽ˡ
ôãͲʲôǮʿѾûʯˡ
ǶûҪռСߵ
ӥֺСԼģףκСһһ롣
ףѯô룿
ˮںЩ飬ȻԼûʯʯúᡣ
ֻΪңΪˮףκϪ㶼ʯҪöö࣬ǶʯͼôʯҲȲ
򡣡Ϫῴ׬Ǯˣֲ׬ǷѾˣʱһɽˡ
ʱ϶ֹô׬ʴġ
ƹǹ̨󣬴ż˿Ц⣬˱
㣬пշ𣿡ףһ䡣
СߵҲиطס
ס鷳
ͨ䲻ʣˡƹ̧ͷţֺŷ䵹УҪסô
ŴȤ
ס
ʱӴſ߽ˣ֮˾С
ţףԱãôƹ
Сߡףεӥֺʱ뾡õʯһƹġ͵ȵɽ
Сü򴽺ҵϽϴϴֻҪһָҾͺˡ
Ϥﴦʽ
ϪһףΣȻûˣСߺ㼷һﶼɽ
ڲ棬һǰϪ˵㡣
ҡԺϴһסСӿֳּˡ
ϪƳһֻۣסĵλǵڶ
ְС߶ˡ
СŤͷ
֮û򡣡ףεСߣ˺֮Ĺϵֹ¼ͬ
Сߵͷ֪ǡ
ϪҪˣֱС߲ϣʹһΣ浽ʲô
ףüɿǶҵˣСߣҲǣѡ
ѡС֪ʣҲܺϴѣϴϴ󡣡
ȺѡϪˮ֪𣿡
СǣֿףΣ֮Ϊѵϴ
ˮһ۾С꼸ꣿ
Եô
ꡭС˼һʮ죬ûʮ߸졣
˵Ȼ֣ˮˡ
СҲѾʮˡ
ˮʧˣС߽㡣
ϪЦָȥգˮˮ
ˮرҲ㣬ͺܹɵðϪ档
Ϫ̽ˮã
ѹ
Ϫ̽ˮ㣿
ˮЦŽСݣأ
ֺŷ䣡ƹЩߣЦʯһҪȶ
¡Ϊ׵Ůӵ
ƹĸϲ̲Ūž죬üˡ
һǧʯлˣ
ףμų̂߶׼Ȼط䡣
ûҪסֺŷҲ߹ˡ
Ϫػͷһۡ
ԩͷ
Ǽ˶ŮӣΪ׵òԸһλ겻Ů
ϪܿջĿ⡣

ա
ףۣҹû˯һֱڴ
·
ҹ뽫øСߡ
С˯Լڵϴ˸̡
ףνӸǱһš
С߾ʲô
ף²⣬ոʶϸʡ
ɣɽ֮н˵ɡ
Сߡ
һ䡣
Сӱϴڣ
ףѣ֡ʰһ£ȥԷȻȥɱ
˻Ϻ󣬵¥¡
ҳҪ緹
ӵպܺãףҪ˵ȣƤڶࡣ
ֱֺĿջеʳ
أ˵˴
ףһۣסֺŷСЩŮ
ŮԾǲ⣺ǶˣΪλҪʳ
͸¶棬ûдٹȵô*ҿԸǼƿ
󣬿Գʱ䲻óԷˣûȫȡĵزϼ³Եٹȵ
лףЦЦˣѡʳġ
Ůˣǲ⣬ϰȷʳ壬ʣʦ𣿡
졣СߵܻˣףôԾôԡ
⻰Щס
ףС߼򣬡ǸҵĻ鲻Ǹ˼
ûʲôŮûҶˡҺܺЩͨʿԭ̰ʳۡ
С˵զôءϪһҲԼڷ谭ϰö
˵СӦҲʮˡ
ΪֻŮΪͣ㲻Ծô
Ϫ¡
ɣɽЩʲô
ǰкƹ񣬺Сߣˡôð˵ðС
ɣɽǷˮ̫˰ɣ
ѹֻôħ֡
ŮӳڴôԼˣ׼ãҪˡ
ͷ˵´ټ
ϪֹҪˡ
֪ɽôˣҪЩġ
ôˡ
Է¶ûˡ
Ϫſӣƫͷ˿༸ˡ
㲻ˣСߵҿ԰ĳꡣ׳ҪԵ㡣
ǡϪǳ˳Լ⽵ݹȥ
滹д롣ҪδٹȣһҪսʳ
ףÿֶס
ߺȻԼֱϣмϢ
ףСΡϪע⵽ˣôˣҲԲˣǾͽСͰ
С̧ͷҲء
СϪĿڣͰ
ǡûп
ףؿڷ򿿽Щ
ֱϣͣפһֻССֽס
ɻɫֽɡ
ʦ㣿



65 
ףβɸеȡ
ףʦá
ССֱֽͣ,ǰ
ѩɽȪɤȴףζ
ؾţֻֽܿסţ¸֪㡣
ף΢΢ףÿӼ˸ȡ
ЯȴаƬ,ƷǣһЩ顣
ɤ滺ƽ,˰ĵζ
֪ɣɽΪλħ
ףβ֪,Ӧҡͷô᲻˾֡
ҲᣬѾ˵ȥ
Ϲʱ,һֻħΪɣɽ
ħȴδɢɣɽħ,Խ,ھиħʶ,һʱ̣ħѡеڸ,ط˼䡣
ףξ,ҭס
ʶؿ,
Ӧףæַʦˤȥ
Ȼ,ĵǲҪġ
ССֽԾɺúõ,ȹ̵վֱϡ
ף˿
ôˣϪʵԷǺ,ѽ
ףβ,ûע⡣
ϴ󣡡С˸Ŀڣ֪ô,ι㣡
,Գڴ
˵,رϴʱˣ
ֻʦ㲻,ף͹ˡ
ͷ͵ֱϵֽס
ɸеȡ
ˡףס
ӣ˿ڴֲ衣
ˮǿջṩģ⵹ûʯ
ʦѩɽȪ𣬡ú𡣡
ףγʵҡͷ
֪ƹĲҶˮ粻ŲҶȥ
ں󣬿Ѱҡ국Ϊݲ衣
ףγĬˡ
˵ջĲˮΪҶ̫粻ţʦݵĲһжá
Ǻ˲á
һֻȣҧһں󣬽⶯΢΢ͷ
Ϊ˷ֹħգǧǰܶ෽޷ɣɽڵħɾ
Ѽ˵£һִ취ǽɣɽڵһΪڣһҪͻƽ𵤣ԪӤ磬ͻ⵽ɱ
ڽ𵤼Ϊ
ڲܸε£ѾǽϺõİ취
ף˼ʦ㽫¸֪ԼѲɣɽѾ仯ˣ
𽥷Ҳ©ɣɽδԪӤϵɣɽڲħѻ̫࣬ơ
ΪԽߵȡԽħ̫δиΪ֣Ϊٶ࣬ҲħڰȫķΧ
ȥͻ᲻ֹһɣɽˡ
ɲҪġ
񡣡һ취
ףε˵ȡ
Ϣʱ䣬ʦ˵Ҫħ׸չ
ʲô˼ף룬ѲҪħգ
ɽ󶥼ɣ˪ɡڡҲһ
Ϊصһ
˪ڵĵѾٵˣһЩеŶҪࡣ
Ÿˣʲôŵӣµȫ״ϡ١
ƾ﷢չʵֻӡǺȪ˼ֵĮѡ
һضģħյ
ħ֮ʱɱ
ħˡ
ףβü
ʲôԱѡܲѡֻա
ףʦáڣҪˡ
˾º
ѩɽȪδ
ףοԼֱֻССֽײˡ
֪ӺʱҲ֪ʱʧ
𡭡ףβ૳
Ԫǽˣȥ
Ӳͣãףεļ䣬ǰʮֻΡ
ÿһΣϢʱ˽ٶ뿪Ϣ
ȥˣ˽λ´μֲ֪ʱȥˡ
˽
ףβܲڴһ졣
һֱľǡǱĵ׵Ѫ
ֻҪ˽ѹͷĽȾ滺
Ƕɽʿ
ڣףξͲٸеά裬ҪǿԼÿֹϢ׷ʵԱܴӱμᡣ
Ͳӡ
һ𻹲ʶףǿεĳ
ףСΣ
Ϫǰ˻ΣֹʲôأȶҪˡٲԣСС߰͵ˡ
ҡϪƳһСߣдȤҪȥϴʳ
Сûе㡣
ǡϪ̣⸱˵û˵
ףοǣӿ
ʦ㲻Ե޹ʽɣɽ
ʦһ仰ڣףεֱʦϣռƻɣɽ
ʦ㲻߼Ҫ鶼Լ˼Ҫ
ףνԼƵСǰԡ
СߵͷֿףΣףΣûй͡
Ұҵ⽸㣬ô˵仰ϪƲ죬԰㣬һѲɻϴʹˡ
С֣صͷӣǳϧس
ܲˡϪִ
ףСΣȥһʯ顣
Ϫվףκջȥ
ջм־üʲô겻ġ
ףγĬ˼ϢҪڻȥԸô
ȥϪȣΪΰˣ㲻˵
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УҪһ롣ϪֹȥʣҪһ㲻ˣҾײ̨ϡ
ȫֹ
ףů⣬ɣɽ飬ֳȥ

ŵѡʲô
ʦΪûֱԣ
£һҪˡ
ףסֺŷǼˣǻ
Ѳɡ
𷽲ŸռŮ
ʮ꣬ȴܿ˵Ϊ
ճ˵ʿһǾչһ̶Ȳſʼͨʮꡣ
ȻӵܣŶǰʼʿ˳Ӧ翪ʼʱ䣬Ҳ߰ꡣ
Ů꿪ʼҲʮ
ΪҪľǿȣ廹δСѴﵽ
ףüͷ
ֻɣɽѪɫ
һͯΪܳƵ
ҡף룬һʿʲô
ķԼ˼֤ܸıʲôء
ħħɢݣҲෲˡ
ħʧֻ
Ӻŵİ취֮ᡣ
ףΡ
ˮһֱûӿջѰ˳
ף飬˹ǣסףε䣬ô
ˮͷĵӡ
û¡ףüͷɿЦЦϪ˵ʯûˣʡŵ㡣
ˮҧҧƭҡ
ڿջҪʯü棬ңˮˮġ
ϪĵҲ֪
ˮϪգˣûй
˵꣬ʱ͹ˡ
ˮŤͷϪҵСҺģ
ûС߲֪ʲôʱˣǵڶġ
ˮѵ˵뷨ɹȥǣ
ǡС߼ᶨ
СˡϪ̡
ףǣˣȳȥɣɽɡ
˼һա



66 
򱰱ףΡ
ɣɽ,ǹ߰ǱΣ
ף˴ӵһλýɣɽڡ
СߡףκȻʵ֮ǰ˵ɱģ
СǺԭ
С⻰,Գ˷,,̫ôľ롣
ָȻ£͵ĵ,Ҫĵġ
ףοָľ룬²Ӧ֮á
СߡϪ˵,ѧ˵
ֵֹı﷽ʽ,ֱûȺһ
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Сõ˵,ͼСЩ
ˮδ,һҿԽ㡣Ϊұ
ȷʵһ˵Сߵͷлл
ǰ̹Լϴͨ,˵,Ҫ˵ϡ
Ŀ֮ϴȻˡ
ˮѹҪ,άס̬,,֮͡
Ȼ,ӿĿ,һۿȻﲻСߡ
Ϫ͵Ц¡
ǺԭΣףʵ,ж˽⣿
СһӾͽϢ˵˳ڣֻܣսʱλдôߣϲȰƣҵļ䲻Ƥ⡣
ǰԹɱףε
Сߵͷҵļûгɹ
ףεĽҵļһԣ
ףΡˮļ䲻ķɲóˮзˮԡ
С䲻Ƥëҿ۾㶼ܣ㡣
ʵһֱܸܳŬø䡣
˵˲㣡ˮףΣףΣ˵ˮɲ԰ﵽ㣿
СҲſףΣϴ㲻˵ٻûѪ̣ôȥԡ
սôյԼˡ
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⺢ӻ汻סˡϪˮԴôƭԺɱʲôŮ˺ˡ
˵ܵķǰ


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͵ĴԼţ򵨸ĵʾ
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ȵĶȻǳף˹ȥǳСߡ
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ԭףѾʼ֫
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СͷҲԡ
ףЦЦ϶Ҫ˯Լȥɡ
ʿ˯Ϣˡ
ڲʿ˯ǵ֣ޡ
ˮ֣ˮԲ˯
Ϫʳ£ش˭Ϊ˯˻ᣬ𣬾СƢѽǸ˵ǲǽ
ˮɶס죬Ϫ㲻׼˵
Ϫ˺óԵɣ۾
ǽôףʵʲôջ񡣡
ΣӦû˿˿Ǳ
Сϲش⣺ɱһͷڵҵ˼ĲأðϪȥԡ
˵ţףΣȴϴ˵
ף򣬿˼󣬶Ī׷̫Զﶪ˾Ͷˣɣɽθӣ˲Ҫɢˡ
رС߲˪ɵӣûƣҪǺɢˣϵϡ
СߴӦףεġ
ѾѧĿˡȻףξϴ
ֻϴϲƺҪϴ
ףξͲ赣ˣϪˮȫûжִš

ҹ䡣
ף˸СӣĴ齱ߣ˵¡
ϧ˴û˵˯ǰµľ顣
۾û˯ǰ£֪棬ӦԶѷǧˡ
ףγĬ£̲סЦЦ
⺢ʱ˵һѪ
ȷʵ̫˵Ҫǻ£ô
˼ϢҪұ㻹ѷɫͶˡҲҪ
˵˵ԼĹ¡Ҳ˵ĸһЩ
ԼĹ¡ף룬ܼ򵥴Ӧ㣬ǽɡ˵һҲ˵һ
ڴϣͷףΣȻ֪ҵкģ֪ˣ
ӦЩô˵ףε
ϵİһᣬԣ˵˵һ
֮󣬾ҪǡΪ档
áףҲӦ֮ʣҼĹ£
ܿ;ˣǱʮҡ
ʮʱ򡭡
ףλЩˡ
˵š

ʮףԭһ˸Ѹߣȥˡ
ȥ֮ǰᵽһ׮еľ£źûټԼһ档
ףν˵ɥ°
һ˵ľ
Ҫǰȥ˵ǧ֮ݣȥѰҰŵã氢Ž׮½
ǰΪ׼չףεʮꡣ
ףξܾǵĺ⣬ڰͳˡ
Ǹ겻ķС·̫ѡ
ףγǰʹ·ˣǿߣȥҪü꣬;ʧ˷
ȣȥѰҳһ𣬸ЩǮܴһˡ
ףλ̫ףû̫Ĵ顣
¹ȥǮͻѵòˣʱݣ߳ɵ·Ҫߡ
ûǮˣɻ󣬡ҲҳţûҸ·仰ô
ףЦЦƭЩ͵ЩԭӦǹġ
֮ÿһǣЩǮٴγ
·ߣһһǣ߰ߡ
ףɫɫˣ˺ܶͷ˲ˡ
ңҲ˲ٺˣѧ˺ܶࡣ
Ŀİףڵݡ
ʱѾʮˡ
ȥˡףͳЩҵĳʱѾҵ˰õ䡣
Ҳȥˡڰȥĵڶꡣ
ʱ·ϡ
ףαʱǸʿٴЩ͹ˡ
͸ˡ
׮³ԶźŵⱲҲ֪ˡ
ʱףκܰûڣԼסǮ˵Ҳܸϵء
ڵףΡ˺֡
￴Ķ̫ࡣ
֮ͻ᲻̡
ˡ룬ƫƫĹڴ⡣
ʣôôģ
л˵
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70 
ʦ㲻ƭ
㰢ա
ף֪һЩڰ顣
С͸Ρ,֪ԼǱãҲԸ
ҵҲҪˡʱ㲻Ҫ¶飬Ըûܵκѹȡ
һʮŮ,ôƽ˵,Ըȥ
ףβ֪ôԼ顣
ȥһ˵˵,Ҳ죬ͻῴ鷢ˡ
㲻Ǵͬǽ˻ҽ𡣡
ЦЦ,ΪǻЩΪΪӢ
ףΣ,ҲΪġ
ʵ,δػܾ
,ԼܾͲҪҾܾ
ⳡԻա
Ρϳ,Ҫǰɣɽ
ջʱ䡣ףεڿջ,һʱ,Ҫ˵ľ
ף򴽣ҡҿһͬȥô
Ρϣ,𣿡
ΡϵĻشеζ,Ҽһν𡣡
߰ɡ,ǰɣɽ
ϴףײħǴط,Ϊɣɽġ
ףβ²,ɣɽλ,ӦнĴڡ
Ρ,ǲõġ
,ΡϣʾԼѾ׼ˡ
ɳīַӵϰСС
ףûƿߡ
ֻǡü̲ס
վԡΡϵ˵صħʿ˺
ף߹ȥ
Ρ֧ϣס
˵ǲҪΪ㹻
ħӿ⴦ƺˡ˶밢Щ룬ԶԶƹȥҪûںڰһ㡣
ۣھ
ħʱ궯ڡ
⼸ܿġΡϵ󣿡
ףνƵλϣüȻţ볤ϲҪ˵ֻ
ĵײɱաǿѹȥ
ףʵǸˡҲýڱϡ
ΡϿŰμʱŸѧ·
ˣ㡣һķѪᣬһֲľǶԣǴϼӴ
ף򴽣϶ΪôֲˣǶԵ¡

СߣҪ׷ˣ
Ϫü㲻ϴĻˣ
ǰܵ÷ɿӰͣ£͸ŲԸػˡ
СƲ죬ҿ׷ϡ
׷Ҳ׷Ϫ׷̫Զô졣
СŶһ
ףβڣϪƴˮЦסϪֱۣϪŶ
ϪָӣȤء
С߿ǣԱ£͵
ţ
ģϪ˭
ˮûʾͷɻ
ȥơСߵǿǱߡ
˵գͳ˳ȥ
Ϫûüæˮ׷ȥ
Сߡ죬һҪףСκݺһ٣̫ѹˡ
ˮգգۣףλ𣿡
Ϫ룬ˣ׷ȥɡ
Сߵٶĺܿ죬ɣɽдƽأһӰҪʧˡ
ϣ׼͵ǵˣ˭
Ǹӣ޸ԴЩЦݡ
ϪǴʱСߣӦܽϳ
ڿջԳǵǸӡ
ǽСߣӵҪҪҺ谭㲶ԡ֪ڵҺ£ֳɣô
С߶ʵģ
ЦҷֻҲǰ㣬Ӧ֮Ҵȥ
ɱʯסջ֮ǰƼˡǶ㲻ã˯ϣֱļֵŷ˷㡣
˫̯ʼ磬ɱôЩ㹻ٶԾסڿջˣԼҲסӦװɣ뽫ˡ
ҺɡֳɣøģÿղԽ㡣
ߴ˵һѣСü뿪ϴ󣬲Ǻˡ
ǺˡǾͿԳˡ
׼ӣһֱͷȥ
ʸѸͣɿ촩ͷķ٣ӣϡ
㣡ӾźԼͷ
ȻûӦ
ô䵱ҵСܡСЩλ˵Ȼɱ㡣
ӵɴ۾ȻֻһֻȻܿ𾪡
ô£Ͳٺò̽鵽Ϣ
ܡӲŲɱԼҲ㣬Һ
Сһ
ΣǼӵļʹ֮£⡣
ԭΪǸСûôӲ
˵˵
Сٶ*˵ζ
ôô£ӵϢҪôǺҪôֻǿа޺죿ͬǶţ£ȻὫߣ
һҿɼǵͬҲ׷ˣб¾ɱң㿴ǻ᲻Ҫ㡣
Сһ١
ϴ
ü˼£ξͷŹ㡣
Сߴȥߡ
ֻڵҪܹɱˣϽϴϴһܿģһάɡ
ôţź
Сûע⵽ӵ״̬˹ı仯

˵öԡ
Ρ͸Щˣǽףΰɡ
ףס
Ҵǰδ㻹δɽո¶ͷǡΡϵҲԺֳΪһ
Ǻܸߵ
һλųϿ˵͸ǲˡ
ףûΡϵĿޣϡ˵ûмѩۼһΡ
˵ÿ궬չأѹħ
Դ̤·ʼûѵڶһ졣
ûܹĸ׵۰ûľûгԹǺ«ûѣû˻˵ˡ
ף˵ţͣ˺ܾãͷƫͷȥ
ΪҪ·
ΪΣûֹ·
ףκ˻ΪʲôҪһŮɱħҲס
ġס
ñۡ
ǻ˰
ħΡϵףΣ˵ʲô
ף̧ͷɣɽħɣնɱյħ𣿡
šΡüףΣ밢ŵˡ
ʲô
ף¶죬ǡ
ԡʦ㲻ƭ
ΡȡһƣԼ
Ǳʯɵ׭֡

λɽ뱱ͬΪɽ֮һ
˵ҪնɱħΡϳ£ףΣȷʵ¡ħŵʦնɱϧδħʧ
ѡһôȥϺҴɣɽ鱻ˣѹ֡
ףΣº󣬴ˣΪдʶħѡһʱڻʿµ𣿡
һգͱɱĻʶħɵô
ǰףξɻ󣬡Уѡ˭
Ρϵ֮أɸ֪㡣˵
ףΣ㲻ãͬеˣʺô
Сߣ
ףηóơ
дǰϪ
ףСΣСҲˣ



71 ŭ
С
ôСߣ
ŵ,ʲôʱʼѡСߣ
ףüйһ˼
Ρϣϣܰ÷ȥһطô
ԡΡϲδܾ,ֻҪڴ˵ؿ,ǹؼʱ,ҵķȥṩİ
ڰ,Һ޷֡
ףεͷСס
һС£Щʲôǣȥ
Ρϵλ,һһ,÷һ,Ǻ⡣
ףٿһ۰,ħ
߰աΡϵ,Ҳʲôı䲻,ɳЩ»Ͳһˡ

Ϫˮˡ
ǳģôһӰӶˡ
Ϫü,ܶ಻뷨,ͻȻɳһֻСߵ˰ɣ
Сߡ
ֺ˼,޻
Ϫ,ˮһǰ,ָŵ,,Ѫ,˵Ѫ
ϻмȥĿ׶
Сһ⣬ѪСߵģ˭ˣ
ˮú֣Լʦ𣬵ʱʦķδʾСԼҲ˵Էǿ
ĳСӦռϷǡ
ΪΡˮüԷֹһˣСôһû¾ʧء
ҪʵαػʾĽɫֱӶ־ˡ
ˮǸܴŮʵս鲻ḻҲսΪԾ
̫ˡϪָһմѪѪʪģӦǷŵ顣
һֻͷûѧѪ׷ٵķﶼֳɵѪҺˡ
Ϫ֮ǰ̬ȾѧѧܼξѧѧѧǿΪԼûԵ֣Ǳ㲻ѧˡ
֮ǰϰ̹˼ûѧᣬͷˡ
Ϊץ
Ϫ㣬ŪʹԼġˮæǣס󣬡ҪԼϪ㻹ǵÿھˮԡ
ھ
Ϫü˼ͼӼھ
ֻǼۣѪġ
벻ϪգԴ
ȵȡˮףСΣȥʡ
ˮͷףδȥѶϢ
ܿ죬ףεĻظѪģȡѪء
ˮԺܺãȡһմѪظףת
ܿ죬մѪѪҺƯٵļΡ
ˮϪףε𣬡ˮķʾһҪͣҪˡ
ǼѪҺƯϷȥ
Ϫˮæȥ

ףδҽ䣬Ա㼰ʱյǵϢ
ΡϵķٶȺܿ졣
ɣɽдûǡ
·лڵѹǶΣյȻѡ̽
ףκܿɣɽﵽԼȥĵط
Ӧ˵ء
ͣڿջ⣬ף·һл
ûĿͷ뿪ֱջȥ
ǹŵġ
ףνƿǹ̨ȥ
ʱڹ̨Ū̵ƹ̧ͷϷЩЦݡ
СɾôˡԲǡ
ףδߣʣС
ƹЦţСɾָǸ׷ϴСģСŮô֪
ףߵ̨ǰעƹ񣬡ҪٶŪˡŵˣòҸýһǰС
ž롣
ԼʹСߣΪλɣɽ
С˵֪
һԸ¶˽ⲻˣôʿɣɽôɣɽô˽⣬ôԼΪҪɣɽԭ򶼲֪
ҡżƻôãѡô뿪ԼҰ
Сߵûˣɣɽԭǹһ˵״̬
ŵʿҪβȷСӷΧڡ
Щºף̻ջ
ɣɽһջԲʮֻôһҡ
С֮ǰ;ס
ƹ˱ʲôʲô䣬ЩĵطСŮҶκȤСɾҪƼһ
ףְڹ̨ϣüȾһ˿ŭҪٺˡѲһʿƹţ֪𣡡
ƹ̧ɾôĻһ̷ôܺųϹϵ
ЦЦ˱˳˱ףε°͡
Сɾ㳤мֿΣôϲ޹˷𡣡
ƹͷ٬ҪŵˣһţҪˡ
̾СŮңһֱ˵ɾɱٶҷƢˡ
ף򴽿㲻ǣ֪
ѽתˡƹЦ׼˱ƿ͹ȥæ
ף֣ץס󣬡ƹĿգ㲻þһô
ɾ˵ЦˣһСŮô͡ƹңСߣڿɲҵĿˣסڣһֻ۱һֻۣǴˡ
ףβ֣ɡƹ˵Ǯ˻Щأģ¿ˣӦְڵ񡣡
˵ıסڿջƹ˱ףε򦣬ֽŵֲڣҿǺˣСɾռҵıˡ
ףβ
֪ƾԼһȲСߡ
ƹ񣬽㡣ףηŻʯƸأ
ƹó٣ǵŵ¡
ҲòɡЦЦСɡЩ飬˶ּɣ㷴ס
ףֲԾսˡ
롪
Ҳ
ƹףսǲۣڣ̫಻ƽˣ㲻ѵͲᷢô
ᡣǶᡣף͸ִţҲҼˡҾҪ
ƹȻЦɾѲСˣҲ֪Ǻ«ʱҲÿζܳԵοᣬΪߣͨ
һССӣôĺԸ
ףΡƹ֣գֹˣ붯ǷԼҲˡ
Ȼ֪
ףλǲ֣͵ҳտ񣬵Ҳ˵˵ҪʲôǮ붯֡
ƹһҶ˵ˣ
ƹġȻӴӺǰһĻʵǼءʮ꣬
ףοȥһʱȡ
ӳЦ£˵˫Ӯ顣
С㱾ҡƹǿĺĿջҴģɱҰɡ
ӵһ˲ףԣȡףαĽᵽƹ񲱾ϣ˼־롣
ƹһۣûˣˡ
ƹ~ӽ£Ľ㣬˰ɡ
ףԴȥƣСĺӡһˡ
ףæҲƹ
ƹ񷳰ţⲻҪˣһٽûˣ
ӿ㣬ȥĵطһҡǱҲﲻˡ
˵Цһ¡
ƹְһۣ㣬Ҿûϼ¡
ִף˱ˡ
Цǽ㣬㲻Ҳϲף
ְףԴ࣬ð
ʧ
л˵
ллɰСʹĻ[]
[][][]



72 ͽ
ڡ
ǼѪ׷ʱ,𽥱ø١
ģûа취ı䡣
ҺðϪǵô£֮ǰ޶ŴѪ
Ϸ,Χ֮ʧˡ
߰쳣
ڴ˵,ѹ֮С
ˮӲ,ѾǰŰϪˡ
Ϫƫͷһۣˮ,Ҫȵףι
ڵĲ˼ˮǲʵսʦ
׷һ󣬰ϪѾӽһˡ
óȻ׷ȥ,ǽԼ̲,͹ȥ
ˮסϪֱ,áѪڵԻɢҪͣ,ףι,òˡ
Ϫ㲻Ҫ¡ԼЩ,ˮˮʦķܱϪ㡣
Ϫһ
ˣ
ܲ˰ɡ
ߡϪ,ˮ,ҪӿЩٶˡһķʾ,Ǿͣ¡
ˮͷ,áϪ,ǻҵСߵġ
šϪ,С,Ҳ֪ⱳ󵽵ûиΣա
еĻ,ֻȰסλ˲Ҫˡ

ŵĿħСڸա
ƹħûô򵥣˼ǧ꣬дʶѾǱħǰⱡʶҲС
ҸȷСѾɣɽϣԭΪħദĵط
ǣħܸظա
ףβ֪ƹǺˣô֪ôܡ
²ǿЩʱ
ףΡƹΪȷ˳УȻ㹻ҺСܶǵע⣬Խ㻤ͽȥ
Ҫ֪һտ㱻֣Ҳδɼƻͻ
ƹͳһҵףβϣ˳ƼףαŵСƬ
ǡ£ת˵ڱϢ˳ƻʽСӦ㡣ûУǶԲסˡֻ뿪
ӵ·˲ˡ
Ӧ֮塣ףףмлλǰʽҪβƻ
Ҳ򵥣Ҳ鷳ƹħǲ֪ŵıŻѡСߡ
ʽϣֹ㣬ħͻ֪²ԣôãðգֻ˳ƷԺ
ŲҾħףҪСˣҪôԼֵħֲԣҪôᱻʽǻᷢʲôҲ
֮¼вͻᶪƹʣ⣬ھ˵Ƕʡ¡
ףһ񣬡ǰСһ̡
ƹϧػԼĿջһȦô׬Ǯⲻˡ
ӣݺݵ˺һۣǱ߰ɡ
ףڳǰóƣϪˮ˴
ȳɣɽҵСˣջ档
̫ðգǲκˡ

˪ɡ
塣
ԪϰĳһȦȻ¶ϲ񣬡ˡ
ǰԶһߣһ֮ˣ忡۴䣬βݡ
ֻ䣬޴Ƿɡ
֮ûлףֻƣ㣬ܳô
δԪû뵽˵ĵһ仰㡣
ʧЦȥ
һɳԣܵ𣿡
Ԫ˵ţ۳ʿҪظܿûö
ͣǸľ֦Ԫƿľ֦ģ֪⸽ġ
˿߻֪ô¡
ЦΪҵ棬ҪЩ
ҲܽԼ͵ѽԪ˵ţڽ¡
䣬ûн޲Ľ»
˪ڵĽˡ
Ԫ̵ܵ½ٻڣҲʱ˵ع䡣
˵أ뽣ľܽԪƵļÿҪߡ
ϰߣɹһֻڵĽ
΢΢ѯʣѵһ㵹
𡣡ԪΪ˼£ǣȻΪԸϹɣЩ㣬ķɡ
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˼ˣ֪ݣҪ̡
˻Ǵһˡ
ҲԸ潣𡣡Ԫ⻰˵ʵ⣬˴λҪ£
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֪ǺǸӣȴԸǰµ룬ʵ⡣һ룬ǰδ顣
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ˮͣǺ޶ϵ˿ϣҧһͷ
Ц󣬽·¡
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ˣԵվƣһؾ˰ա
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ƣͽ֮⡣ջؾĪʦС
˵ţʣšڣ
𡣡ѩɽȪˣʦѳڣ
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ףΰףΣ޷óԸˡ

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ƹͳӵİ£Ѿɣɽϡ
⴦ڰɫǸڡ
зڣףζСģƹ˵ǴصǰС
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ɣɽڵΡ̧ͷƳһۡ

Ρ˼˼ϢĲȥЩ¡
ɣɽ̫֣ͽҲ¶ˡ
½ĿͶεССĺӣħʱ޵ʹ
ΡĹ˼Ƶŭֻϣհƽ

ɡ
һֳǹŮӳϿգ䣺ԭΪʵϣҲܵ㣬㹶
ڣʦɱͽ𣿡
ЦЦݻָ󣬲ֻмʣ˵ˡҲͽͽ
ףǰȻû˵ŵʿ

ʦɻãЦʣôˣʱǵøһΪռ㡣
ֳǹŮɫΪ䣬λʦ㣬òġգɱ֮󣬻Ϊ㡣
ѽɱɱ಻ãҲ¾ɣɽҶƣ´ѽ˵ɡ壬ӮҾߡ
ʵúƵᡣ
֪Լƹһˡ
ʹ򲻹ˡ
ĿðĺҺѡͽ壿
ͽϼء
£ǹǹͷɲϣš
Ź档ѳʦߣɱ
GȵȡЦŵˡŶЯڣ׷رն
㻹ûǷȥˣͼɱҸ
ﶼðˡʦðˣ𶯲ɱɱɱ
л˵
жŶ[]
Ӧڰ˵[]



73 ռ
򡰡ףʦá£ֽס
ɣɽĶϡ
ħ,һΪɣɽ϶⡣
ͨнΪˡ
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ףθСģǲע
Ǿˡ
ɣɽڵ·,Ҫעⲻ,һʱ֮,нٶܵӰ졣
ףˣ˵,Ӧ
ǰˮͰϪĻûյظ

ףεĴ־ûˡ
ˮԼǿ,ɻ˵ʲô
ҲˡϪü,ܿ˿
ǴȡѪҺѾĴ
ȴ֪ԼѾߵ
ɣɽڵĵαƣǰСߵĴ죬ǲδע̫ࡣ
,ǰİص,һʱ֮,·ĸ
ӦЩǺšϪա
ղŻ̫,Ӷˡ
ˮˡϪҵﻹûҵС,ֲʶ·,δΣ,Ҫ
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δ˵ꡣ
ˮȻðâ,һֳ֣סˡ
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˾ȣǵطȥֻһͷ˹
ϪˮǱֻˮλöƶˮܶ
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ףθæԱ߶
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᯳ΪҪãͬһֹǲǶ᯳ˣѡ˱µķ
˵᯳ϻҪǿǰ˾ȡ
ȻʦظڰǰлΪڹã˵ͻơ᯳ʮǰŽڣ˵˭ǿ
ʦ̣ܽǡǰ᯳ͦϵġǡǰʲô
֪ʦЩСӿˣԼ¡
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Ϊǰʵڿɿ֣ʿԸ
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С߲֪Լδ
ۣԼһϣ
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ħööħ
СʶתֿЩħ
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С߿ȥʣħޣ
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Цǡǡ
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СߺȻ˵Ȥ
ף΢ЦСӣɣɽҵǧǰ˵һ仰綼ҪΪ֮
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ôػʵ
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74 ΣڵϦ
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ףԽ￿,Խӳֳֻܷһ㾫סԼ
ħ̫ǱѰ
ʿĺӦƽƳ

ףκƻص˺СʱĶ·,˴ѩ,˸,һưܵ
۵᳤ܱĴ׳֦˶,Ҷ͵⣬ܱأֻϾƬ
һûմѩĵط,,ڻǰΪԼ˿ݲݸǵϡ
ȫ̵Ҫ
,ף룬˵ڶ,ǻϲѩ졣
ûС
ףΰγ,Լֱϻһ,Լѡ
ĿָӾԶļг
Ѫϣף˺,˿ڽס
ֳֽ,ǰߡ

ע,ȥһŰɫʯ,þû¡
ʱ䣿ǰ,,ٲ,һ
Ƴһ,ӻ㼱
ʦһ㲻֪Լ򲻹в
ͷ㡣
Ц£롣
ôԣ䵽ϡ
ˡջʱʵôء
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ɫӣ塣
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Щ
֮ʣ˶һۡ
ɱ
Ӧˡ

Ϫ㣡Ϫ㣡
ˮ˿ǻƶϪϪδлָʶĶ
Уȥˡ
ˮͷ串ϪĿϡ
ϸȥ
ˡˡ
䱡ڡ
ˮҧҧܱߡ
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ҺóصķȻ̣Ǳϻڡ
Ｘγײûܸˡ
Ϫħٴˡ
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ռʧˣ
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ĸ򣬶Ӳȥ

ףÿʶ֮ʣֱϸһӡ
Ѿ˼˿ڵİˡ
ܻȥ
Ѿħľ֮Уߡ
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ʵħڣѾףθеʹ֪ΪΣȻ˼˯ȥ롣
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Ƽ𣿡
С߿ŲԭתȦϴҧ´
ҪҪҸʹ죿ӣ˵ħȥţҲˡ
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ħͻȻ뵽Ȥ飬ռ壬ħޣͳϴôû㿪Щ
Сħ
ÿ񡣡ħ׵СǰҲˣһƵúúõģ壬㱨ô
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Сҡͷ㷽Ż˵Ѿѡ˱
ûв𡣡ħƺϲ˽ͣҪΪ㣬ҲҪΪһˡȥɱЩʿɱЩٱɱħͱˡ
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Ϊ㱨СߡʣãķǺõģ
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ħָᶯṈ̀˷򣬴ףϲ
Ѫ
ףγʹʶϲСߣģ
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ļֱۣȣһֱ֧ͷȥ
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ѪףεĴɫò԰
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ȴΪ
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񻹲ϳ档ףεԭΪɣɽħ˲ԭҲǸʹУĻɫ
ЦЦҲΪ˲ˣ㻹ڰϼˡ
źαػô˼Ը㣬֪ǶҪЦԼ̫Сġ

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ףսнƽԡ
ᵽţħһ㷴ӦûС
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75 ˭ڳ֣
ʦңȡ
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ʮϢʱ䣬ףѾơ
Ҳȷˡ
ħڵľȻ,Ҳڡ
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ѪڽУʧ
ô졭
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76 ͬӣ
Ҫ˵һ£¹Ļܡ
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ףעħ
ħȴ,Ƕϵֽס
δ׸գ󷨱ƻܰɣɽ,ʹڡ
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ţףξȼˡ
ôԼķС
˵ʵڵģǰֻԶԶΣÿû塣
⻹ǵһΣǺģ
ףξȹ󣬱
ƿӣ͸еһʹü
Ҫ
ŵѾף£ˣҴȥ
ŮӡԭԸ
ףεֱŷסЩ
Ϊӿ̫𾴵뷨
š
ѽ
֮ͥḧգϧϵ˺ۣѻˣľ֮ǰħϮѽħɾҪʱ޸
úӡܵ˰ɣ
ףεķɫʵܰ׾ʱЩ͸˳š
һЦָһ£ǶáʦýˮͰϪȽӻȥˡ
صǰŷ˺ôһͨĳ̧ͷ
ӹ˺Щ䱦ǿ뿪
Сءףλ֪ˮҲΣգǻ˾Ͱ𣬡аôˣ
֮ͥڴ齱Ե£һ÷ףε壬һ
СߺͰܺãڵѹͿԼ
ŵůףθе档
֮ͥݣǰδеİĳļ䡣
õˡ
ǡ
Լܷǰ֮*µڲ˵ô壬ֻţڼأ
ףεÿЩ
ţ֮ͥȲȥ

ףֹĶ¶ģţʵ
ףʦá
һֻֽ׳֣䵽żϣҪʦ̸ˡ
˵ĻϣףֻССֽףҡҡͷߡ
ѽ֮ͥЦ£˵ա
ֽ׶˶٣ɶȥ鿴֪ǺԵʣʦٿ
ãɻ£ʵ
ڣʦ
ֽʧ·Ϊ˵⼸仰
֮ͥżЦ⣬ͷףΣСΣһҪ㡣
ףɻʲôģ
֮סľȥ
ףεɴ۾һΪΪΣ
ҪʦΪ׽
û뵽һҪô𣿣
⾪ʱ˲ˡ
СΡ֮ͥЦǳЩüδȴܿǳ
ָӣһ¡
֮ͥʱᣬ֣أ㣬˵Ҫô
ʵЩ֡
ףεͷҪ
Ҫòˡ
֮ͥĿУףȻؽǱеĻ˵֮һ
˵һ
ô£˵ôֱ׵
ѵ
á֮ͥҪ˵һ£¹Ļܡ
䣬Ҳȼ֪
ףβԾüܾţ£Ӳ
ʦĻܣʦʦ𣬵˵ǲס
Ȼתˣһʲô֪أ
һܻ˺ʦأ
ġ겻ܾҽ¸㡣
֮ͥᣬΪ꿴ֵ
ԺΪˡ
л˵
ллСʹbronia[]
Сû뵽ֱӸټټ[̲]
ÿѽ[ʺƨ]
֮ʦ[]



77 
ףΣʡ
˪ɵ,ӦŹһ
ü˲̣Ҫƽ
ףεͷ,ʦɱа
Ϊʦ,Ż⵽ڼı
⴫ȷʵΪ档ͳЩ,дϧܿа,ӳʼҵĺѣһλרʿΪصĶ͡
ش֮ˣҲӦٶ֮ˡ
ӦٶǺ⣿
,ʦӳʼܿа,⡭
ʦ㡭ףβһ
ʦ˫ǧ,Ϊκﶯݵƽ
Ǵ䵮ʼͽĶа
ŵôʲ,,ⷶΧ̫ˡ
,ףζм⣬Ҳһˣƽ,С,Ҳ
ЩΪ֮Ķ,ҲļԾ,㲻
񶾡ݡʱ,޷֤Լδйɥʧµߵ뷨
ף¶,ΪҪʦĶͣ
Ƕ
ԼĶûע⵽,˻,Ž˵
ʶĥģϣӦٷ
żǵã˵ͥ굮壬ҪΪǳ
ΪѾܸ⡣
Ϊ꣬Ż˼ѪΪ˵İ£صĸ롣
ĺӡԼȥ̽
һ˿䣬󣬱ʧ
Ц𣬡СΣĳ֣˿
ףţ͸⣬ʲôΪ
̫ױ
֣ķ˿СʲôҲ
˶˵ǻٵĥô
ףΣʡ

ףΡ
Ѻգףμˡ
СߺͰһͬģ֮Ȼغг
ף졣ǰء
һҪȥҵʦá
ףθΪˣСߣСߣ
С΢ܿ͵СּᶨϴԶҵϴ󡣡
ֻǡ
ϴˣϴôصˣ͡
˵ںһλܣӽɽΪרԹϰ
ףЦЦڰӣŲС߹
Ҳá
֪˪֮ᷢʲôȻþеŬȥı䣬ȫ̵İա
СִҪ˪´µʱСߵ츳ܽС
ףβȰϪżǰ㣬ҲȰ˵С߸ȥ˪ɡ
Сߣ֮ףεΪֹϵʲôϴС֮ҪΪ̡
Ȼǲܽܵϴ
̫Ʀˡ
ܵ⣬ףδ£ףεļ򣬡ģһչ˺ͷӵġ
Сӣ
ʱȮպã˵
ͨĸ֪ף֪ˣСԭǸӤ
û̵ȥ
ҺãֻǵΪ˻ܸԵһͷǣСߴ˻ȥ
ŵʿСߵĴڣԭ뽫С߼͵Ļ˼ȥ
ɣɽļƻˡŲʿΪСѵѡ
Ӥּ䣬ûԵСߣиˡ
ǣŰչСߣѧ˵ѧɣɽ
Ľ˵Ҳ̫⡣
룬ɣɽħȷȷʵʵˡ²Լʿ֡
ǰءףʵ㡭𣿡
ҪͣѡԼ
ҡͷΡϷˣڣҲǷܣڲܸ㡣
겻󣬵˼άѾڳ졣
ףΣǰˡЦŵһҪҵ
ǲΪ˿οǰ˵Ļѡ
ôΪˡ
ȻǰһԾ꣬һȥ֮Ҫȥ˵Ǻ«ȥźӵƣȥܶ顣
֮ҪҴšף˺ܶ࣬ͻȻ𣬡Сߣд𣿡
СҡͷĿʶ
ףɻ󣬰ô˵ģֻظ˵׼ĸ֪˼
ٶȵġѣһչ˺ģʱѧ峵
ӦáҲҪ
ͬҵѡףЦЦǵðԼҲչ˺á
Ҫ˵Ťͷֲ֪ǳ͸ҳ嵽ħǰȥˣϣҪ꣬ۡϿ˵Ϣ˵֮ҪҲʯ
˵ء
ףЦֻᡣ
̽󣬰ۡ˽ƣҲˡ
ҪټףΣͳˡ
ףκܿۡϿ˹Լ֡
˪ɵףΣʮΪڸɣɽնħħʱΪͬΪڣսַɣɽڣħŰԽɱħսΪδڡɼӢ֮С
ⶼʲô
ףϪ˵ʱۡϲʿ¼ΪʿΡ
ǰһֱλӢ֮ףֱɽ𵤺ЩۡſϽִӵһλ¡
ɽ𵤺ͲɽΪͨʿǸýΪǿߡ
Ϊһʿڽɽʱˡ
ףٷ˷Ȼݼۡһͬе
ԭΪڵһλÿʱˡ֣ϾΨһʦʿ
ǡ
ףü˳ʱˡ
Ψһֿܡ
ʱҲ˽𵤣Զȥ
ףν⼸ۡϸңȻҵӦϢ
£ʱ˽ɽ𵤣ɽԲ
Щɽʱ
ףƲ죬һ䣬Щˬ
ʱ֮ظʤꡣ
ʤˣ
ҽѹۡûۡⶼˣڱµ顣
ףνЩۡ
еĽٴӿ
ʱѾˡҲԶˡ
ٽС
ǡοٽأ
⻹ʦѯʣȻһҪȰ̤ʵأҪһζ׷硣
һ;ϣԽżԽɵʿܻܿа
аħ޲ֹϢΪʿǶʵ׷
ףǰΪ͵ڣҲûľ뷨ӡ
ǰ
ǰ˯˺þá
֮ǰɣɽˣǰҲû֡
֪ǰˣ
ǰףʶ˼䣬ʼûлӦ
Ҫǰ̹֮ǰΪףζҪɣǷԼһˡ

ڼ䣬ڰСҪ֮ǰףͬһȥһΡ
Уҹʱ֡
ǸݵĴǣҹҲ֡
Сɾ
ףΪСأȻǴߵ̯ػһ
Ϥܾϲƹ񣿡
˵СɾǱ֮ˡƹָòڵ顣
ͷһתĴָʳָָ꣬û˰ɣҺСıꡣ
ףεȻƹ߹ȥһ񣬡ǰǵĶ飬û
ʣƹҪʲô
ɽ䣬ݹ۾âǰĵ׹
׹
ףεͷȥ׾Ƭš
ΪȴаƬ
л˵
ִĵĻ
˶˵ǻٵϢô
ףΣ
[̲]



78 ʶ
ײףνʦľ
ȴаƬ,ףΨһܸȥĶ
ⲢС˾ͷ
ΪҰĻףκܾǸʵΪ֮
δȴаƬԼĶ
,μǧػŲء
һ¶Ҫ,ףζ
ףһ,ǰɻҪ,СŬѰ
ϵĳŵ̫ǳף֪ʵ⣬ȻϺ,ԼΥǰԼ
ƹһ,ʣҪɽ,ô
ɽǻ,˭ȡء
ףεͷ,°,ܡ
Ḷ̌˪ɵķšŶ,ŵĲáЦЦ,㶼֪˰,ҺСݡ
ŵͽ,ȡ,,֮Կɱ
ΪһöСӡ,쳣,µزȻδô˵
ӵԭȲۣѪһСҡ
ͬҲΪõɱС
ףεͷɵִ֪ˣҾܾңҽɱˡ
׹ңһжˣʡԺǣ
˵ţݸȻʿƼҪҲС
ǰףεĲܸ
ΧӰȫɢȥ˵ؿˡ
ƹȡߣһ˲ףΰ벽֮Զ
ţҪǿˡ
ף΢ͷҲǰǰĪҪٴȤˡ
ƹ˵ЩȫǴڵ
ûȥסȴаƬƹҲá
ףţƹ񲻻ô
ǰ߱һЩ
ףʶƹߴԼϡ
ףΡɵЩƬɵʲô
мǣѡʲôӦ˾ˡ
֣ʯ
ףȻ⣬ӴȡװʯĴӡ
ЦЦȡһ飬ҴӲޱ
ףΣһʯ塣
仰¡
ֵ˵Ӱȫˡ
ףδߣʯӣ΢¡
ǰƹء
ɾ̷Цϲ󣬡λŮӣ˵ҪС̯λȫˡ
ףΣô𡣡󣬡㵽ж
С߲ף٣Ҫܡ
ƫͷ΢Цҹܲˣ֮ˣȰұ𾴡
ףСĶУ̷Щ߶ʯ
Ȼ̲ס
ȺȻƹӵӰ
ƹ񡣡Զ¥ϣӵ㻹ð㶼ǰȥˣȻֻһʯǶΪĹۣ
Ůˣˣ
пϣʣҹĻʱ財
΢Ц£СЩʱ֮ĻرҪ
һųģԡ
ͷù죬һת뵽Եˣ˪ţ
ЦСңġ
ǳ˳´δаëѻ
𷽲ЦǶҪȥˣСǷˣ
۸ߺ£õ˪ɣ
˪ɿ̫ˡ´ļۡñ˪ɣһȥŭ
˪ŸǺкð
СѣӸĴۣӦҰա

̲䣬ˮ棬ҡΡ
ֻʻ븡ݣǶȥ
ŵĴ£ףҪˡ
˷ȥҪͰϪˡ
ףλ۾
һΡ

ףСΡ
ϪˮڻǵȺ
һ棬ףξ;òԣ΢üˮȦЩ졣
һҾҪߡϪչȥС͵ˮ뿪ˡ
ףˣɾȣգ
ǰû˵Ҫѽ
дߵüϪΣôһŮ˵ʲôٲȥ׬ʯûˡ̫ˣҪǵ㣬缸վͳˡ
ЦЦҵʱأҪ֮ǰû㣬Ź㡣
˵ʽЩСߡ
ףεȻ׶Ů˼Ҳֻòغòᡣ
ǰ˵ôЦϺ˵һҶ
ϪͷתȥˮˮԺ󲻳
ˮϪͷȥ
ˮ֪ˡ
˺˺þãŽá
˰ʱ⣬⻤֡
ףκˮϪ͵뿪ķϡ
ϪǣҪúպʹǵš
֣ϲЦտҪǳˣҾ׬ˡ
ŬףӦ¡
ϪֿˮۣˮôôƯѽС
ˮһѱסѹſǻϪ㣬Ҳ˵ġǡ˵ˣף֪
Ϫšˮԡ
ûףΣɣɽ˵Ϣ
ûиףΣϪˮǰɳطͻڣΪϪ塣
ʵףء
˭Ҳû뵽ħĵļˮƽʵİϪ䣬ѡ˰Ϫᡣ
żʱֹ֣ħľٶϪҲʺˡ
Ϫοˮʱ˵ԼʷҲߣмڶﲻΪԼġ
ұҲȥ̳мҵ²רڼϰˡ
ʧ䣬Ϫἰ
ҲЩ֪ĳǧܸףΡ
һף֪Ϫɲ뿴
ˣһΪԼĴ
ǰϪ֪˭ҲûдʱⱾǳ¡
ħѡҪѡˮˮô졣
ϪˮԴɿ
ףΡ
ףСΣһֱĽޣ񣬻Ϊ
Цŵ󣬵쳹ɽʱˣǻʶһˡ

˵𣿡
˪ڣѸϢ
еɢһ
°ɣ
ǻ༷۾˭Ҳû˵ڣղ
Ȼ˴Ƿ̧ͷȥ˯Ÿˡ
ʦ㣿
ϵɢƳǣ˵ʲô˵
ǻã˸˳
ʦ㻹֪ôǵӹ֪Ǹųֻӵףô
еæһ¡
ʦ֪ܲ𣿲ףΰܸܵϳȥ
ȻףǼܺߣֹڱϾʦ׵ܣסʦء
Ŷϵ˵Ȥôˣ
ԪƿףΡǵá
ǵӼ˵գײףνʦľ
Ƕڴ˵ףΪ˰ݽΪʦѾֶΣʦ㡣
˪˭֪ΨһһζͽͷΪʦ㡣
ϵüë£֪ʵй
Ȼˡӵףο϶ֺʦ㣬ʦټ
ɻʦףᡣȻʦ϶ͽѵףˡ
ⶼʲô
ϵĪЦ£ѵ֪ԪѾҪΪףô
ֱԪϴõЩȡ
֪ġǰǵ˵ǰҲûףΣ϶Ԫвͨףȥʦ뷨ˡ
Ԫϣʦڽǰ˵ǵء
Ŷд¡
ϵۺȻ䵽ϣ˼߻ץʣףģ



79 
ףʦã㵱ϲ
˪ɡ塣
ףΡ
Ԫ,ϣգһ׽Ҫˡ
ڵգףξ֪˽ѽؾϢ
вʧ,δ١
Ԫ˵,,Ȼǰ뷨ȵ´ν,
ףģΪǵýǰԼ˵Ļ
˵źûףӡ
ףβ֪ǷǽοĻ,лǰ
ʱ֪ˡ
ԪƴӦ,ʱոԼ
ǽʮʱĽС
ԪƲδӽ,һ֡
ףԪѧڿʱͬԻ
ˮīֳ,ףη·ڻС
ǰĻѧĸΪ,ƻӽ˾ףǰ
,ʱڵĽ
мõò忡ʱڵĽƫ,顣
һһ,ۺ컨׷ɡ
ݷұ,ڽ,ͷ,һ
۽һ,Ρ
ǰʱ,ˡ
ףμǽ,¹⡣
ǽƬһ꣬ıǵĶ򣬻۳Բ
깴ǣ֣ס⻨
ȻƤⷽ
ܿ죬ɢ
ףΡԪƵпʲô
ףδӷŵĻ񣬡ԽĲݡ
ʱڵĽѾʹָӦֲݡ
ףιǽ⣬ΪǽⶨȻޱȣÿһ꣬ǽ۵Ļˡ
ȥעЩûܵ𺦡
÷Ľǽȥûԭò
ˣ׷ɵĻ갴ԸƮ˾µĻ
ԽĿƣ΢
ȵزʱʮꡣ
ѹ֡
¹ʶΨ»ɳƽ
ҵһμ⸱ʱʧԪЦЦ̹Ȼ㣬ҵʮŴﵽ־硣
ֵףΣúӣǰǰ棬ʵΪ¡
ף֣ס
룬нڣ½޶ף¡
ףΡԪƵĽٲԴֲڣҲǶԽĲٿػϸ¡ʱգϣ֮ܽչڽϡ
ʦ̵ĺڴ˿ֳ̾ˣףδǰδзԼԽĿƻȥ
ǣԪϡ
ԪҪϸ˵ԽĿơ
̧ͷףķȥ
ˣ
ϵŲ֪޶Ĳݸ·ҲûΣĵƦ
̣ʵϢ͵ףԡ
ϵɢذף£ڣԪڸ˿СľСǼ֮£һ䡣
ףκþûλʦˡ
ֹڵ鷢Ǹʦȥʱ⣬ֺͺȥ˸ݡ
²ȻǰҲͼΣǰ
СԪʧЦԼˡ
ϵۺߺߣʵѡ
ϵۣˡԪƵ꣬Ҫʼˣսɽ𵤡
ףóе׽
봫ϵ۾Ԫưʦͬ˱ʶֻǲ֪ΪԪƲϵ۵ͽܡ
ϵ۱ţ⻰ֱɵ˵ϣҪ
ɽ𵤾Ҫǰ棬ֻø˰ɡȥ롣
ʮڣɽ磬Ҳǰŵš
Ȼܺꡢʱ˱ȡûбܹʳϡ
Ԫ¶ΣǸ⿴ףΡ
ףλ⣬վһ񣬡Ԫϣ
ͻȻһֻץסĽ
ףεͷϵ۵ߡ
߰ףʦáϵЦЦҾܰߣȻҺûӴ
ԾɺǲݸƦˡ
ףοݣȴǰʦ㡣
ʵʦ㣬Ⱦ𣿡
Ī
ԪˣٿȻ͸ЩϵۣȾˣ
Ϲ˵ϵ³ݸƣҿɲȡ
ףˣ˿ԺҲȰɡ
ʦҸˡ
һϵۺȾƺȵʯڻӴܣżȻɽȥףαסæһξǮ
ףλǵãһǧٰʮʯ
ʦ㻹Ѫͷˡ
Ī棬ϵ۲⣬ԪƵע£ӦŶ
ϵۺϲԪƹ

Žأࡣ
ףɻŻľ
˵ʦľ
һСͥԺ
ŵҪ£겢δܾԭõĶøףΡ
ߵǴͥԺǰףʶš
סաǺϰߡ
Ӧ򿪡
һֻ׺ſڣȳԵĲˬף߽ݺ¡
ףβ⣬׽㣿
Ѿ֪ˣʦĺηֽģһֻİ׺ס
ȻΪײǣףλǾãƻ
ˣҲ᳢׺׹ͨ
׺ѧд֣ŭˡס˻ʲôţֱٻš
ײŲרõģ
ֺݺףֱйߣܳȥˡ
ףγʹԼֱۡƢòĺ׽㡣
ףʦá
ϤףȥЩš
Щס鷳ʦ㣬նС
ΪŵһʦʵԸ̫ˡ
ףûзÿοʱһϢĿԶںüļǿŵĺ롣
󣬲˫ƽ
ʦ㣿ʵкѰҡ
һѣȲ衣
Ȳ裿ףˣ¡֮ǰ˵û֮ʦΪݲ衣
û*룬ʦ¡
ǣʦĻ˵׻
ף˹ȥʱ벻Ŀ࣬Цŵʦ㣬ͷˡ
󣬵һ̤ճ֮
ͥԺ䲻󣬵סĶʦס仹Ǹ˲پ롣
Խߣݷ˱ǣףαӶ˶ƻŵī㡣
Ӧע⵽Ķ͵ʦ𰮻ݣЩµġ
ǴǰûסˣԻЩ
ףεͷʵʦҲϲ
ӦϲɣϲĻסͻ鷳ˡ
Ȼûϲ
شףγĬ
ܿ죬˵ˡ
滹иСԺӣʯΡ

ףεͷʯѾڷź˲ߡ
ûطҿרעǺ衣
棬ˣףʦã㵱ϲ
ף¿ʦ㣬ˣֱʦˡ
ʱζ·
ʦĲ衣ף΢Ц£ֵϸƷζ
Ϊ裬סֵĿ䣬¶һذ
ĿĶǲòףζоʦһλרڲĴʦ
ɡ
ףֶԼĲ豭ͷ
Цúࡣ
ʵûࡣ

ףζ豭ұ¶ֺʵóĶ־һڡ
ôԽԽء
Ѿൽɬֶˡ
룬ʮǺ«޷ֲ
ףη²豭ٴο꣬Ц£ʦ㣬ԺҪҲ
ǵڶҲˣһδҵλ
ףʣһλǣ
ʦ𡣡ǰƽ˵ݲ츳һˡ
ţףݡ
ţһǲʦ㡣
ףʦáţһҪ㡣
л˵
ллһѪСʹĻ[]
ӪҺܼӸһӸ[]



80 
뿿ʦ㣬Ϊʦǣʦ׽
ʦҪԼ
ף,Ǻ£
ɬ֮Ժ
۾дרע˶٣ʵյ˵š
ףεͷ,¶,С,ǶдŹ
¶,аֻèצӡԼѩʺ
ʱȥأɱ,ܱٶȡ
Сߵʱǰдġо˺öఢĺû
ףλǰԼϵġͳ׼С߿ء
,СԼŤŤıʻд֡
ڶܺá
ȹ,ӦյϪš
ˡ֪ˣл
ûˣ
ףɻ,ʦ,Ȼһ,ʦ㡭ûиʦ㱨ƽô
Ȼ緽ǰ㵭Ȼš
ǻʦ·;ϣšף,ʦ֪ʦȥ,Ҳȴȥʺ򡣡
ȴҡͷ,ء
еӵ,֪ƽ
Ȼⲻô¡ףȴҲö˵
˰һᡣ
ףκŲˮ,͵͵ʦ㡣
ʦӦѯԼ
ʦں,һֱʦ,ദ˿ʮˡǶ֪顣
˵,뽣׽˾ǻӳѩˡ
ֻ̫ˡ
ֻΪ޵ĵǽӽ飬ദôãҲǻӳѩԿ겻Ϊ
ǡľ꣬οء
ףνв豭£Ѿ꣬Ҳõ˵ʱˡ
ʦ㡭
һᣬԺ󣬻ʦдš
֪ʦ뻨ʦ䷢ʲôףҲóȻ²⻨ʦΪˡ
ֻ룬Ըʦ㴫šʦҪ
꿴ʣӳѩͬô
Щ⡣
ף룬ˣǡ
ʦ㾰ʦ㣬Ҳǡ
ʵĻ
ʦﶼֵñĽӴʦԽ࣬Խʦá
ôõʦ㣬û˸ҿ̫
ףǰɣɽʱ⣬˼ʦԼ
ʦԸĻףβֹʦѣʦĺѡ
ǰʦڰԺҲΪʦͬ顣
ѵغ⣬ף潫˼
뿿ʦ㣬Ϊʦǣʦ׽
峺д˳Ͽңͬʱǰ㣬˫ְϡ
ʯʵףһʮֽӽˡ
ᶯٿȻսŮ
һϡ
Ϣ㲻ܸдš
˫峺۾ʧ䣬û˿ֻʣΪΣ
ڴˡվƽףʦãҲܴӦ㡣
ףĿʦ᷿
еȻʧ䡣
ܿɢˡ
ʦˣӦءԼɿʦѡ
ףʯĲ豭ˮϴ°ڷ˻ȥ
ʦ㡣һطˡ
ûлӦ

塣ž
ʦΪҪƣӳѩвһ㺡
֮ͥˮҲίֱӵԵɡ
ˮĿΧͣͽҲҵġ
ͥſġûǰ㲻֪£⼸꣬ӳѩҲˡ
˵ţţְ취Ϊ˶롣
Ҳ뿴ҵͽ㺵ΪûǰʣҲһеĺúӡ
ˮϰЯԼĽʱº󣬽ڻС
ֻͥĺӲǺӡۼӳѩΪϲǡҶ֪ꡭܡ
֮ͥü壬ʦԡѵҲӳѩôӳѩɽͲܵȵٿ֮Σ
쵶ն顣ˮΪԼûдָԼĽϣ֮ˣļ̡ССҵģʱվˣǻˡ
Ȼ˵Ļȴ̫ҰͥΪλƵô
ʦ㣬ԭ롣֮ͥ͸˸УҴδҪӳѩơСΣҲӳѩƷ
ֵסüģʦ㣬ӺʱʼǾ˴˶˽ˡ
ˮվͥˡʧԣ´βˡ
˵ţ뿪˴
֮ͥ˱ۡӿͷ
ʦ˪ɵϴš
ʦ»ˮλӣܽӽ
ˮǴʦ㣬СͰ»
֮ͥδһգˮʦô
ʦڣⳡȻİա
һ뿪ˮҲмʧ
Сһ𳤴빲ҲδԼ԰ͥ˵˵Ļ
䣬Ϊ˽Ⱒ֮ͥһ
ˮͬʦ
ͬǣ
ʦ»Ϊ٣㰮ͥ
Ψ


ףθԪʱʱʱðϵۡ
ʦҲԱ߿
ҧŵ㶫ףΡ
ףδڽȫӡ
ǲԼϵ۾Ȼʼɧš
⽣ġʦ첲оһȥҶܣ
ʱԪƲڡ
նпУʱףλ
Ŷϵ۾㲻϶ˡ
ѾԪûҪڿˡ
ףϸƽѵв˲꣬ѡҶϰ
ϸƾͺܺķѾԻиҵġ
ףƽͣ˷Ҳͣ˶
ʦ㣬ÿնЩʲôʵ
ûԼҪô
Ӵڿϸʦ˵˵ˡϵȤ𣬡ÿʲô˼ߣʦɽȥ
ףҡͷҽջδɿҵ
ԪڲҶ£Ҷضļ״
ȽģҪࡣ
пҵҲпҵջС
ϵ֣סףΣССͱô壬ϢһնѣֲΡ
ѹڵġճǡӿ
ףβǺţɿҵһᾡ졣
Уܴһλô
ϵˣü˭˵ڸʦһ˯ɣ
ع
һһ˯
ףĿ࣬죬˵
˺üϢһԼʦˣҺʦǷֿ˯ġ
ʦ涼û
סһôϵۻЦѽʦʲô˵ĿɲǸ˼
ڹȤԼ
ףβػˣר

ǡ
ףνˮϵһ˳ǡ
ףЩʱ䣬ǻƻ衣
ˮѾúܶˣֻڷܡ
ģ츳ǧѵһһڵ;ϣһǧ
ףʦãȻ˲ð
ϵ̾ʦͬסˮʦѡ͵͵ңĪǡʲôܵã˪ء
ⶼʲôףεؿһۣʦĪҪȤˡ˵ģ
ˮҲѵЩʣʦ㣬ʲôӣ
λʦõɻϵһЦߣʧġ
ףκˮдҹգһӡ
Ҷо¥¥ϽԹиɫΡ
ף֪⴦ط
üܾؿϵۡ
⣬ʹʧһǧٰʮʯ
ʦ㲻ɥĲؽƭծɣ
л˵
СΣʦѣ
꣺Ľҡ
[ʺƨ]



81 ַ
һͱࡣ
ʲôѽ
ϵü,ɢģֱ̫ˡ
һʫ彣ӷ,ӳת䡯,ҹ,һ¥Զӣһѡע
,Ҫмҹ¥ȥ
ɽУȻҲԸʿ
ʿͨԴûȤ,ҲҪԴһ¥ַ,ʿ׬ʯ֮
Щÿһǳ,յַ룬,ͻӦԼ
ҹһ¥Ȼ൱,¥ⶼźЩˡ
ϵ¶,С˹¥ڡ
¥һ᷿
᷿Ұ,,Ŵ̨ӡ
Щ㡣ϵ۷Ըһ,Щ,¥,ȥȥ
СЦø,Ӧλɾִ,Щ,õǮ
ʦģ֪û
ѹ֮
ףһۣջߡ
ûҲŹطߡ
ܶ˺ǧֻΪǵһһ
ʦáϵףԣЦôܾ˵ծɡ
ףҡͷǣʦ㲻Լˡ
ϵ֣°ͣʦöСʯĳȱô
ݶѵּݵţ
е棬Լ
ϵţͷԼմߡ
ףȷʵּҵš
ּɽȻǶңϾǰС
ңּʯܹʯ
˵ּҸòС
ΨһȱǣΪߡϵڣٹʮֻּ꣬׳
Ϊʦ㲢ܼףε
ϵ۾úЦôʯҲ໨㣬ȫãֲɵ
ǣ˵Ų˵Ļϣһҽּҵʯȫ⣬Ǻȥ
йϵˮȡ
ףֹʦ˵ʱĲٸڲϵӡ
ˮҲ亦
ƫͷˮˮɻ
£ˮָףۣѹףΣԲ𣬸⡣
ףһǼôӲŻʦ㸶ʯ
ˮҶʮҾͲˡʱܸףκööʯ
ҹض࣬һЩǣʮй
й󣬱һݼвҵ
ͼΪңʦͻ˺һݲҵþ޸
ףЦЦˮԼŻ
˶ãж̵С˽᷿᷿ڵϰڷʽĸ㡣
ˮЩСɡɫɲ͵ĸ㣬ԵͷУ뵽Ϫڣһܸˡ
Ϫľʳ
Сȫˣϵһ
֪ҹҪ˭ôţкǲҪ
ףκˮ֪
ϵҲδǻظֱ˵λԻȵĵӣԸ˳ţΪһɢޡ
¶ãЦŽ͵ݸϱߵĽݣɽԣȸأδչӡ
Ҳȵӳߣһλ˾׷
˵ţߺ
ϵ۰ʾϸȥ
᷿ޱݵģȻӦĸ죬᷿ǰ󿪣ԲӰҰ
˵ζߡ
ף⿴ȥ
ɫɴƮȻ¡
Уɴ类紵Ρ
ףͷ
һŮ϶ɴƣ뷲
ת
⼫Ůڿн̤ɴѡ
˳١
ףαͣԡ
üԼĽ
ǿеŮЦָ۴ꡣ
һһЦ
ףνͷٿȻ
ԼΪҪȥý
ʱ̣Ӧ֧Ŷԡ
͸ãأջء
΢Цǰֱ̤ڿ
ǰʱÿŲתɴϡӴ˿ĶѹͲҪɴĸ
ڵʿգ塣˽ڣܲ̫á
£нΪ
ƺע⵽㡣
һ¥ˣȫ˻þЩƮɴ
ףڵ᷿
ȺúλԼþŮ
òΪû̫ʡϲĳ̶ȡ
Ȼڵôôᶨ»Ҫæ
ԼĿꡣ
ϵۡ
εСӡ̾˿˺ģҪء
ᣬȴóһذס
ذϵ۲ϱȻ£һȥǼ򵥡
Щ鷳ˣҪͷ档
ǣȴ䣬Ҫһ˽ϵۡ
Ȼ
ϵ۵䵽ϣЦӡ˸˶ʯ˫ȥɱˣΣ
ˣ죬ûб¶
˪ɵȷʵСơΪֵľǻþϵ۸˸󾳽硣
УҪáֱӶ֡
ûˣ˪ɼΪϵͨ籨ţӲˡ
ϵ۵ĽסذףұĳͻࣿʮΣ
ʮǸ𡣡һذ׵ذѹϵ۲ϣ˵ԭⲻļǮ㶼𡣡
ϵ۲ӼʱֳѪۣȻЦţɢǺõܵܣ̫ˡŵʲôʯ
ּһ䵽ֹȷʵ˻ͷ
㵹ͦ˵ţҪֱɱϵۡ
ٿȻ
һͱࡣ
ӱ
ѪҺ
֪ɱ֮˴Ӻʱġ
ϵȥԼĲӣ䣬ΪؽѪĺۼŪЩ
ͬʱͷˣ˹£·ųֹѸֱͣȡ̿͵Ȼ¡
ƽ㡣ϵ۱˱죬ίŶۡ
Ԫưγַ߽£ơ
ϵۺϵؽÿ
Ǵ̿ڵϡ
ʩչʿȥ󣬻ûзάϵ顣
Ҫһᡣ
¥˶Իþеʱ̣Ϸ·ֻʣˡ
Ԫ֣ǵϵ۵˺ϡ
ʧ
ʲôʱƷҲôˡϵۻء
Ԫ͸֪д̿ͣЩطϹܡҲڸô죿
ֿ᷿Ůüףʦֶһء
̿ͳ˵ǡϵ۾ԩƽ㣬ԪϣԪƣҲ֪Ǵ̿ͰҾŴλʦ֡
ԪѴջأϵۣ˵֮ǰûлɹ
ûûС롣³ç
ϵȫһˣɫسϣˡ
Ԫƾô˵ʲô
ǡϵ۵ǻǣ̿ҵնôˡ
ڻǣɱ˪ɵӣǲ֪ôдġ
ԪΪնϵۡ
δ˵꣬ͱϵ۴ϡ
ƽ㣬ڣҴӲ¡
ϵЩɢȫˣֻʣЦ⡣
Ρ
Ԫƺ£գȲ̿͡
һ̴̿࣬Ͼǽʿûô
Ҳûϵѻ
ʲôϵָֻɢģܽѵֹڲɣ
ҳ£ֹɲѵֹڣôһˣɱˣûˡ£ֹڵɲֹڡ
û£СС֣𷣸ʲôء
ϵǳͦθ
˪ɵ̡ܴԪƽԼĽɾݲĻַ
ݴһ滻ʹӼ±ơ
ּңûʸ˪ǰա
л˵
עӷ䣬ӳת䡱ӽʫ



82 
޿ɱ
ףʱ,ϵ벻ƵŷЩɱ˵ذס
ƳףۣЦЦףʦ죬ϧû
ףλδظ,ע⵽һˡ
ǰԶ
ʦ㣿ףգգ,ã
ʦ,ʦҲ裿
ԣ
ףþǰֱڸգͷ,Ѫе
䵶ǰ
ϵ۹ذ׵ףǰ˻Σʦãϲ,Ŷһδɱ
ף,ذƿ,ͷˮ
ˮϣ˯㡣
ʦ㡣ף¿ϵ,üëѹ,͸Щ,ԺҪ¡
ԼΣյĵطףյԭ򣬶ϵ֪ˮҲֹ
ϵҪͬݺⳡ̵ܴϷ,ףοԳ䵱ɫ
޷̺Īվ
ϵȷİ,,ʱȷʵЩ顣
Ӧ,Ŷ
Сֹ,ףʦ,ͦס
Ԫʵվ,ף˵Ķ,ϵԺʵЩ
˵գ˵£˴̿ȥּҡ
ùѻ֤õˡ
ףҪȥ
ȥϵ۵ʦãԼȥ
Щ飬ּҶƽжȥʡ˿ࡣ
ûϵۣףʦãԸȥݣ
ңףɻ󣬻Լô
ϵ۾ˣɶݰϳˣ
ǰ˵ûɡ
͵ضףΣͼҵĳЩܵӰӡ
ܡܲڣʵף£°
ףγĬ£ʦ㣬ҪҪȥӣλܲҽ޿Ƽ㡣
ټλԪЦЦʣףοԸһˣ
ֻϵһˣ黹бСĿԡ
ٶ˵˪ɵӣҲûлء
ףδǵĶԻ׹ˡ
̿;ȻʦѰġϵۡ
ϵЦЦͬңϾҪʺˡ
ʱּһ롣
ףʦþ˸ʺϡһΣ
նûʦ㣬ף¼ʦ糣ѹ£ͷҿȥ
ĿǰҪϰĶ
Ĳڵǲ꣬߶ܾн١
޿ɱ
ᵣʦǲڶԼᵣԼǲǷŵʦ㣬ᵣġ
£˫ƽȻע
ף˿
ȻʦʱܾԼʦҲûԼ
룬֮лᡣ
šԪƵ泤һ̡
Ԫףꡣ

ûڰµףΣҪٴγˡ
ڵǰҹ
ꡢףĿǰס
ףǰԺŽЩȡ
ҪЦ
һλʿǰ轣УʵСֵʿš
λܲǽޡ
ͺñ㻹ڱʶֵǧģȻѧʦǰչʾ
ףγûнš
ֹΪԣΪ
ŵᣬŨл͸¶ŴȰ
Ŀ⿴ŵһӦԲǽţǴһҪǰֺá
ܵĸ׵Ĺ裬ǧ붷־
ףרĴ׽С
ûע⵽ҲԺӣߵߡ
ֱףγһսʱע⵽ʦ㡣
Ųˣǿסͷ񣬡ţʦ㡣
ʱ򣬵ðЩˡ
ϾʦڽϵȾ˶Ҫǿ
ף̧ͷ͵͵ʦһۡ
ſĻ˷Ц⡣
˲ʲôɰ͸ɰˡ
ꡣŻЩССĻۣΣ
ע⵽Сε͵ر£Ȼ̽רעؿꡣ
Ц¡ʱûע
⼸ѵЧƽص䴦˼ֱ仯
Ȼʦû˵޵Ĵʣ仰ڿ
ףҪлЩġ
Ŷŵ𣬡⼸ҲСˣ
⼸աʦ㲻û
ɾѣףע⵽ʦĻ⼸յѵгЧ
ʦ㲻ô֪
üļŵŮӣʦʦõע£Ǻƽ
Ȼ׺ףʦߡ
ףβ⣬˵һ䣬ÿֽɢʱľᱻ֪Ϥ
ѹ֡ףˣмȡ
ʱ׽˵Щٶȫʦ֪
Ц
ƫͷʦãк£
ͽΪʱܲ
СסȻǸþ
ҪȥˣΪʦΪС
ճ֮ʱЩͬʿһ㲻ȥೡϡ
ֳһƣкףι
ף߽
ףεϵһơ
нơ
ףδʱ*֪ΪԽߵƣԽеǰ罣⡣
ֱ֮ӡ
ܶɽʿѹ
ŷΪ֣Ϊ˷ʱ紵ҵķ˿
ͬԶǰǰ㣬СΣһ·ƽ

ա
˴γŵķۣʹڳ
ˮźʵҹҲڣĳЩ̶˵ʵʺϵڶλ
ΪݱףθߡǳͼңǳصĹŵӣĸּҳһˣο˫صӡ
صĿǰˡ
ԼĹԹͽһγΣգصĸôȥ
ףΡˮᣬҪЩ
ףβֹҪãȥ¶棬Ӧ˼졣
̸о⳥רŵˡ
ġףЦЦѹʱ򣬸ݲеĳʳ
ˮ۾ţ
ô졭ھͿʼڴףλˡ
Լʱ䵽ǰϢϵҴҸ
⻹ףεһοýӡ
ϵʵûΣ䵽ۼװϺףվţЦŵûٵ
ˣ˾ˡ
׼ʱɣֱݶȥ
ϵע⵽ڷۼװϵﰵشǵķ
ȣΪҪȥԼ鷳˱˵Ĺע
ܿ죬ϵ۾ͷˣǲڿڿףΡ
ףʲôÿġ
ϵɢشһۣⲻǻ֮ǰһ

ϵ۵Ŀףϡ
˼ϢתףΡ
˺þãףζѯˣʦ㡭ж𣿡
Сϵһͷ
ףξȣæֱϲ˲
ġϵʹ㻹˵㲻£㳤þһµӣ
ָƵⶫǽʱڵƷһֱĽš
ΪʱڵĽţΪʱõĴʻˡ
½ͣ
֪жٽҪⶫ𣿣
ϵĽ֣̽𣿡
һʱ䣬װϺü֧䡣
ҪףδӦˣǿҲҪˡ
ף治֪ǽƷ

ϵ۴֣ƽӽ
ûأһʹ
ʹϵۿˣ˵ˬܽһţ



83 ɹ
Ҳ֪ףλǲǵԼ
ɽǴ,ռĹ㡣
УΪĳǳΪģҲףҪȥĳǡ
ּۺ񣬼Գ졣
ɽ,ûǿѹͷ
ѹס,ǲǿ
ּȹϵ,ת
ȴ˪ˡ
ֹʼδܵ̿͵Ļţﵣǿֻ,¸ָ֪
ס
ֹͷ֮࣬Ȼź⣬˿ϲұ¶,˵ûеأ
ž
㻹ֲɣָһƳ鵽,Ѫ˿ŭ,׽㣡츳ãΪԺҵô
޴
ôܳɹǴ̿ͱ˪ֹ֪ڡ
ֹ,ŭδ,ǳ۽أСô˵ģ׽㣡
ָǽʿ,һû÷˼
Ȼֱһưֹ
ֹڵʱ,,סȻҡ
ѵûķԸ𣡿ϵƲҰ
ܵ۰ֹڱָ˰ƺ,ʧȥ,ûҵܵ,ƾʲôҽ׽㣡ֲһĸף
˵׻ǹ㣡ֹڽ߲,ҪЩ,ϵôô,ô˪֮һζϻ
ÿЦǹûԼĸס
ָȭͷ߬͵ϣ鵽ӡ
ֹڡҲǷӲɣٸ˲Ϊһһֱ𣡡
ֹӿ𾪣ԭء
ǸߴӰ
ֹԭΪǰġշ۰Ǹûа취ľֹ
ϵۣǲ֪ˡ

Ӻ
ϵڷϺףء
ӣѰ˼˭
ʦáϵʵãԪڵҲ
٬ȻЦ
ףѾֱԪֶΣϰˣҲ֪
û˼ϵ۵밡֪ʲôش𣬺÷ܡ
ףΪѵŵԪڵ㡣
ԭ´˵֪ϵЦ˵㣬Ȼ֪ʲô˵˵ֲҵ
ŶףθĿڵԪ㡣
ϵ۵һ֧׷ʣģ
ףеĿеͷš
ǰɣҲáϵۿˣףΣݣ㣡
ףβҪʦ㣬Ҫطˡ
ôҪȥ
⼸ϵ۾úȤ
ϵʿеıָߣϵ۲ǣеһŶ
ϵֻףˣףһҲòʳｫʦƭ档
ŶãҪˡ
Ȥϵ޿ô̯ôһˡ
°ͣƼףȻһ
ףʦáϵ΢Цһ£֪
ԪƸҵģ档
Ԫϵ֣ףεͷʵʲô£

ϵ۴ףºأͳһŷֽǸ
ʹֽ飬Ҫ˵
һͨף˵ģô
ٺ٣϶Ͳ֪ϵ۵ʦйŶ

ףδսȥ
Ԫ潣ңСʱʦá

ָһգ⣬ĳˡ
ҪԴֹǰ˪ɣȥѰԪƣԪƴ鲻̫⡣
ǣǴ̿ڵʵ֮з
Ҫ˽ֹڻ̳
۹
ү۸˵ӣС˪ɻˣ磬ȥ
ָȻü׷ʵϵۣ˪ɿɻ
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С̫ˣ룬һ¾͸ּҳ档
ǿǴе
үأָ̱ϣҡ
۲֪ΪΣһŵõͷ
㡭ȥָֹںҴȥ硣

ĳǵϢʱڵȫ֪ˡ
ּĳƴ󣬵ңּҿ⡣
ּϵˡ
ҵĵ̼棬ڳȥǰһ
Īǻּҳ¼ҼôԼûʵĺӡ
ҼҡͷҼǵϵйϵãǰֹڲ˪ɸϻ˵ϵۿۣ֡
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ȥ˱֪кӣҪģּܱ˷ͷ
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ĳݵλߵĳǣﲻȱʿҲš
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ָܿЯֹ硣
֪ҪʲôЦŵأ֣ϵΪʴӱּи
ָȻЦӦͣô굱ˣҲǽʿ¶ӡ
͹ڶ⡣ǰ˪ʿλá
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ƣôϵۺô׽㣬ҪˣôҪһ
ļ̳ˣôȥġ
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ܹμ˵ھȺУ˪ɵˡ
Ϊ׵Ȼꡣ
˼ˣ紫һһϮ£ü䵭룬ʥ߽࣬
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ֹӼǺ׽㣬ϵۣΪûн̺ܵܣΪˡ
æ˼нܳԹ޵˪֮⣬ǿϵۣϣ˵䡣
ǴˡϵۺЦֹĴ̿Ͳңףʦá
Աʾ⡣
˽Կ꣬ǰ˹עˡȺʿСȴԱߡ
ףɫ糣˴
ףȺ˷ʣǰʱոɱ˸ħףɾ𣿡
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ףȴע⵽Ŀ⣬˹



84 ʲô
ǱҪ꼫ٹı˵˽¡
߽һϢ,ѸƿĿ⡣
·˵ĺһ㡣
ϵɫѿϵۡôܵܡ
һûôʱ̡ڶǰ,Ůʡ
ⳡ϶˵,ʵڲǸʲô̸ĵط
ϥģЩҪ˿,Գݾڸλ˵١
ͷ,ȻֹڴӵϷ
ȴǴȰľٶһֹڵ
ֹһѪ,ɫȻҰס
ֲֹ,ͷŸסڷɢ
,ϵۣףɾѽΪɢ,Ƿ,ҪɱҪ,ƾ˪ɴá
ǰԶϵۣϵۣԸܵһ·,˺ּ,㡣
һ׶Ѹ١
нΪ,ֹûвֵĴ,ûֹ˻δӦ,ֹΪѷϡ
,˪ִȡֹ,Եͱˡ
ϵ˵,ױѪ߱ܵͷ
ϵ۲Ųæ·࣬ΪҪ̿ȡ֮ʱԸһ·
ּһҵԸ⽻ҺʱҪˣЦЦϵˣͷ壬˰ա
ּ䵽ֹǲּ˲֡
ּϵ۰Щŵϸ¼ͷĶЩΡ
ǶԸϯ
ԭȣֹ޴Ҳϵ۳ΪһܺչּңʱּҪһˡ
ϾѪ⣬ϹͷŽ
û뵽ֹ˺ݶ޴Ȼҹʹ̿ʹɱϵۡ
ҷﶼֿˡ
Ե˴ִֻ
డ˸öӣǺ֮Ƕûˡ
ֻҪּҲ䵽ϵ֮󲻾ͶᱻǷֳ
뵽ˡ⣬ֹǻţ
ţϵ۶ּҾͲʲô顣
ϵֶпˣίǶˣֹѾˣ㸸׵ģһ·ա
ǰ;ãǻᱻݵˡ˵мʵˣЩۡϲڸɼЩӵϢֹˣҵֶ㱻⡣
¼æϣǰֶ֪飬㡣˿Щ߰ϢɾͲһˡݵĽˡ
Դǿҿң˵һó̬
ǵȰˡϵۺЦǶûôֹ˵ףʦãףʦ˵㡣
ףٴγΪȺġ
״ƻԵֹڣֿ࣬òҪ
˿סͺáȻ˪Ҳ޷̫ǿơ
ءףεȻԸ⽫ּҼҵʦ㣬ô⼸վͰס
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ϸϵۣ˵Ϊѡ
ϵҪݡ󣬻
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˪ߺЩ鷳ƽƽˡ
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гｻ
겢ãͷףʦá
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ǱҪٹı˵˽¡
ףûʵصҴǰݣźЩ￴ǰľʶȹңʧɢˣϵ
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Ȼһֱע˪ʿǣرꡣ
ע⵽վнкηԸ
Щˣʦˣ
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˪һĿǰסڳ
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ףһһȥȴûҵԼҪҵˡ
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˷ʣǾϲǣѵĩβɾںվС
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ǣǽǵŮ˹
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ʲô
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ڳôʵأˣ̣ܴҰݷ𣿡
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⼸գһͬҡʹ˱
ǽŲӿ죬뿪˴˵ء
ףȻסط֮ⷬһʱ֪Լòסǡ
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85 
ԼҪ˫峺ͷ
ףԾʦȥ
мһСС
,ֵͷ˿ľư
տҲ
ʦ㡣ٴʱףʵաݲ𣿡
ĶӦҪ˵°ɡ
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ողž˵ľܾʶףвֵǡ
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ףӺ,Ѹ뵽ʦ˵,̿ǽȵĵӡ
ʦҪȥȣףʵ
,,顣
ףʦҪͬ,ԼմӦҪȥ̨顣
ûʧԼϰߡ
ʦȥôףʡ
ʦͬ,ȥλʿȥμ̨䡣
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׽飬ʦȻ֪
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ﻮһ˿
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¡֪ףλš
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86 ƭ
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ڳй㳡Ѵ˸̨
λ˪ɾҪѾ˳ȥֵĳأ˸ˡ
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ףΣ
̨ϳ壬γɵϽ谭⡣
öͷð
ϵ۽ס˷壬Сˡ
ѹЩżɾȾ
ϵ󷨣Щȥ¶棬󷨲ʲô򵥵ģҪʦơ
ģʦڣܿͻˡ
Ȼ
ף֪ʦѾȥ˽ݡ
û̫ţΪ
ᣬԶЩ
ףƳЩǳ
ףɾȴףο˹õնЩ㡣
ףεľ뱾ͽ
ܿ죬͵ףߡ
ףɾһһ򡣡ЩٶȲ죬Ӧ
á
ףרӦԼ
ײ
ͷһۣᷢЩᡣ
ıӰǹֳһذס
ЩӾôƭ
л˵
ллСʹһѪСʹצӵĻ[]



87 ˾
Сֽף˭Ҳֱۺɢ
ذֱֱףκײȥ
ͼıһ
,ףνŲƣܹذףýһذ״ɡ
ףɫ,ƺܵ͵Ϯ
ףɾˣ˦˦,ɱħ˪ɵӡ
ԭ껯ΪŮ,˸ΪͦΡ
һӣ˸Ƶġ
ףεܲΪɱɵ,Ϊɱңǽ̨ϱԵ㣬ΪҪΡ
ҪԸ,һȨƵ,ǫ̃ɱС
ȥ,ȥȥ֮ԡ
ΪҪ˪ʿ̨,ͼô
ɱЧҪıһ,Ȼʲôɱ
󷨾˲Ϣõġ
Ҫ̨,õ˵ͨ
ЩĹƫ֤һ㡣
ⳡɱףΡ
סڳ,ʿڶ಻ö,ƽٲ,ֻнҪ̨ȷġ
Щ,ףôܲᡣ
ֻǡ
ô
ף,ⳡ̨֮ǰ;ٰˡĵĿĲΪɱ
ⳡɱȻղž顣
ȻǡЦŵҲ,ϵ,,Ҿݣ֤Լʵ
ףʣ˭֤
ǰøճ˴ηͷɱ㣬ͷ˾ͻңֵ˹ЩжһףΡ
ⲻǴ𰸡ףιƣʵҲΪ
ǰȻǲαװ
õħޡ
ףɻճΣ˳С
˵Ϊ˳ͷ
ǣͷ˭
ף˲뵽Ͷ״
δа޼ʲô֯Ѳǰδ֪

ʦòڷУϵüȥģ
ϿΣҲףʦõ
˪ʿˣнΪʿ⼸˶˽ⲻ
֪һ˴ʦֲֶǱ
ȻҲ˹£զ䵽ͷˡ
Сףѿǧ°
Ҫĳǳ£ϱ˵ˣ˭֪˪ɻ᲻Ǩŭ
Ȳ顣ϵ۵󷨵˲ͺýˡ
򽪴ǣڸ£նЩ˿̨
̨ڱʹ˵ġҲܼǰްą̃δդ˹֪
ʼûڣӦصġ
ϧ½Ҳûãĵסʿ¡
㲻òˡ
ҽֿ̨ԱΧ̫ˣʦͲȺһʱ֮ҲҲ
ϵ۲һͷۣĳѵûԵʦأȥʦ
ڵʦСȥ룬ΧţϵҲ֪רޣѧ󷨵ġ
ڸԶĵطüȥ롣
ϵý˴󷨣Ӳưɣýڵʿ

ʱóʵ
ǰǻҪôõô
ֱ࣬ѹףֻܷ
ףɾϴŵ㳰Ц㻹̲ˣ
ŻˣøëѾͷǰװˡ
ףĿרעĳ
ʵһһᶨܴò¡
Ϊ鷳ǣЩһֱɧ
ףֳܣЩ֪׵Ķ˭֪˻ᷢʲô
˵Ưȴʮ棬ףȷʵмֱ¡
һĶõ£Ҳ·硣
ӿٶˣȻȵ飬װ޹ˡ
ʱʹ߲һֽӦ
ֲָؿڣѪ
ѪȫȻ䵽ĵϡ
˲ʱ䣬ǣ
ףע⵽ˣȻǵȥһ˿

֮£ѱ
һصŮڵϣۣ۾ڳˣȻǽɫ
վǰֱͣפһֻֽס
꣬ôһͬŮӵˡ
Ŀƽ񡣴˴εʦ̽ҡ
ΣΣաŮ꣬Ͳģʦþôˣ
ָֽ֮Զ
ĿǷԶֽͣһ˲ٴͶŮӣ˾ǽ̫ᡣ
˾ֻڹȼصشС
ഫ˾;ʱ䳤йء

Ǵˡϵ룬ԭּ鷳нʿ͹ˡ
ϸڵʦһʱ䣬Ʋ󷨡
Ҫƽˣһܽ󷨶
ϵۡ
ȻˣĪҪļһȡ
ϵƳʲô
ŶĿڣǰ˵ãЩȫҵˣǾûʲôˡ
ϵ֣ɡ
ܹģꡣ
ˣӴȡһУⷨһʿĽӡ
ϵҪùȥȴסѵ⽣һξͻɢϵñá
ôϻϵ۽Ǻ
̾˿ϵۣЩ˪ʿвҵˣΪҪ˵㲻ʿ뵽вҵȻ֮⾿ģǳ˪ɵˣ
顣
˭ģģҲֹڵġϵһ㶼⣬ˣֱ˵ⷨôá
ĿڣִµĻҵϵô֣ܵٲҵҲҪס
˵ϵۺܷʱӣĪˣҲ֡
ɲԼո
ҿЩ˪ʿڣºؼһˣЩҪ˵
֮ھ˵˳
ϵ۽ҿǳУ״һѽ
ǿ֪ǽĿֲ
ϵҪʹⷨ
Ȼ
ڣ
һʱ䣬Χ
ϵԼĽЩܵӰ졣
ڵķͬǣ౻Ľ󷨣
ǡϵ۸æ÷ھ⿪ǷԽ
ͬʱ
ɱ
һը죡
չ⣬۶Ŀ
ԭʵʿκβõ󷨣ǵڽĴ£Ľ붴
ȺѪ
ڹעʱ׷ȥ
ϵ̨ӣû赲ףΡ
꣬ջԴ
˿ֳ̣һ߽Ѫʡ
ϱѪĿŵʬס
ལҡ
ػҲƳݡ
ףʦá
ϵۻһ߹ȥףΣң
˫ҡףΣؽ̽Ұ
ƽûӿôǿ顣
Ҳ̫̫װˣϲ
ףԴ裬Ǳϵۻεģǰˡ
ʦ㡭ʦأ
ҲôϵЦ£ʦ£δ
ףҡͷ

ֽףղżֽס
ССһֻɫֽɵģʦֽס
ҿȥ
˵ݣǽż˹
ףοϵۻ˹ȥ
Сֽף˭Ҳֱۺɢ



88 ͷѪ
˾δйĽ
ġ
ףϵۺʵķˣ
ôôء
ǲȻϵЦŵϸ,ɱˣһָء
ףԴˣһҪȥֹ,,㡣
ףûʲô,ҪǾ̫󣬶ݲʲôķ
ϵۻּҵ˶ûϡؼ,ҪȥԿԼʲ
ףεͷãʦȥ
ϵû,ˡ
ףĳбɱ,¸ûĳйϵ,̽һ
ֻϺȻѽǴš
ףѡףεĴ齱ߣЦüͰ,ʹҽ,˵⼸Ҫ,谴ʱҩ
ˡ˵䲻ĻЩʿʱǽԼ忴̫ˣʱҲѧźú,ɲ,
߶߶˵һ,¿,⼸,Ҿͽ,㰴ʱҩ,Ҳɷġ
˵,ףգգۡ
лףЦ
ǡվ㶼ˣ̨Ҳˣʱ͸ףѣֱ뿪ĳǡ
ǡǵͷӦ¡
öҲҪ˪ɵʿȥʦ
ᱻףηɱˣʦ׽ˡ
뿪
ǽ㡭ףλںָˣѡ
ϸһᣬɫ֮ǰҪ԰ףﲻ
ףסԴۡ
ⷴӦ̫ˣԵõЩ١
ʣҸ㰴
áףδʱѵñ¶ֹɣлѡ
һ⺢ǰģ
ദաҲա

ϵۡ
ȵϵۻָϵ۴ȥָڵһҡ
вɱ̽˵ù˼
ô˵һϵ¡
вҵһպģϵͲҪ˪ʿˡ
ϵָֻӣҲûʲôΣš
ʿܽһЩģܽ
ҴϵɢȻŴţּҾͻ˸ͷǶȥˡ
˵ʲô˻
üϵۣ˲ˣԸ㸸סּҼҵ֪Ҹ˶ѪŬô㳤ô󣬲Ҹ㹩ʯ
ĺУϵۻ벻Ƶָǣˣⲻ֮ôˡ
Ц࣬ǲûյƽĻţֻ˵ˣ
ֹϵЩұùЩʯҪ˭ֹҲãִҲá
˭ǶҪ鷳뱣סⲻӦõ
ġ
ϵЦļҵҶȻܹģȡӿٶȡ
౻ԴڿϣԼԼ˳šϵۣҼʱп㣡
ŭϵۣҵһӣ츳ãҸ˶ʯϴõģҵʯģ
ϵӣŭݡ
ࡣֱ𷽲ֹĳƺƺӴ治ΪǰҶ𣿡
ѵֹڵһ
ϵ۹Цûһ˿飬ûԱʱͿֹںңüβˣҲ޶ԡ
࣬˵ʵڵġʱҲϣ˰ɡ
Ҫƽ˪ɻס˼ִ꣬ȥ˪ɣҲˡ
ԭ߳ŭٿͣ
Ȼͨһ¡
ϵۣҪԪƣ

ף˵⼸գȻģǼϢۡ
Ⱦħޣ˪ڽϴħޡ
ʦѾˣʲôʱ
ףصģֵֻСֽס
룬Ҳǻþ
ʦڷеֽ׻أаʦԸȥֽ˵
ȻѾòˡףαסٳδֵ죬˶֪겻ĳˡ
ۡһ˶֪ԭȥ˽ݡ
֪ף롣
ЦʲôءǴ϶ҩҩݹȥҩ
⼸̬ת䣬Ȼףν㣬̬Ⱥࡣ
ףνӹ룬ۡݸǣѣƣʦ
ּۡЩǮķҲſ
Σףɾˣۡҷġ
ףιЦ£ʦĺ
šǺܸӣϸϸؿйϢȷʵ˲𡣡
Ƴףһۣߴ٣ȡ
ףεͷҩЩգҽûûء
ôҩ
ֻܽʦݵĲ*ĿࡣҩĿʵܲˡ
ľٶ׾ٵý̬ȣҩڡ
ðɡףαۣҩ֭һ
ٴʱһ
գգۣ
ҩнôף롣
ۡƼˣǰ
ǻͷˡ
ûнӴһʱЩִ٣վףеù
С顣ǵҾȳȥˣġ
ף͡
Ƕҩ뿪꽫䵽ףϡ
ʦ㡣ףʵҿϢˣɱħʱû˰գ
Ѵʦ㣬ʦȻǰ׿һ˿֮

ףʦãһС
ʱֻڣʱ޷Զպϡ
ףθеΧʦ˷Σ
ڴϣͷ꣬ʦ㵫˵޷
߽˿Ŵ䡣
һʱ֮䣬˵ľޱȵĿ
ףβԾרעʦ㣬䲻֪ʦҪʲôҳš
ںڷ˿ףεա
ļȻص˺ܾǰΪŵʱűлʹȥʦס
ڵľ룬ͱӵϼˡ
µӵ
˾δйĽ
Ϊ
ѩɽȪףεĶ
ɤΪδʱˣ䷢̡
ףʦáʵǰ㣬ͷѪ
úÿһ
ͷѪʿΪĶ֮һͷѪ˵ԷѪԣˣ
ͬʱͷѪҲΪϣҩ֮ĵط
˵Ҫ˿
Ȼֱ۱ףס
áףʣʦҪΣ
ͷѪȻǵΣʿڲΣ£бƳͷѪ
괹ѵЩȴü塣
ףʦáٻظҡʧȥͷѪһʱա
ףεͷѿǹˡ
˵ʦԣҪ
ʱͷѪѡ
ʦãȥǡ
ףЦЦʦ㲻ҽ;ʦ㡣
ʦѣȻѽʦŵ˺ѵλá
峺۾Ȼרעؿꡣ
׷ֱʵ⡣
㽫ͷѪҡȻѣӴˣϡ
ףףǾ䡣
ʦȥ
ָǰ䣬űۣĿڡ
顢顢顭
ǿ׳š
귢øˡ
л˵
ʦ㣺Ľҵز
СΣΪʦͿأѾҪˣ
[ʺƨ]
СʹӪҺļӸ[]
ͻȻѾ¼ӸˣæѹեԼһ[]
ٻ[]ڵæ[]



89 ع
֪ʲôô
ףεʦ㶯֡
˼Ϣ,꽫ָջأá
Ѻõòˡף˵ţ̲ס͵͵⿴һۣҪΪ˽ǽ,Ͳҩ֭ˡ
ǽӦ
ŽǶ̬Ȼ֮,ȥϸ֮ǰЩ¡
ף⼸ԥ,̵֪䣬¡ȥ,ҲҪ֪Եɡ
ףζֽǼѾ֪ǾףʦõĹˡ
βΪ£Ϊ˽,Ӧ
ף,һʱĶ,ҡҡͷһȽǽԼҡ
漰ص,ףԸѡؽǽԸ,ա
лʦ㡣Ҫ뿪֮,ǽԲԸ֪ұȥ
ݶաɱʦҪϸ顣
ǸջȻѾ˽úˡ
ףʦ,⼸Ҫ,ҡ
꽫Ŀƿ,Ҫ,ȡͷѪ֮ǰ,㶼ɷ,˼ɡ
ף֪ѾþͲ,ʦ,ͷ֪ˣллʦ㡣

ʹߣѡеˡ
ʦʹߣǱѡеɢޣ졣
˪ɵʿѾĿǰȫ̸꣬˳ʦֲֶ࣬Ҫϸ£ڵԮ
ҲЩаʿĿǰɲʲôǰҲг¼
ƽǱڵϵʦԷۣԲѡ
ضĳƺְֲλ׵˭жˡ
ʿˣҡͷδʳϰ˾طʹѻֱ𡣡
ڶʬʹѻʱֵġ
ʾ⽫ʦѡ
ʦ϶ԣЩʺԵǱ
̧ͷ꣬˿㣬ﷴӿЩϲ⡣
ڼˡ
ʦǹ˷ʣеǶڵֻܾ䡭
δ˵һͱࡣ
¹ʦţ³ۡ
̧Ȼնɱʦˡ

ϵŲݸҵĺʦá
ڵϣͬɢ죬ףϢ˼գˡ
ڷܣԵʦҺ顣
ˣʦɧš
ףβᣬֱ׽ꡣ
顣ϵĿڣŵ⸺ˣ˵ǧپ䣬ϻظһ
ףʧЦ׵ȥʦѰˣ
ʦѾûˣ˵Ҫкú漸գʱûմףΡ
Ȼˣҵĺʦá
ϵ۲֪ͳһȣȹף°ͣߣɿ쵽䣬ʦҴȥѰѰӡ
ûΣȣЩеûӹŵ竡
ףνŲʦȷҪңڲһ˳С
ôҪ㽪ǽ㣿ϵۻȻ⣬йǡ
ף֮ǰֺҩֱҽ˵ú˺󣬲ͣҩ
ѾˣӦֱ뿪ĳʱÿն
ڳ£ÿչѰףΣǷ㡣
ǽ㷱æֵúϢףЦЦʦ㣬ʦ㡣
ʦ㶣ʱҪȥ
ףλһֱδȥء
ϵά΢Цףʦãôģ
ɲҴʦȥЩʲôַ֮ء
ףԴûˤɣ
ʦãǻʲôϵۺȻ뵽ԣʦҲһǡ
Цȥȥɡ
ϵۺš뵱ս˪ʱҲꡣ
ֶϣָ붺Ū꣬뿴ʦþ᲻Ц
ϧѶŬֻõƽĿ⡣
ϵۿɲʲôĵˣºͷˡ
ʦʦ࣬ұɡ
֮󡭡
ϵ۵ǣϤƽĿ⡣
ۼףιϵ۾ˡ
ʦȥ֡
ϵϸϸ䣬ѰֵĻ档
λΣǰԺʦã֮ǰ˼λʦ֪ʲôô
֪ʲôô
öˣûж仯ƽȻģ
ϵǰ껹ʦżʦ˵ӡ
һʱ䣬ϵۺŲݸվ
ףεĿ⣬˾塣
߰ɡϵЦҪȥĿĵظˣַˣимҹҪŪʲôȥմ֡
Ҫߣͣ½Ųʦãò̫ˣҪαװһ£
ߣףһͳöߡ
ϴڸʱµġһ̯λ
ǳɶѵߣЦλʦѡ
ϵ۱ĻգǶѧ
ҲСϵ˵Ȥ˸ϻҪ
ȡߺףαת꣬ʦأ
ƳһۣȡϷĺߣԼϡ
ǡףζѡ
ʦϵĺߣģԼءһѣˡ
ףʦã㡣ϵ۽Ȼһָ̻յ̬ߴٵȥˣ㡣
ףβپᣬ˸ߴϣ߰ɣ
˴ӳȺȥĳҹм
мʿģҹŪᣬ˵кö
λͣߡ
۴죬˽һ丮߽ۡһҡ
·˵˰ţ˲Ŵ򿪰š
Σףϵ۴ʵʦ㣬طô
ȻˡϵͬظŪôΪ˺ŪЩкҵĺӣ߼ۡ
Щδȥһôϻ棬ڴˣҲøʯ
һԼ©أ
һ֡ף룬´θϪдŵʱ򽫴дȥѧϰѧϰ
ⰵﻹ˸䣬˱һ
Ὺʼ󣬹ҪƷֽд³ۣλӣҾͻΪǽ۵ݳȥ
˵꣬˳
ǳһλɢޡϵ˵ĵ˵кſҪˣҡ
ף൱ӣΣ
ϵۺߺߣͱˣ¡
ЦЩ˲ͰôǾ棬ûк
˵ˡϵ꣬һɢ˵ĺλʦϷƷô
˪뽣ĺӡ
ǲ֪ʦų
ܿ죬ⳡͿʼˡ
ףע⵽˲١
ǰһŮӣҹλСҲʱ䣬ǰλнһš̺Ѫĵ
ܽǽǿޣԼʿʣ
Ϲʱڣ˼ޡ伣ǻصɽ硣
ɽ磬ȷʵѪʿ
Ϊ֪ģȻʥŮһ
ǶǾβ׺ĺᡣ
ѪԽԽϡѪҲˡ񣬳˾β׺ûʲô޺ˡ
궯
ϵЦЦ£ֻˡ
л˵
ллһѪСʹĻ[]



90 
Ϊ˺ǧ𡣡
һֻޣ
ף,ȴЩ⶯
ΪԼãҲʲô©ѪޣҶʦ㡣
Ҷʦ㻹δڣ޷,Ϊ㡣
ϴλ֮,ףȥҶʦ,Ҷʦ˵ǵƤûôĻ
Ҷʦܺ,֮ǰλϰʱҶʦżϻġ
Ҷʦķܺóԣ
ףЩȴǿŵ
֮к,ŶЩǣȥ˶ӦĲ
ף,Ŀǰʯǧ,Ԥǧʯǽ㡣
ǽܻյ֣Ǹ,ǽ㶨ȻҪ
ǧʯ,ǶҪҪ,ףξΪ䷿ݣסٺͼ˼ҼһԺ
ЩԴ,Ӱ˼,Ҳǧʯҡ
ȻῴǵҪʯ,ҪǼǮ̫,ǧ,ףֻܷˡ
ҲҪ,Իصʱ
ٽ˪,йԴӷḻ
ϵ۴ǻ,ȣؿϣġ
ʵĲûôɡ
˵Ļ׹
ƽ㣿ϵ۵ʱĵһӦǾúЦ
ϣֻѡһεˣ˵֮Ԫơ
Ԫʱݣ֮꣬ȥ˪ɡ
ҪûԪƣܰô
츳ԽߣֹھԽΪɺ
ֹڵĸ׼ΪֹڣŤԡ
ŤΪֹڶ׵ϵŴ֡
ϵּ֪ҵһ׮šıסֹĽӿصԸȫҲ
ǡֹڵڹȥǰ˶ʧȥ
ѡ
ϾϵǺġ
ɡΪҪ˵仰
׷ʣȴ˵ˣس
ϵðǡ
׹ϣ⼸޷ȡ
ּҶԪжǾ෽Ͽɵʵϵ֪ԪԸ⻨ʱҲݶ顣
Ԫʱϵ۵ĸչ˹ϵ۵ĸϵۺ󲻾ãȥˡ
ʦ㣿
ףЩӦʦôôأ
ҪȣףζҪ˯ˡ
ϵۻعסȣЦΣʦÿпϵ
ʦ㹶㣬㿴ʲôʦ㶼㡣
٬Ϊ˺ǧ֮С
ǵáϤףηɻЦЦʦʯԼá
ֻҪȥȾƾС
ڻʦǼҲֺӻǰز
ϵ۽۽ЩԵΪݺ衣
طҲ֪Ϊʡ֧Σûóʳ
˼֣ЩƼƷʵĵҩ֮Ķ
˼ġ
˶ЩҲߡƺ˶ڵȴ˵˵ǿ̺Ѫĵ
ףνȡ¡
꣬ʦҪô
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ˣϲҿɵӦ,,㲻׼ƭҡ

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ϵ̧ͷյ޻ԴЩҵΪá
ףʦáûء
ͷָὫ޴ףη˿
ССһֻ
ӣϵ۴£ʲôޣҲ̫ûˡ
룬ɲУջǴףʦȥɽһֻޡ
ָףη䡣
ףƺǸоҡҡͷ⶯Դ겱˲䡣
궯һ٣󿪿ڵǳӡֻ̫С
ףʦҲҪʧһˡ
ﵱ裬ͻغ
л˵
СʹӪҺĸ[]
ллСʹ[]
Ŀǰɻ¼Ӹȡ⼸[]



94 ๾
Լʱں˵Ŀ
ա
ף,һֻǰ
һ
һϢǺֱһ£һ
ӾͽӴϳ
׽㣿
ף˳Ű׺ף,Ь,ڰ׺׵ĴȥǲԺ
ʯϺ,ˡ
һ˲䣬ҹöö໭Ժ
һ¥,ǻص塣
Ȼ󡭡ʦˡ

ף͵ס
ʲô
ףʦá
ѩɽȪ
ף͵͵ָĿ϶ȥʦӷڳһ
ʦ㡣鼫ˡ
˼,,,ʱ
ޣ
ˣҹѾˣףζʱ,ϲʵʦ,ʲôʲôޣ
ָ,ʯֳһС衣
ʢˮ
Ҫˮޣףɻ￴
ǾͲܵˡôأôš
峺ˮСɵļʯˮݡ
һƽԲСʯͷϣһţ˵һš
Сףι,⻹ûָء
ƺ,һŶ,һСԴ̧,̽ͷ̽ԵĴ
ٿȻ
һ
ף,Ŵˮ޾ײϡ
˹๾,ССԴϲ,ʪġ
ʦ㣿ףƵ,ʲô
˼Ϣ֪ϹʱڣΪȺ
½ϣβ׺ͳȫޡں
Ͻ磬˵ɽ˽ָβ׺عϽ硣׺ñ˴ѪѪԽϡ񣬺˥䣬½Ӳ
ףˣָָԼϲС⣬ʦ˼ǣ
񻰹ǿ󵽲
ǵãǧǰңֻѣֵﲻð
ô
๾ࡣ
Сһﻹڲء
ҲǡѪ޷ʿΪһİǡ
ףʦã轫ͻغᡣ
ףνСŵ
ͷɻؿףΡ
Ϣͷףεġ
ƲǣɫǰɫССƬô
ףϸţһֵʳָᴥСԴ
С۾ܵز
ʦ㡣ףʣҸô͵Ƭȥ
˪λɽĶϷ򣬴˵ؾˮԴĶ࣬ٺߣһݡ
˴ݺҴȥᡣ
ףξϲʦң
šȻȥʲô¡
ףɻʦ˵һֻСȡ
꿴˫۾ΣɻҪͬȥ
ףûԥͷ
ϵСһףεģ˷򣬳Դ㡣
ƳСһۣ¿ףΣףʦãӦϲΪΪҪͬ⡣
ʳ΢΢ü
Լʱں˵Ŀ
ûʦ㣬֪ᱻȥҲ֪ܲʶݡ
ף־Ŀ䵽Сϡ
ܹһ³ϦദС޷ذ
Ҳܱͻغ꣬Цŵʦ㣬ҷֵʲôá
ʦõòˡ

˵ҪСغһʱ
⼸գСڴףλιЩ⡣
ˮչˣףδһֻ޵ʱͿʼڴ⵰ܷʲô
£֪ȻһС󣬺òеˮնҪܵףһˡ
ԭ֪ףθʦסһˮǲ̫ġ
Сڣˮ˷ˣ
ָˮŪС
СѾʶˣԴָȻζ
ˮָȥ׷׷
һһòֺ
ףʦáϵ۰ϣ㺦ˡ
ף΢Цʦγԣ
һ¡ϵҿѹ֪ˡ
˼̫ˣ᣺ֱ򻤽иַȥţûַҽӴˡء
ϡ˼ң
ףλݣʦôڲԣɲҪŶ
ʦѪϡ
ϵίˣҾôӣң
Ǻɡףεʦ㲻ȥô
ȥǸʲôɱɱģˡϵ̾˿ҵĺʦãʦˣȤ
ףβ²⣺ǴĿһں˻ȥʹء
ϵ̧ͷףΣߺߣջң
ףʦò֪ʵ飬Ϊ֮ءĿɬûб¶
Ѫƽ㡭Ԫ˵Ӧ
֣ףԴõңõúܣ֮󲻻ȥȾˡ
ϵ룬ԪҲû뵽ɣ˰Լ
᣿ˮ̧ԴʲôףҪȥô
ףνˮһ
Ŷˮ۾Ҫףһȥ
ףЦЦһһȥ
ȥ*˪һڣڵ̫ˡ
ѡˡʦ㣬ʦռȥϯλһ̶λҽ޵ġ
ʣλã֪ڶ
ʵòҲа취Ϊʦʱ˵Ես
ǡʵֹǳء
ףһʱ䣬ˡ
Ϊ츳Ȼڡ
ʵףĿǰٶȣʮڣκεطܳƵˡ
֮ȣǹ¹⡣
˪ڣп׷ˣʵˮ
ˮʮ꣬ǰڣ˷ӸݻǱѾڡ
ĵĿ֮һӵĵʿھͷˡ
ϵۣ㵡ҲڡڷЩѽˡ
ףλôһȺʵԵ̫ͨ
ٿȻ
ϱˮ
๾ࡪ
СȵףգԴȥ
СһǲЩô
ףЦЦŵģָԴóϸιԡ
Сûȳ⣬ףָſ
ˮ۾ָȥڴشյСߡ
С£ܴ󷽵Ҳһڡ
ˮЦе
ϵ˵ȤˮָջغҲʳָչȥ
Сٴ£һҧȥ
òԶˣ
ϵ۸æָԼԼ˴СͿɾԸأ
ⲻǵһˡ
ϴѧˮʦȥָˮﶺ棬Դͳһˮ
ûɣϵԽԽίһϲ
⵹ȷʵϵиòɢҪ̫竣Ҳǽ֡
ǲǼǳءϵ۲²⣬ףʦô㵮ˣأ
ףκЦոճôࡣ
~С㡣
ðɡϵۺߺߡ
ˮʵףΣ㻹ûСȡ𣿡
ȡ֡ףεͷŹ˼գ΢һСؼҵģм˸ȡ֡
ࣿ
СͷϢ󣬼⡣



95 
ĽףѾá
ҪСغ,ףξʦͬ󣬽ϵǿӲ˴
ȥ֪ãһʦȥЩͿ¡
ףξĶ˳ʦɢɢġ
ˮֿһͬȥҲ˴,,Ҫ
ûʵɡ
ʵ,ˮףһ
ϴûȥɣҪȥ
ص౾Ӧ,ʦֶһ飬վˮȥˡ
۵;Ϊ֣ʿĥ,ɱϰ
Ϊβ,ȡ,ΪС̫Сˣ͸ں
ˮ뺣ȥ,С
ףÿջȡˮ,,СĴ
С˵ͨˮΪ
˵Ĵ˪ɵ˽˴ϵĴԱҲ˪Լˡ
,һ̴ͨ
źһ·,˼,ݷΧ
Ϣ˴,·ܸܵˮζ
ʵ,뺣ϰ
ףܸо,뺣Խ,СԽӻ
ףΡˮڽ̽С,вᣬСĲܺһ𣿡
ףҡͷˮʺ½أȥҲһֱں᲻ʵġ
ͷֻСצ⣬ͷڳԵС
ԵʶһͺˣôСҪͻصߡ
С⣬ͷףΣࣿ
ףָԴͷʳˡ
ͣݾຣĳǳأͬʱǳҲڽΪĳǳء
˳Ϊ
һݽǣͷҪɹ顣
ҲˮҪϡ
Ǻǽһۡȥ飬ڳ漸ա
ʦأףʵ
һĵȥݡ²˵ùȥġ
ɽϣ뺣Զ
ҪףһżȻȥᣬ֪С䵽ֵز
廹ãһ
ιǣǼ򵥵ˡҩеҪ
Ͼº˭֪һ½ϡ
ʦҪȥ飿ףεβ飬ܰæĵطô
ˮֱͦʦ㣬ҡ
ϵǣЦЦҲԸЩ
ǡֱףڳɡ
ϵһЦʦǽǱ𣬹һ
֣ÿҡ
ˮܾûôʧ䣬Ϊʦ˵ǺܸߴԶˣﲻæ
ϵʵϵʦ㣬ȥַ𣿡
ˮûȥַЩڴˡ
Сף͸СϵۺȻԼǲǸûˡ
ַַҲʲôȥ˵ĵطȥ֣ȥ֮󲻻ᱻźͳطѵɣ
ϾַľǾƣвΪͻʯʮֻȻˡ
Ȼ˵ʲô׽ٶʱʱͶ񣬻ˮˮϲȵȹ˵
ÿ궼вУѴʯַ
УϵˡСܻǣ
ףʦþˣûʲôʯСˮʦòͬͼӣҪȾȥַëݽȥˡ
ˮʦáϵ˫ַˮļ򣬡õģʦҶڳҵõ֮أ
ˮ֪ΪΣϵʦôŶá
̸
һߣף߹ȥʦ㣬⼸գСǲǲܴţ
Сÿʱÿ̶Ҫˮˮʱ󣬾ͻ͵͵档
ף⼸գÿʱᷢСԼϡ
ԭѲҪ˯ߣȡͷѪ󣬶ݻָ˯ϰߡ
СѺ󣬾ʼ๾~
СܳŵĻףδŻ⸮ۡ
Ͼ֮Ҫֿˣϧڻദʱ⡣
ʱСףͷϡ
ϵģһһ˫۾񻹳Щơ
ǿ˼Ϣ
֡
ף˫ֶ
ֳһŷֽǷֽףʳָһȡ˼ѪҺ
ȡѪ˿ھʧˡ
ָ̧֣ŷֽСԴ
Сɵزָ
ֽʧ׭СԴϣʧ
ϢϢ㽫ϣʿ֪һ壬ڣˡ
ʿһܣǳֵļʼ΢С
ʿѹʱĽ׶Σһ㶼ԼǱָ֮ӣٳι䡣
ллʦ㡣ף۾
๾࣡СҡԴ

ǾຣаշɫΪɫȥ߲ɹɵġ
ףЩιСԣСȻΪϲÿճԵøԲ
ϵڳѰգҵ˴λʦȥĵطˡ
Լսˮʵ˭˺˭ˡ
ϵ˳ۡơ
飬ա
ˮһͷϵʦ֣
ۡдţ
飬һնаλӢŵߡգ꣬Ⱥܽں壬ɣ˪ϵۣ˷ս飬ڣС
壬ɣӢŶʮڵ
ϵ۹һЦǰ£ǣַأһѳѸӶһ
˵Ҫսңʵ򶷣˸ӣʯͷ
ϵ̾˿̫ˡ
Ҵӵھűʮɵھˡ
ϵ۶Щһ㲻ںҲ֮ǰԪҪ£ʱµġ
ףʦòμô˶ԺĶ֡ЦŵУ̽飡
ȻʦЦףȷʵȤ
ͬʿ򶷣ͨҲǲɶõľ顣
οǶͬٮٮߣڵʿ˵Ϊǿ
áףʵںʱȶ
պ󣬳ǽ̲ϵЦЦЩո˸磬ѡ˺ĳء
Щ˵Ȼƣͬ󾳽ڣ治¿ϵӡ
ϾǶǶţķѪĵӡ
Ҳǽôˮʵ
ԽйעΪԸΪףδһ
ϵҡͷõһȡ
ЦЦǷҿ̫ϲˣһ˻ᡣ
ףʦա䡱Цʦս跨ӡ
ϵʦʶôˮûķȤҲ𣿡
ϵؿڣϣ

ã
~
ϵƿ¥ĴЦţŮɻǵң
ҹ
ЩȣֽҲˣ
ɻ󣺡Ѳʲô֪ޣ
ϵⷿ䣬ҴۡϢǧѰ㡣
ϰ˵ЩϹˣ벻ģδ˵
ǡ𣿡վȻˣ
ϵ۲¡
ǲû˸СЦ
ɲҶŪӣæ˿ڣٵģǵҶˣԵ˵ӡ
ŶպźֽΪѰң
λʦãʶ㡣ϵ۵Ը⣬մݷ㡣
ˣȻԡǶǺˣ
ףΣˮϵ۽˵ˣǰҵĺʦãҲҵĺʦá
ͻȻɫ죬ףףΣ֮ǰڸݵףôҲУ
ҹ𡣡ʵھ
ϵɻˡ
ԭΪ֣ջпߡϾˮʦ仹δʽɽĵ̫Ŀ
ڼͼǰ͸¶Ϣ£ˮ˪һ£ǰۡȥд˺Щ
Ŷϵˣħһ£λ˾ôܼףʦãȥе
ֽһպе
⵹ûʲôףʦûԸաֻǡ
ϵʣ㼱𣿡
ͷĽףѾá
л˵
СʹӪҺļӸ[]
ллСʹ[]
ҺѭĿǰ[]
֮Ҫһ[]



96 Ȩ
ҪôҪô
ף,ϵȻؾˡ
ĿǰסĵطҲ֪ܲ˽ȥ
Լãڶס⴦¥档
ա
ϵԼǰ
ףкɻһʿ,ôĽԼ
Ϊɣɽ,Ҳ츳ʿĽɣ
ɣɽ,ףȻɱħʱħõͨʿ,Щ˵Ǻ׵顣
յ¥£վǵȺˡ
һһӹ,ףϡ
λףεѰɡ,,ףѽʶһ
ϵ۸ףһ񣬶˵ġ
¥ȥ,һ᷿,Ѿһϯòˡ
ףԵλ,¥£Ѿͨ
˿˵շǳ󷽵ٳ
ҵıȵݸˮ,͵Ѳؾ,档
оʮִ,Ͼˮʦ,Լһʶġŵʦ,˲ȥ
Ҫʦʲôֽ,ҪԼȱ㱻̽,Ժ
ˮ˫ֽӹ,Ǹм𣺡лҽ㡣
΢΢𣬡С¶ѡ
ţףΣû˵ɫ͸Ӻˡ
ףһʱ֪˵ʲôˡ
ճŴССϣһȦ
ʱкüĲȡ
СԴףεʾС
һֱףλҲʲôʱ
ҵѣʵ㿴ңʲô𣿡
յͷףѣɱħô
ʹ᯳ϣҲ֪ϸڡ
ԭˡǲϸڣŵҵ㡣
ף˿ʵ췢˵˳
Ϊ֪ʵ󣬱Ծˡ
û롭
һס֣ףʵ̫˲ˣ
ҺòǲСֻ֡
ףֳãûġҵѸ˲𡣡
ע⵽ĶæǸԲסףѣ̫ˣ鼱֮²С֡
ˣæɿ
ϵۿȤȥĶ֣νô
桢Ŀ𣿣
վϲףΣҿø׽ĳƺףô
⵹С¡ףεͷ൱ưɡ
áֱգףףΡ
Ըȥôʵ
ŵλúأһϣ˱ŵ⣬ǰȥ
ףȴǲ̫ȥġ
˵ѾˡʧΪףΡ˲õ飬Ҳġ
ףβΪж಻á
նɱħΪҲǴµ
ֻǸƻҪһ޹ˡ
Ҳ֪¼̫飬޷ȫ£ǻˡ
޷ȥʲôֻףԼܽܡ
ϵЦЦԲģòʶôȻȥ͡
ƴڻ⻻ġ
ףμһ⣬ǲע⣬ſ䣬ιС
С˵ü¡
ڳǰףζѵ治ܹ๾ķ
Сܴڲܹ๾ֻ࣬öףμڡ
ôӦԼսģϵۻʶ飬Ƣúܣְôõս
Ը񣬸ǰսǡ
˵һؾϢղʹӦҴһˡ
ϵü㻹á
鶼Ըεؾ󰡡
պЦЦûһͬؾ
ؾ⸽ĺҵõϢϹʱڵйء
ϵһס죬ɵӣЩɲ߱ˡ
һɱ˶ᱦ˼Ͳˡ
սȡֽ㣬ҲףΣá
ɲɣ͵ûϵۻһ£ȻҵҪ𡣡
ЦЦҲͲˡ
Թһٷ
սͳ¥ҪҪϢ״̬ܾףǡ
յıԣףλ𣿡ʵ
ףεͷȥġ
նʱǡһŬģ
ϵüյĶ־ҪӮףʦÿţã
ãһףʧģ
⡭ףֻЦЦ

պ˲δֱӻظۡ
ҪȥС㺣㡣ףηԣǲϺü㣬һСرϲ
ǰС֣ڴȥм
Ǿһȥ¡ϵ۵ˮʦãأ
ˮӷͺ˵һְ״̬
롢붨ˣ
ϵ۲۾ٴˮˣףʦãԼȥȽˮͻظۡ״̬ʲôš
ʦڣףεͷáҵʱ˳ˮЩ
ˮ촽
˵ˡϵЦˣȻʳ붨״̬ȥɣͽȥ
ףҲЦЦµ˵Щʲôˡ
Ŀʦˮߺ·ȥ˳еһм
ЩѣȥľǳаȥĲС
չ磬ࡣ
ףһ̯һ˵̯ڰ֡
ץúܣץ˶о¥ȥˣȥ𴦿
ףؽ˺ü̯ҪôͲҪôˡ
С˲ף
ףβ²⣬Ӧǽ˵˼
ˡʵҲûʲôСصΪᣬʲôӦ͵ǰ
ף룬ȥ̯ʣͼݣ㣬ܴ׽
ʮʯŵ̯̯λϡ
̯ЦǺ£ð죬һСˡ
Ǿٺòˡףεл
֮Ρ
ף룬СҪ


һԺ䡣
һŮȾۣޣ⺣ˡ
У֪кھס
䲻ҲҲк½ϵȤ
ͽǣ˺½֮
˪㲻Զߵͱ˪֪Ϥ
ŮӶ棬
Ůۣαװʱ۾ɫ಻ͬ
˫۾̸˪ɲǺ׳˰ɡ
ŮӵŶ˳ſЦƽĿ⡣
˫һ̯ԼϣҲУǮ

ףλ˼ʱƻ裬ڲʮС㡣
ӦùСԵغʱˡ
СںϣݵȥһΡ
μףεȻףεϡ
ȵǰף˳ȡһЩˮ
سкףҲû˸ˮЩóԵĸ㡣
ҺдڣȻֶò¡
סĸۡϵء
ףʦáˮʦ붨״̬ţҪգѷԸȥҪ˴š
붨ʿ󣬶Ըͻƿá
ġϵ̾ˣͼôðֱ˪ɵġ
ףЦЦֵʦ㣬ˮϲͼңԺ󡭡
Ҷϵ۵Ҳǰ˵
ʦֱףλԼķ䡣
ˮ󣬻СȲ˽ȥ
˼ȦԴ๾ࡪ
צָָԼ졣
ˣףʵʱҲιС
ҲڳﶼһҲܿĵ
ףδһ㣬гССģιС
ĿᣬҪ̫
СָԴ~

ף˵ţȥ
ʦˡ
ףʦãһ˵
߹Ƴ۴еС
Сͣ³㣬ͷ깾һٴνʳ
ƺڴк
ףָСԴν
ʦ㡣̧ͷʵǺ£
ȨغҪôҪô
л˵
ллһѪСʹĻ[]
[]



97 ̫
޿ɱؿףʦõĸܡ
Ļһһˡ
Сצɿ,һ´ˮ̵ףϡ
ףεͷظСԴ
ʦ㣬ǲغ,𣿡
Ŀƽ,ô,޷С
Ѫͳ˼޷,޷ɳڵѪҪô,Ҫô
İдѪҺ,
ࡣСԴ,ףΣ
ף¶̡
ʦ㡣վ,꿿,ϣʵʦз𣿡
ദ,ףʶꡣ
ףʦáʱĮңһغ
Աףδݳ,ķӦ䵭
࡭СԴ
ٴףΡ
ʪĴף,ʵʦ㡭⺣ʲôΣ
˥,ĥ
꽫˽⵽
ں,ͳ,ѪԽϡ,ǵʵҲ½
ʵ½,Ҳ֮١
ѻ߰˰,ȻǴΪ޷ͻƵ£ߵյ㡣
áŮΪ̳Ϊ̫ӡ
̫Է츳˥һĸߣѻΪ
񡢴ˡɽ١
̫ΪܻعϽ磬ϣ
ɡ
ҡ̫ѹʱ
ʧȥֿŮһ겻
һλة࣬Ӵ˲¡
λãŮ츳ѣҲԪӤΪŮΪһЩ࣬ȶŮԪӤڡ
չӦŮλ
ɡǿ
Ա˥ܣȴʢġ
׷ıңĳһ岻ᣬս
Ȼѹ¼ںס
ºǶĳ⣬ǴսǰȻаӿڽš
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ףüĴ䣬뿪
ֽ׼׹صһϢ
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ĺǱſڵϣͬʱȴȻϲ
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ףΣΪƮ죬ϣԸ;ᶨ껯
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΢ҵףΡ
ףγס
񴫳΢Ѱʱ⣬ΪĸףڵֿһֱΪĥѡ
΢ĿȺϣƽ
ӽԺΪϸģ
ͬʱҪϵѪѪԽǿףξܻø

ʦ㡣
ףģֽմȾѪж
գѳԺʦΡ
۾ɫѻָ糣ϵҲˡ
߲Ӧ˵ˣӦǻΪƤ״
ǿһͷ൱ΪҲڵڡ
ڵףΣ׷ɽǰͷǡ
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˺ɽУգӢŵĵڼλͿսˡ
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ףεȵʦȴǴֽϴ
ϲػףȻꡣ
ףβʦѾ˹ȥʦ㡣
΢֮Ҫ˪ɣ޷ں
ԼڣһһܸӦԷ״
΢ʱΪΣȻϲףԴϡڵĳףֱôˡ
˴˰βףԺףһܣͻλε
࣡СҲܿģðǰָףκʦ~
С˵˻ʱͯ
ףǰͣ½Ų˼΢㲻ôʦ㡣
Сף˵ʱϲǰࣿ
ףΪΡ
ȻΪ㲻˪ɵӡףκɣԽʦ㡭㣿
˵ţ꣬ѯʡ
ƺ겢⣬ףɡ
๾ࡣСףգִҪȥꡣ
վ񴫳ʱĥѣɳԸı䲻ˡ
رףκߣСͼˡ
ףѾԤˣһѰסСԡ
С࣡

ةվڲԶε£ҽߣҪϿˡ
ࡣС˵Ҫ
ףκܾ飬ͷةˡ
ʦ㣬һᡣ
˵ţСԴȡȥةǡ
ة಻ðС׼һѵӣСףηŽȥ
ε£ˡةСǰʾ⣬֮£һῼǡ
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ʦ㡣ףʵǺʱ˪ɣة˵ʲô
һЩˡףʦãƽʦ˶˵Ҫ㡣
ףβ֪ƣһ
λΪҪңף˸Ϊɻ󣬵ˮʦ㡣
λǸܣΪҪֶΡ
ʦ㣬Ҹȥƣ
ҴȥǶ˵꣬ûжףΣĬһᡣ
ףЩɻ󣬸еЩȣʦ㡭
ףʦáʵ񴫳УǵǶ΢ʣΪΣ
⣬ףβδʵ뷨̹ϵУҲ˽뷨Ҫߵ츳񴫳ж˵Ǹᡣ
⣬ʦԸףû˵
ף߰ա
ִףμϡ
ܿ죬ףǰѸٱ仯
˺ǵأһսк
Ŀһλꡣ
ԭǣתֳĶŵ˸еʮ׽
ףΡ֪⴦Ǻεô
ףҡͷؼƣ֪ˮģƼȻңǱ뿪
Ʋ˵أǺ׶̫սĵطŮ΢䡣
ףΣ֪Ϊܷ΢
ƺԴ𣬡ǰŵȴаƬɱϢɹ˶΢
Ϊŵ˿꣬Ȼء
ЦЦѡʲôӦ˾ˡ
ϤôҶԶ˵Ļ͸㡣ǺӺܴ±˳Թһѡ·
ףΣأ
ʣ»ܾĥʹʧֿѣȻᶨ·𣿡
ʲô·ףκɻ󣬡Ҳ֪˵ʲô
ЦЦ֪ġ
꣬أԸô
һƽҵ
á
Ц˳׵
žзҳһҳһҳ
ףΡƵȥˡ
Ĳλǰ˵ʲôףʣȥģ
һҲǹ
ҳ飬ˮϯ
ףαȸɢ֣ʦ㣡
עĿĮδһԡ
ôĿףαˮߣʧ˴˵ء
֣סһӵģƾɵģӵСƬ



101 ʹ
˫۾⣬ܿδ
ˮ˳±,ˮ
㣬·
һŲʮŮһ»⽭
һǸˣ
ŮԴ,ԵĽ,ǽȥ,Ǯİɣ
㿴ȥʮģ,ꡣ
˼Ϣ,С,ȥûץ㡣
Сͷ,õȥ
ŮԶһЩ֮˵,ͼѰҶԷǮӡ
Ų˴ȥ,ЩʲôĻر,ʱҪԵǵʳ
ϸѰһŮüһ㶫ûС
ֻиָ,Ҳ
Ůץ֮˵,ͼָ
ʱȥ,Ҳܻʳ
,ҪҪ˵·Ҳ,ֵָǮˡ
Ȼ
ֱץס,Ů,æ,ͼ
Ů۾ȷˣˣ߲㣬ӽ
Ƚҵɿ̫ˣҵֶҪˡ
ףλûӦ˵ǺδİŮ
޷Ƿˡ
ȽԷſһһȦ
νˮڶ
ͼݣģףǰ֮ʵ
ЩɬеΥĿ⡣
Ůղ˵Ļףûš
ŮˮĺۼûС
ǷŽӽˮһôһˮûմ
֮ʱѸеŮҪĴߡ
ףûнҴ
塣ŮĵˣɽҪҪգţҿ԰ȥ衣
壬ɽ򣬶û
Ϊ˽ǳףζһȫ֪
ĳǽʲôףʵ˵ʲôݣ
ȻǳǳǮˣŮɽǣţȥǣҪȥ
һǮûдϣЩƷûУҲ֪ǲǱˮȥ
ݡʲôݣŮɻ
֪νݣףʣʲô֣
㣡
ԶŮĿ޺Ⱦң
ףε˹ȥڲԶֻзǯץһŮ
ŮѾǳ˹ȥ
ˣˣ
Ů˵ϣ˫ֺʮ󣺡ǴѾϹˣûʱ䣬Źðɣ
ϹǸзһҪңҽҲһڳˡ
ǡ˲ǷֻͣҪÿ°ʱϹܰڽ߲㣬ٳ𣿣
Ůȥзǯӣ㲻Υ˵
ԣΥ͡зֿڳԵСӣҪͷ㣡
һֻǯŮץжֱŮȥ
Ů¼ˣʶȥ
һǰһ
һֻзǯ䵽ϡ
зʹ˭˭˺£
ƵĻʣµзǯ
һ
Ůסˣסã㡣
зǳֽ꣬ߣţ
Ҫˮӣͷ㣡ɱ㣡Ե㣡
ףһڽ۾͸ɫ񣿡
ĵԺ񡣡
зֻ궼ܵԾ޵Ŀ־ռͷ
Ǻģð֮⡭֪дˣһӭһֱ뺣ȥݼ񡭡
űףεΪʲô磬ⶼЩʲô
зڵأΪ뻯ֻһߣ̾˵أǱΪľһ뺣񡣡
ףʡ
ʳݽˮзˣΪƣɱ˺ܶߣʵһֻĺ
ףλͷŮܵĶͣסð亹
˲˵ˡŮ¼ˡ
ףγɴؽзɱˡ
з䣬һһСŮȥ
ˣҴˣҲƭŮ̱ڵأסãˣɱҾͿԣɱã
ףνջؽʣʱҵࡣ
¡ʵңǺꣿ
ס׳
ɵ֧ʮһѭȷ˾ʱ䡣
ףʣ
ڵʱûˡ
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ģԼصǧǰŰʱ
ôģΪΰҪԼʲô
ɻףͷ֡
Ůظ֣ҡҡͷµҲ֪ɾ
ߡףε⣬ʲô֣ܴȥҽסô
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ӦáǺˣ
з˵ǺģǲȥСȫˣ
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ףθӵַСŮ
ŮȻᣬӴͳԭˮ׼ĸ㣬ݵŮĪޣ԰ա
ϢС̺㣬㣬ܳ𣿡
Ҫɱǲ÷Ѿ¶Ů룬Ǿܾ
ŮͷҪллɾ
ллɾСţݸ㣬ȳԡ
Ů£һʱ䣬۾ɴ󣬺ϸĿڸУ֮ǰԹжҪóԡ
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Щһġ
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ΣףЦЦλҲΡ
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ǲýɾͽҡ
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ǣɾܣȥһٴش𣿡
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˳Ҫһûǽʲô
ΰѽ㶼ˣǣ㣬ȥա
⡣ƽѲٴΰˮˣҪΰڴ±ЩС۸Ҳ
ףȡô
ƽˣɡɾûˣл
ɾΰϾףɾǣָ˺úóԵĸǣֻɾǴˣ
ȡļС㴮ƽǣΰɾ·
·ϣףʵ˵ϹǺ⣿Щʲô
ÿ¡񡭡ƽɾν˿ڣϽʮµͯӣʮŸ䵽Ǵ壬һ
ֻϹͯ⣬Ż׼ڽȻͻˣɳЩ°߸ˡ
ףˣüδܹ£
ǰеġƽ˵飬ҳǰкЩɾַȻ󡭡ɾʧˣ뿪˺ܴüֱû˽ס
֮󣬾Ҳûɾˡ
ףһ仹ǲ֪Ϊһ֡
ɾҪƽÿ˵ɱ֣ô
ȻףҪ
ʱɾߣɡǻڽߣһᱨ
ף֣ٴνӵϷ
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ףָ۾·۾Ϊɫ˫۾⣬ܿδ
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Ӵˣǰ壬ĴˣܰڽߣǲپĽǻƽȥֱȥ
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ףεҵʹҵλꡣ
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102 ն
ȴаն
ƽûдӦ˵ҴӦ
ΰҪʮ,µֻҪʮµͯӡ
ÿ£гǩ鵽ĸ֣ͻὫͯϹȥ
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ƽûɴӦɾ¡ɾ˵Щ
͵͵۲ɾ,ɾ䡣
ɾ黹緽ƽ˿
ڿ쵽ʱ,ƽѵɾ,ҪȰĽ
Ϊ˶ɾ߳ڴ,±
һ˵ɾĴ
ףҪȲ̽,㽫ŵ｣ջ˴
¹һ䡣
ںʱ,ݱ˴
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ƽҡҡͷڼɾ֮ǰ,ûм,Ǵֻ˵
ֻڹģûʲô,Ҳѧ䡣ĵһλ,Ů,СѧŴ
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żɾĽ룬ɾһֹ˵ɾɽͷȥ
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Ǳȥ֣ͽҾףε
ƽǣΰףλ˰塣
Сòˡ
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ףν󣬾ܵ
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峤Ҫѵ㣬Щ˻
˵ſ
ףһᣬˡ
ȷȻʱﵱطͬЩӽ
Ĺ͡ƽǴ졣
ѰڣӿŲɾصǵӡ
שɵģһݣһ񷿡
ƽϵı̫̫߲ѣɾͷ⼸סˡ
ó滻ıӣҪŵĻȻڶҲһɡ
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ÿһȴаеģ
ʮ죬ףνƽΰҵһ©ݶµƬֽƽҸе취Ū˻
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̤ڷͫ鵭Įȴ;񻹿㡣
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ߣΪ㾹ŪңһҪһ罫̳븹
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һޱÿնףڵѪ
ףЦЦûƭ㡣
ʳ̷ͯҩ
Ϊɣȴնϸ
ףΰγ̵ҩǷͬҲǷ
۾Ϊɫ
ؽ꿤
кѪɫͫףѪݶ㣬ҲУҽ
ˮףϡ
ƺ
Ϣ
һʿôŪģһϢͻȥ
ȴа
ն
ն
ǧ
ףֳַԭء
ͷ
껯
ϢˮҪ̴ףࡣ
ǰȴðɫۣ
ͫһٴٻǧˮȻףΣ
һƣͰٵǧ
ףڶˣսȡƣּ䡣
ȴа
־Ľ
ֹһѣ
ףλء
ٰѣǧѣ֪꿤طٱ
ն
ǧ쳹꿤
Щ˴ôСͬꡣ
ֱȴļ¡
ǧѽסףΣǺܿ飬ȴֺܿɽ
ն
ףβڽƬϣѸٱƽ
ƽ磬̴ġ
Ѫ֮ϡ

Ⱦ忡ŮӱĿ
˫Ϻһ
ʡ
Ůֱֳۣӳһ

ףĿֳַӳһ
ַһѡ
Ҳѡ
罣֣ޱȣ·նҪѿӣ
һ׽£
ǧ۳һǵ罣⣬նͷϡ
ȴаն

ƽİ߼Ƭ
ƽ档
ƽɾȥˣºʡ
šҽƽһգɴӣӣǳء
ҵĺ󱲣ɾ
ǵãɾ˵λҲΡ


ǳˡ
һŮȴаĹ£ǡ
һŮ
ΪףΡ

ԼĽţܵǣնһ
һߣȥ
ȥ֮ء
ǡ

˪ʿ
ףǱĽ㡣
⡣Ȼ䵭Ǻᡣ
üģпŵС롣
һȥ˪ɡףλظ

һҲǹ
л˵
һССķ[̲]
ллɰСʹĻ[]
һ[]
һǸСʹӪҺļӸ[]
ҲֹѭĿǰ[]
Ƚæٻ[]



103 ѡ
ҡʦ㣿
ɨȥ̨ĸ,ļ临ա
ףͷɬ
ԡԡԼСʱʦ㣬ôǣ
ôأ
ǿʦ㡣
ΪδǰԼֻǵ˸Լ,˪ʿ,ȴ˭Լ
С
,ǹȴаңףҡ
ô
ǰûȴаǲԼΪǰûлصǧǰ,ûлص꿤
̨ɨȥȴӿֳã
ѹǰҴʦϢ
Ϫ˵ĻԺʱ,ջصʱ
ףĿһʹ,ʹرۡ
ԼϪʦ,֮ǰǲǼǵʦ㣿
ʦüС룬ʦ
Ҫ˼,Ҫ롣
һ䵭Ůףʶ֡
ף,ʮ,ΪմһؾҪڲѡΡ

ৣ
Ͽ,ٶ̫,
ľٰȻԺٳ,˷,ƽ,Կϴ˴Ӣš
,˴δ,ѡһʿ,ԷʵµķƷ켶ϡ
Ϊĥϣǰѡѡаͬ
ѡʿȷʱˣ飬պγ磬ݡ
ţʩյףա
ݣ辡
ȣǷǡ
˪ɽڽھѡΣڴԤ⡣⣬ңϵȥᵤȻѡ
ˮӻӳѩԲӢŵλлأڣڰλ½㣬ڣʮλˣʣϯλ
⣬ʦصӼˮģʮߣԽ׶ؼ뱾Ȼѡ
֮˽ۡ

ˮ
صԼСͽ֣׼ˮС
ȴգһ
ʦ𡣡ˮ𣬡Ϣһᡣ
صཫÿӳˣˡ
أô㰮áĹŵӣСͽ꣬Ͳˣ
ҪԼ̫ݣϴζǱ͸ϢЩӣ㵹ãֱչʲôˣ
صཫÿֵϧ
ٴûˮΪԴ
ˮã۾̯
һٸصϢٺϸ˵ôգ㣬ȥȥ᣿
᣿ˮЩ۾ףλ𣿣
ȥݺ󣬴ǶףξͲˡ
˵ȥĳݳ
ˣˮףεӶףʶʱ䡣
Ϫ֮ǰдҲףλûڶˡ
Һɽչ鳣УȻˮҪˡ
ֵǸء
ص֪һСûлţΪˮʱᣬҲȥҪףλڣٽϢ
δš£׼ˮСϢաϢˣҾ͸ˮ
šš
ˮ̲ס۾ľ˯˹ȥ
صཫӱ͵˴ϣǺñ졣
ѽˮδ˵ȥȥᡣ
صüˣ˵
Ҫ˯ա
޷ͥʦܵȡ

չȥ˪ɾ˲ѡΡ
ѡˣһϯλҽޣϯꡢϵۡˮռȥ
ֻʣϯλ
ĵǻһ׼ϯλܴŲᣬڵ˵ʱ
ÿᶼὫߵڴεͷгɫֵʿպ˴ܡ
ʮǰԪƾˡǽᵱ֮ĵһûþʹӽԽԪӤΪ˪ʷĳϡ
ȻĿǰԪ뿪˪ɣǰϢԪڱһһɱԪӤаޡԪͬ޵С
ԪѲ˪ɵӣϢ˪ɵʿɣ޲׷ԪƲȥɱаħޡ
ǰȡơ
˪ɶѡһ򵥸ɴ࣬ˣʤߣȥ
ճƺ󣬽վ̨䣬ǰߣѡ
ʸվڴ˼Ѿ˪еٮٮߣÿһɽڴ˲
Ȼ㣬ɽ磬ǻ
ȡƵĵǲˣΪ
ڶʮ߲꣬ʮﵽΪ磬Ƕ޿޵š
ףվѡˣ˵λҽޣ˵ϵˮеš
˵
ӳѩŽȥƣ΢ͷꡣ
ǰδУڶʮ꣬ͻڵʿٴɽʿ֤Ŀ£ڼΪϹʱڣδ
ĿǰΪֹδʱͻƵϢ
ӳѩջءһǰȡơ
ţ̽ȥЩɻ󣬡Ϊλƣ
Ӷѳȡϡ˵ֻʣһˡ
ӿ˹
ǷŶôʣǷҪ³ȡ
ţûиֻԱߵĵѯʡ
жࡣ국Ȼӳѩǩ
ӳѩһӦ£ǡ
һƳǰˡ
ûж࣬ǲζų⣬еӲѡΡ
ǿȥҲûҵˡ
һڵĵӣ˵رʶЩӻụС
һʱ֮䣬ɻҲû˭ܲѽ
ҪЩӣ򲻹ҲûҪ
Ѳɡʱͻˣ˸
ҲҪǩɡ
£ǩľǰ̴ֱľгĵøӰ׾
һ˳Ƴһۣһ
ȻΪҪѡΣǲ
ʦڰ˳ȡ˭ôӣ
ĵӼӼۣΪ档
ЦЦ
գ˳жԾ

ա
ѧǫ̃ǰѳǩ˻һ顣
ɨ֮󣬷صһŻû
Ǻ⣿
ֹѲɸûˣ
ôܡлؾе˼˽ջҳٵҪʦѾѡҶˡ
⻰£üλӶЦЦ
ϵ۵˪ǿǴ
½ִ佣ϣҵҪǺˡ
ĺǶ˳һŶս
һ󣬸̨ϵȼһ㡣
ȼ󣬱Խ
˶Լ̨
ʦãָ̡
ӳѩֻվ½̨ӣģòʦ㣬롣
ۼԶʼ½վڿ̨ϣԱߵĽϰʵʦ壬ٵ˲ȡʸô
ΪҪɵһȡ
ϰչȼһδ֣ʤ
½ƲƲ죬ðɡ
˾ʲôͷжҪֵôȣ
Щ⡣ĵ˺󣬺úˮ׼
㲻ȼգȼ١
ǻӳѩʤһ˰ֽ
ֻʣ½ⳡûдˡ
ʿձ鲻½üĿԷطΪʲôҪһٵĶ֣
ȼա
˵Ŀ𽥽ӽĩˡ
Ʈ
㣬վֻȼʱ䣬ʮ
ˣô򣿡˵ܴܲоƽְɣ
ʱ
д
һ䵽½̨ϡ
ǸˡǸ񣬡ʦָ̡
˭ô
½ͷҲΧ۵ﲻ˵˼
ףΣֱ̨º㣡
ףۣЦЦ
кˡϰߴٵԾ
½㽫彣
䲻֪ʦ˭Ϊ½㲻С
ףִͬ롣
нȻһ
ȼţյһء
һҵ䡣
֮
һһţףʤ
ȼ
һ֮䡣ʤѷ֡
˾סˣ⡭ļٵģ
ԭüУܾʤ
л˵



104 ˪
ҪȲ衣
ףս,лʦָ̡
½ĬˣԼɵĽ˻
ڸղţףγȴʦÿԼ,,α,ָоȻڡ
½ֱӳˣֱǴġ
ʦõĽŲκ,ƿ쵽壬ʦõĽⴥԼĽʱȴǧء
ҪĽֱӻ
ÿµ½ǰֻĳЩϸܵ,󲿷޶ôҵС
½ʦ,Ҳǿ׳
,ôǰû֣
̨ȥлع˵,ô£
˳,³ףζԾ
½Ҳ,ŵĸʵ˵ѵֱӲӲһ򷨵ĵ,Ҳס
л,˼,á
һߡ
ף̨,ȺȺҶʦ˸к,ߵˮǱȥ
ףΣ
ˮ۾,ÿ졣
ףʦòˡϵ,չ,٬ȣ´
Щˡ
Ȼ£겻ôˣãҩ˲ɡ
ǰʱϵ۱ףλҪЩһ㣬£ףѾָĳȡ
ףЦЦǣˡҪƼʦ㣿
Ҳû뵽꿤˶ã֮ʱҲͬ˶á
ףνǰķԸȥ˼Щ顣
ֻǡ΢ͷĳһۡ
ڸһ̨λãüĵİŮ뻨ӳѩ˵
ҩôˮ۾ףΣҲҪ
ףεϰͷˣɶ
ϵǹ𣬡ѽˮãҩֶҩ˵۾ͱôôС
ָһȣ춼
ǣǡˮһȫϵʦȡ
ͳˣŲᱻô׾ӵĻƭߺߡ
ϵĿڣҵһƬһƬˡ
ǿҪʦҽ޹ףջߣЦʵ
꣬仰֮䣬ѻصǰǰ׽
žǺѰա
ܿ졣
һԾͿʼˡⳡԵʤߣʣѡϯλѡ
ףλص̨ȥ
ʦָ̡һ
лͬʦãЦʦã˰ɣ¶ˡҪʦа
˵ΪٳʿȻаǡ
ʦþΪ
ףͷͬʦ㲻Ҫ
з½ǰ֮лûóȻ롣
սнб뻨ʦöԾʱá
ףγֽȴǰٽսΪʱѾˡ
гʱ䣬ȻǻúⳡԣĥԼá
ɾѧ˪лصǰò˵ʽ
׽Ϊ˪ɿʦϰ߱ˮмΪߵ׺͡
⽣ƷߣΪɼһоʽʽдΪϲſʹ⣬ûΪƣֻǲͬʹãͬ
⽣ΪԲ򣬳ȥʦ⣬˪ֻнһȫʹ
ܹѧϰ׽ĵֻʹǰʽһЩ϶ֻõʽ
л;ܲʽָġ
ˣһսĳǶЩȣ漴
лĬʱ䣬Ȼر仯
ǰ·𻯳һ̶ˮء
仯ΧΪС
ֻеɽʱ飬ھˣ
ˮˮ
лʡ
ƽչ⣬һִ֡
ˣ
˽нʿеƣ仹ǰƷϣȻ̤˽𵤾磡
̨µǶˡ
½㣬ǰлдΣʱܸеԼŬһЩӮˡ
¿ȫʵл֡
лٿѽλοԲ˪ʽ
ΪɾѧڼΪߵżһֱûжܼ̳СҲ˪ɽٳΪź
Һú˽˪ʽֹļ
һǽףεĵӣû˶ӦгϵҲ
Ͼľ粻ͬľֻ˱㽣˵ãһײϣĽǻᱻϡ
̨ϡ
лصĽȻϮ*⽣ѡ
ѹֳˣһŶ޷˪ʽ˭뵽ˮȡ֮
ףαۡ
Ҫˣͷͷ
Ȼ
лؽһգվڱ̨ϣȴ·һ̤գҪˮȥ
Ľ֮һ硣
£صؼˮðˮ
ˮĲõôˮ֣
лصͷۣʱ㵡
Žýˮ̶
ڣ̨һˮ
лٿ壬÷̤ˮ֮ϡ
ףԽһˮˡ
ɫˮƳǹ͵سлشȥ
ǳлأֵĴա
ͬʱףνŲƣˮϣͬƽأٿлء
лزˮվƶʿ˵ѡ
ȴף⡣
ˮлٻĴգˮսӴ֮ʱ֮ˮ֡
ˮǹ֮ȡ
޷
ˮǹȻն
ףγˣ缱磬ѳл
лƾḻս飬ؿƣֵ
ףεĽȻ·ǧأɽѹ
лҧҧǻڱڣð
ŬѰƾ֮ٻĴȴҪʧˣ
ףνһģлأִջȥ
ϽԾ
ӴĴ
չ⡭ʧˡ
лѪһֱףβȥ
ףһ
лصĽ󣬷·ʯ粽ܽ
ʲôľˡˡôģ⽣ʯɴ̴
㣬ޣл̲סʡ
ֲ̫ʦá
ǡ
ףλظһ䣬ѹл֮
ԽлزϣؾͬĽС
лصͷۣǽǰĽȻȥ˵
ˡףʦã
ףνջأһ񣬡лʦִָ̡գҫۡ
ѹ֣ϹˡлЦȡȰٴ򡣡
̨˼ˡ
ףҪȥܵߣͷڵı̨
ӳѩҲսŽ΢΢ס
ѡѡˣҪʤߡ
ԣ˲Ҫ
ףβ˻ӳѩðս⣬ҲЩԿ뻨ʦԾ
ӳѩƿĿ⣬սջء
ףεȻΪʦ⡣
ӦǣڲǺʱ

ᣬ˪ѡȷꡢ֦ϵۡˮӳѩףΡ
ۡϢʱע֪
֦ҽޣҽ޵ֲ˶
ףǺҲ
ڶﷺɻ
ĵۡϢ˹ףε¼
ףΣʮˣڡǰڸնɣɽħʱΪڡݳ֣ϵнơ˺ټȫޡ䣬סڴ˲²⣬ôܴС

塣ž
ݷ
ףš
ϣЦЦ
СΣˡ
֡
ף߹ȥԴ
¶Ǹ⣬ţǰҵˡ
죬֡
ͬĸױס˺ӡ
СΡ˼ۣҵĺúӣҪҪ
ŵĻůл㣬̫ʡ
꣬ܿˡ
ףεıʱúϢ
ΪС׼һ

źףλס
վʦۡǰ
סʱףÿζţ׺ϰߡžͺݺķʽ
뿪꣬ٴλ
ף̧֣š
ǰѡǣûüʦ˵
Խʦ뻨ʦˡ
΢ͷ
ű򿪡
ףʦá
Ȫ
ףοȥʦվź
һ
ҪȲ衣
л˵
ллèСʹ[]



105 
ΪҶ
ˮСɰ״ɱ,ǳǳɫ
ףνָڲ豭ϣʦ㡣
ȡ
˼ӿ뿪ͺ,ʦ㡣
Ǽһ,ףȴ벻˵,ʡ
ףʦáȿˡ
ţָԼ䡣
ŶŪҵƽ,꣬˸д˲š
ŵ˪ɣڵݽ˵ס
ףס,ЩҲ֮͵ͥԺ
Ļ,һűֽ˵ʯϡ
ֽ״ʱͲ,Щϣһ
ףγЦЦ
ЩŰװ,ûб򿪹
δ˵,ǰҼʦΪֱ˹ȥ
лʦ㡣ףνȡ,ȼ򵥷ģƼˡ
¶㣬Ϫ,Сߡ
ͣ·ĵ,׼Ȼطϸ,ȻҪš
޷ƳеĲ豭
ףζʱ˼,豭,ǳǳһڡ
ƮǼ⡣
ԭףƷ׼,ǡ
úȡףԴ졣
ζȥ,ֻʣ²Ҷıζ,ǳˬ
̧ɨȥ䵽Ѳ۵ϡ
ǰúȡ
ʦ̫ƽףβȷ仰ʻǳ
ףǲԾʶ΢ò豭¡
ʦ㡣֮ǰĲȻ࣬Һϲ
ףη²豭ЦЩڣӦΨһϲʦݲ˰ɡ
Ļ˲ͬζмǷ۹
ʦ㣬ˡ
һ
ʦ𡣡
شƼ۾Ҳ֪ڸʲô
ȡһ˹ȥףʦãԭ
ϸĹ׾СƬ
ҲǡףʹùȴаĲƬ
ֽӹƬͷעţָ¡
ʦ㡣
ף̧ͷꡣ
ѵõģʱЩơ
򴽣ʵƵʱ˵ʲôƾǺ⣿
ָʲô·ʦҪʲôĵ㣬ʲôϵ
ף¶ЩأҺ󡣡
ĿȻδҡ
ʱʵ㡣
ڣԭףֻΪǰڵڼ顣
ɼǷʦĴ𸴣Լ߹ʦӦٶ֮ˡ
Щʲô
ףĺãֱǰ֮»ΪĻҪ򵥡
ʦˣôױıأ
ı仯δüŵŮκĶ
ףʦá
£¶һأϸ𪣬״ɰϸ壬ס
֮ܣı
ıףѲɼƺйϵ
ȵʿమϰռһ¡
ƱǼƣκŶϵ
ơƽСˮ̫ã©ǰ֮ˡ
ףü壬ķ򿿽Щʦ㣬Ǻ⣿
˽д١
˵£纮ɽȪ˭Ҳ㲻
١Ӧٶ֮ˡ
ףκȻ֣סǽ
ͬǣסһȥ֮ˡ
ʦ㡣յúܽٻᷢʲô
Ƴ֣޷Ԥ⡣
ûзԼΪЩԽء
ӦܷϹʱڵ֮ڳࡣǸʱڣ֣֮Ͻ硢˽硢硣
Ͻ˽ָ粢˽硣Ͻ˽ⳡ١
Դۣӹѣмܷ
Ѱľ֮ҲѰҵġ
˶ף뿪ףʦã±֪
㡭
ףΣѾǣˡ
ףģʣǣк·
ָ̧֣ᴥףεüġ
ҽڴ֮⣬ǣҲؿ
Ǿ֮ˣôҵĽ
ƽ䵭ףʦãΪޣǽȻ٣
Ȼǡ
ΪҶ
ͬһ˵
ף۾Щ
Ǹ꽫ջأ޷ֹ
ʦȻ˵Ǹ֣
ף롣
£Ҫջ֮ʣ֣ٴסʦ
ȲС
ָڲϸ弡ѹ֮ϡ
ʦ㡣ףεԸ⡣
ԸʦĽ
ǡףʵ΢Լж𣿡
Լ붫΢һԸΪʦ㸰Ϻѵ
ָ¡
ԼΪǩΣʱǶ΢Σգް취㣬΢жϵ֮ϵ
ģƽԼ˺ȴ˿¶Цݡ
ʦ㡣ԸΪн

ս֣ףʦãˣҲᡭдš

ףβ֪Ϊɻ֮࣬ʦ㣬ѷһ취
˼Ϣ˵ţ
ǹڵʡ
ף°̧ʯʾ⡣
üë£ƵأҸԼдĻʦҴհɣ
Ҳʱ̬һɷ
ԾѰ˺⣬ףðЩ˵ĵ⡣
ʾ⣬ƳЩţֿףΡ
ףʦáٴεڴˡ
ףСƵصͷ֪һˡ
Цţɿʦվһš
ʦ㣬һȥ
Ӱ͸Щ졣
ĿֱǱӰʧջأ
ָյ
һϢ꽫ɿ
ס

ףλصԼסࡣ
ʱ䣬ȽŰռ˷ࡣ
ǰϪף
ףСΣҼֱţܵأϸµطҷֺܶʦ˹ͨ׾ͽ˿кЩߵʦǺױѹۡ
ЩʦԼֳֻҪһ𻵺󣬱Σ㡭
ûˣףβ𿪵ڶš
ףСΣ˸ӣ㶼дң츸ĸ׽ңˡ
£άϵ߰λʦ˺ЩҴɵͷ˿һһһƶģ˺̫ܶ࣬࣬ЩʦǶ겻ô൥ˣҪʦ
ǻһ룬ףμ²
ſţЦݼϪĺܻ⣬ջȥһ꣬ͱҪˡ
˵֮ǰôû͸¶ɴȥ˪ʱ⣬ףСΣ˵զءҿɲȥ˪ɡ
ˮ˵ؾɱΣˣȻҪǳɽ󸻻ˣɿˣ
ҰչˣȻЩС鷳ɽףСΣ˵ôôءţ˻ʯˮ
ףνϪȫһһŻŷպá
ȥѵš
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С߳˺״ӣ˵ʦûףδʦܲպףδһ˵ʦͽں㱿ġ
ףοſţαϡ
Ժ󣬸ʦдš
ʦῴ



106 ѧ
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塣´
仰ȨǿĳǶˡ
ױڡ
ʽ,ЩȻԵùº͡
š
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˪䲻ǰ㼸ȫǽޣڿʦɫĶΪޣʿн޽Ϊ
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֮ͥźûã뽣ìܣʹ⣬š
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ΪŵķɣͬĳǶ֮ͥɸֵ顣
ǿһԲϣִ嵽ںͽʱ򶷵ˣôͽ̳ʦֶӵˡ
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λֲ̫ߣһôء
ˮҪȥص൹е¡
ҲЩӰˣһηСͽڣΣա
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ڵϣΣʱͬĳϿǿӲ֣סʧȥԵʸ񣬵ʧȥʵ΢
صҪڣһˡ
šˮȥԸǰ
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Ҳ֪ǴĴķ˪ɵҽ޶Ӱ˵ҽѧһоҪƷ
ܶʱӷᱻȥҽڵ壬䵱ҩ֮ˡ
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Ŀף뿪󣬷˱顣
ٳֽףֽ׸ףʦ͹ȥ
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罫ҳ¶һҳ
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ףκŬûٽʱ仨ڱĵط
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107 ر
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Ǽ,,ô,ǳƵġ
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ףξ֡ʦǰƺʦʱҲֻʦ㣬ôͻȻϣԵЩ衣

ˮú·ߡʵҲҪȥܣûţƫ
һչȥڶգֵףκͻӳѩݼ䡣
ףνȥȼºδƫ
ӳѩ߽ҲۣǱ㲻ٶԴһŵġ
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ˮ׺ϣڣûмޱȵùϾѪϡҲܿɱȵġ
ܱ޸Ϊ׺ҲĽĵط˵徭Ϊʺ޵ٶǱ޿ܶࡣ
ףҲǣ
˪ɵľѧں
ӳѩ˽ʣҡ򵽵ʽˡ
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ʦ㣬ףĿ޵
ӳѩŽǴʦѧϰߣҶԺá
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ףרĿԼĽ
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ӳѩۣջĿ⡣
ȵףγ׽״̬ʦ
ףΣʦ㡭㡣



108 
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ףοӳѩ,۾䣬ʦҲ⻨ʦ㡣
ɶĵ˴ʣʦʱ,иʦдô
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Ǳ˵ĵ̣ʱȺŹǿô죡
ˣ
İģϢǶ˿˹ѩڣ֪Ӧ;ģǻǾǡ
ѩǳǶ¶СĿˡ

ֻè˹ڰɫƼˣѡףΣȥ¶СãףΣ
ףξȣèô֪ҵ֣
¶Сϲè˵õ顣èζèϲ
ףεĲ
׼򣡡
ȻһֻèţèȥԼռףεļ򣬡ˣ㲻˵£èʶèôñè򣡡
٣ףЦЦþò
ţè䵽ϣС
ѩǻȴȥ
ѩǵͷǰ·
ˮۼˣףΣôôèèϲ
ٷ˸߰èϲèֻˣЪţ˵ˣҲ
֦ףΣд־ڱصá
ʦãһҪúʶһ£
Щ·ڽ
ǽʾء
ڽǰףμ򣬡ˣȻè㡣
á
һףμʥŮ¶㡣
ʥŮӣףΣôһɺζóԶ㡣
¶ʥŮצӣ¡
ʥŮĿڣȻܳԿ
¶ٴ֣ʾ档
ʥŮ֣ɿȥ˵¡
ף۳Ͷ٣ʥŮȥһϴһ
ȪʥŮһܽⷦǹȥ
ɡ
꿴ǣˣʥŮ̸
༸û顣
ֻ޵ǣ
ˮ̱ע֦Ҳ
ϵ۸æð˺ꡣ
Ϊ˲֮ˣⲻĻ簡
ӳѩܱŽܲϰߣ룬ȪʱóӦûˡûܰɡ
뵽Ҳ첽ȥ
ףθպ¶棬û˵ϻҲϢ¶㣬ȥ𴦣
Ƴһۣףʦãһʱ



109 
ףʦԼһϢ
ףλȥȪˡ
ֹΪʦĻ,Ϊ¶ҲҪǵ¡
ף׷ˮʦǣһɴβͺĴ·£ȥȪء
дСк磬Ա,谴Ħ,˵
ˮڴǺҰĦ𣿡
ҡҡͷ,ᱻˮʪƤëҪ,һͬŹһֻˮ̡
ȻƯ,ˮ̡ˮû,棡
ѽѽˮѣ
رͬ,ףѰ˸Сأѵ,˽ȥ
ůˮ,ؿرϡ
˻,ˮ
ʦ㣡ϵۺſֻˮ̡
һˮ
ˮЦǿܣ
ͺ֡
ףβϰͬȪ,Ͳȥˡ
Ȼ,ǵһȪ,ϰߵʵǲ˳.
ףԴ,Ȫϲûڱ,ֱӿա
ʱѽƻ,ص,̫ȻǶ,ɽط޶
ŴҪ¶죬ǷӦʥŮ϶۸¶㣬λϵ̬϶кܶ޲ϲޣҲϲʥŮ˸¡
ݹȪ󣬺֣ȥϯ
˲ҪΪ׼ΪﶼС
ˮףκ󣬺źףΣĦģ
ϵƣ룬Ҫ飬ˮ̡Ѿʦ㶾֡
֦ƣʦãֻѺýһ
ѺáѺáϵۼЦѪëǰѺ
ϯٰĹ֦Ѿ˷ŵƣΪиޣ
ϵ۸æ֦λʦһסìѽ
ף￴ȥʦѾʥŮף¶ʥŮҲס

¶ЦſףΣСΣߡ
ⰸСףȥ
ףʥŮȻʥŮҪı顣
¶㡣һĵطɡ
˵ţλãʱ˶ãֻʣʦԱߵλá
ǺһŰס
ףʦԼһϢ
ʥŮЩʶ࣬Цλ棬ҪҲɸߺ磬Ϊǰš
ϵòԣ¾֦ԱߣҲЩֹ
ʥŮ¡֦ԵĻܷʶλҽأ
ϵ˿ҪŻ֡
ʦ㿪Ҫֻо
֦ıᣬʥŮȥΪ¶͵ŮӱһøУӦúȥڵ̫ҽ
лʥŮ£֦ˣ˫̲ס¡
ʥŮЩԾ벻ΪʲôʱԹˡ
˪ɵӲ޸Ҫ
ˮʵУʣܲϢɴβ˯
ԵĻһ
ǡˮ֪Ҫܹ֣
ϯʼ
ףμǵķ˺ܺóԣ£ӣ
д˵ĴСԱߣһգ͸µĲȡ
ףκлСϧСһ̣ջ˶ֻл
괹Űʳ
ʳȷʵûȤζǷζһûȤ
ˣ˷ˣҲס
ףʦá
ʦףγſ̧ͷʦ㣿
촽մ˵պϣæԼ˲
Щʾ°ϵʳʣɷܳ¡
ףεͷߵʦİǰ
Сȥ֪ͳţŵࡣ
ףαʼɨʦʳ
ıףνʳȥû뵽ֱӹˡ
Ҳ޷
־룬
ƳףεĲ
ףʦáЩϲϼǺš
ףβͷܽˣԭᱣԭ͵ϰ𣬶лʦ֪
ѧ¶ˡ
ҪԣʦԺҪע⣬ζǻᱩ¶ķλ
ףεͷõģʦ㡣
֪ǰֻڰ׻ɫèĲӣֲζ
ݹȪǰֻèµζǾʧˡ
겻˵Ⱥϯ
ԵҲרעŸʳͺ󣬻˺üҡ
ϯ
¶߹СΣҪ˵Ǽ£æѰ㡣
ףεͷЦȥ¶ǣʱλѸҴ·
˭˭Ҫ¶ӦǾס޵صʱСνǴҡ
ףӦ£á

ŸǾסĹңҾһ
˵𣬸顣
ħйءգһֻħͶħΪħµһλֻصһֻӵʥŮ
Ϊ޺ħֱºϸŲ飬Ųħйء
·ǰѴǱӶûҵصбĶĺۼǲʿǱ塣
ϸŲ󣬲δ޵ټ޻ؾȥ󷨵©Ǳӳȥħ޻ˣǶħ˽ⲻ࣬顣
Ϣ˵̫ñˣŲ鲻ֻķ˼
ʦ㡣ףʵǶħΪΣ
Ͷħ£ʵס
ħŵʱ˶֪ħţֹС޵ĳ̶ȡ
ȥֻ꣬ʿǻǵλħʿȷʵûħʱʿħôɵ
ڵʱͱˣʿħ޾һͷɱ
ʱлΪڲ֪޽˥ˡǵҳħټں£Լᴦ
󡣡ϵô飿
𴦲飬ħҪЩʲôֻʥŮмλʽΪ¶
ΪǲҲǾβ׺Ѫ֮ǰħǲʥŮܹλ
ôҲ벻β׺Ѫħıʵ
ϣС˼ˣ˷룬̽ͻȻЩޣɣħҲӾ衣
ȡŷֽˣЯΣʱһ֪
ֽ۵Ϊֽףûжֽͬͨŵɵķ
˶ӹźá
ףνֽʱеֽ*һ¡
ʦ㡣ˮʵǲҪߣҵۼ
ףͬУ䵥
ڣ޴ܳԮѸ٣ħټϸ飬ֱֽ׸֪ңһ޹ȥ
ºףγ޵λޣԼȥ¶㡣
ڵܶ࣬ɫ죬Ҳǰɫģûкܶβ͡
ҵλҲֻ꣬ǰͷ·ؽףδȥ¶޹
ףξ󣬲ŵ¶Ĺǰ
ҹ䣬Ϊҹ顣
ţ£¶С㣬ףá
ôˣʥŮں¶ѽ
ףô룬ȻʶԡʥŮ¶㲻ˣǰ¡
ҹȻҲһ顣
ԼⲻǴףηӦЩգӦѰ¶ġ
ʦ˵ûһʱ
ѾͨˣףҲȥֻź˽ȥ
߽ȥ¶ʥŮЩ֡
Ϊһһġ
ףμʱĽɻѹûʳ
ʻǱ¶˳¶Ӻ죬ƫͷʥŮһۡ
¡СҪ˵Щ飬½ҹǻԼ޹Ϣ
ʥŮܲ⻰ҲûΣɵˡ
ֻʣףκ¶˺
¶ȥ֣ף
СΣ겻㳤˺ܶࡣЦЦѾǸܿɿĴˡ
ף۾ϸ¶Щ⡣
ȷ¶Ǻʵףڳ׷
ʱ䲢࣬ѽ¶ΪҪˡ
ףԺһ£ʵ¶㣬㻹ǵýô
¶ͷȻǵãǽҾ¡
ĳʱѾ¶Ȼǡ
ǽ㡣ףʣɼǵýʱԻһŮ
ʦ˵ǵüԼԼļ
޷ȫȷϡ
¶ҲǱ֮ˣǵþΡ
ô¶ʵˣͽһǡ
ף۾
¶񷢾ǰٿȻ߸𣬸˵òС
ţҲЦЦСΣ𰸶˵Ҫô
Ҫ
Ϊ֤ˡ
ʦʮǰͼ
ףκȻվ¶㣬ټ
ٳ޹ҵŵޣ޾ǿ񱼡
޸ָ·ȥ
صסĹʱףβ侲
ַ¡
ܻʲôأѾȷϴķʦȷʵѾǵˡ
ǵõ飬ȥ˵ܷˡ
ҹѾˣܲΪȥʦϢ
ףֶź꣬˼
ֻԸܰ±һİ޾ȥָ·⣬һԡ
ΪλڵĿĵغͻὫԼ
˺һᣬҲû
ǳɫĺԴҪһ䡣
΢΢ü˼ţֲôš
ֻðε޾š
ףԼź꣬ţȻط
Լ䵽Ĺȥ
ףΣ
ˮɳ۾ףζֻ꣬Ҫ᷿ʱ˷ˣԱź˯𣿡
Ŵβ˯𣿣
ҪȥҺ磡
ɫĴβͣɣëëһ
ˮ̽Դ
Ƿһط䶼ܽ
Ҳ롭֦¶
㲻롣ϵľս
ԭҶûϢҲǣ׶ζҪ˯ˣЩ
ףνǳɫٸһЩ˫ε۾
ѡϢ
ףβˣԲҷ̫żˡ
Ҫŵϡ
ףʦá
ϤģɽȪɤ
ףȥҹҫµʦ㡣
꿴˾ٲס
ǳɫףѳԼëˡ
ǽ̡仹δʽ꣬Ҳ档
ף֪ͷ̣ܽǣʦ㡣Ҳðλѡ
Ϣɡ꿴˿ˣȻ˷䡣
ˮʧ䣬ԭѽ׼ȥҺˡ
ϵۼ֦ʧػ˷˿
óȣָ״̬
ףʦã֣СƵģףι
ף߹ȥʦк£
ϵ򣬡ҵĺʦã´οĪˡ
ˮˡ鲻ͬʥŮ£֪Ҳ졣
ҪЩ롣ϵ۵ǿɰҲҪŮһ
ףˣһġ
ʦ˵ģְλģҪء
´żҲܡ
ǰСŮ͵ġ
ϵصͷӿɽ̡

ա
ףνۣıϡ
ˣè㡣ٵèҵطʱˡ
ףЦЦǰҪ˯𣿡
һۣǵġûè飬˲Ҫ̫ʧҲҪġ
ãҪħټ黹ΪΣա
ףαҲôϰ١
ڼҪʥŮļλ䣬Ҫ֡
ҲʯףԼ빺ЩʲôǲõĻҲͨ
ʦһȥ̫ҽˡϵ˵飬ﻹЩ
û˵ʦ㲻Щ̫ҽо˰ɡ
תһ룬޺ܶ࣬ʦڣӦʲô¡
༸˶ĵǣΪǶǲ̫ȥ˵ˣҲȥ
ϵʦ㰲֦֦ʦһ̫ܺҽǺгദ
ӳѩˮǵĳƺʵʦãڸôң
ˮˣ˵ҲȫˣǸˡ
ˮͲ±װͰ͵Ļӳѩˣ˵ʵʶӳѩ硣
סӳѩĸ첲ӳѩʦ㡣
ӳѩе˼ôʦأ
ֳƺϰߣˮӦý꣬ʦ㡣
ǡ
ˮҿҵ˾ǣףΣ
ףοȥţ
ףνʦʱ򡣡ˮ͵ҸĿڵʱˡ
ʦ㣿ףһ£ҡҡͷһǾͽʦɡ
ܸоܳƺʦˣǳ
֪ΪΣظ֡
꣬ꣿ
ʦֻǺء
Ĵ󣬳⣬Ϊ
˽Ķӿˮϵۿðǡ
ħޣѾ̽ħķʽ
ȷʵ̫ûоȷʵΪѡ
һգڶ˽룬ûջ
˵˻ƻʱ֣ص
ֽûбȻ֪ǽյĳɹΪ㡣
ҹʱļڼλǰҵãֻҪλھˣҲδʧܡ
ڴգǻУ䡣
˸Իطף룬ַʦ㡣
ʦ㡣ٴν᷿ʵǶħиϸϢϲʲôʲôԸΣһεı徭ΣôʥŮ
ף˽ЩϢҲò顣
ûдأ޷֪㡣
ףˣ飬ϽЩ𣿡
䲻ܸ㡣ƽڵѪܲβ׺ϵá
ðɡףֻķˣʲôӲܱƳһħء
˼
ףʦáħ£Ҫ󣬷Χһ¾©˼࣬ǣͬڲ顣
ףˣǵ飬ħħɱΪִҪɱ˺أ
ħйء
ȷϣѾԶ϶ħʶ˼䡣
գԸҵĴۣɽʿҲҪɱħ֪ΪΡ
ɽʿǶŲŻеսɽ磬ɽʿˡǰɱħʱɽʿ
ףȻ֪
ΪħĵˡҪȡˣΣ
ףΣħɱˡ;Ĵܣɱ
л˵
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ж֣һӣ֮æ[]ϴξ׵Ϣһ죬СʹǲϰߣӴȷڴԱʱ֮[]
ʣµļӸȵ[][][][]



110 
ʦôﶼÿ
;ѡǧְ
ףμ¡
ӵ;ѡ,ħǳ׵Ķ档
Ȼף;ҲὫħΪˡ
ǰףΣ¾͸ø뿪,˼ҵħ޵ķӡ
ò˵,ף˲ٳ,ⳤֹΪϡ
ʦ㡣
Ҫȷ˳УѰħ޾ΪҪ,οǰ֮ǡ
岻ܲԴġȻˣֺαعЩأرѽЩϡ
ѡҲֵɻһЩ,ȵù뼸λгϹ
Ϊ,˪ɱвħ޵,壬һջ,ô᲻óϹء
εѲħ,Ǹһͷ,ڴЩ
ߣǵĵѾҪ
ףλһֽĻˡ
Ȼʦδ˵,Ǿͱʾ,Ҫô,ʦİ,Ʊǡ
˼Ϣ
ʦ㡣ףЦЦ,Ҹħ𣿡
˼,л,òҵħޡ
Ŀͣ,ļɡ
áףվʦˡ
Ҫߣһ¡ʦ˵ʱӲݲ衣
ʼףΪʦҪ̸ʱݲ衣֪ԼǳΨһȹʦݲˡ
ϴκʦĲ裬ףԭΪʦǸݹ裬˲ա
Ҳǡ
ʦ㡣
ףοŵİŮӣʱ΢°ͣԼ
ĶףεĿ䵽ϸ޳ĲϣƤ״ϸ壬ɫѪܡ
һʱԼҪ˵ʲô
ףʦá䵭ػһ䡣
ףλعĿƿ
ҲûʲôɣʦһðЩ˼
Щȡ
ȴͷʦôﶼÿվͲ˵ˣֺÿÿڷÿ
к¡
ףڰѷҪ˵һˣս꣬Цʣʦģ
ԭ˵ģʦЩ䵭ģòе淴ð˳
뿴ʦô䵭顣Ͷܺѽ
׼дš
ʦдܡ
ʶʦʮˣȻʦǲá
ǼǲãҲʵ
ս걾һЩϣҪ룬ֻ󿿡
겻ද
ָʲôƽǣ˵ȷʵ⡣
ޡ
ף΢ͷʦ㡭
Ľëó۾ҲƯ
˽ӽǣףβԾô˵ˡ
ﰲһϢ
ָ̧֣ףμϣƿЩ
ҹˡףʦãȥϢ

ϪΪա
ôЩ˵е档
Ҵ˼䡣Ҫ˪ɵӣ˵ͲǼ򵥵ﾯˡ
СϪĸ׳˼˵˴ңԶ˪ɵʱסǣ˵ѹļۣʦ
ĸǸϵˣЩò󣬵Գме˽⻹
ʽľ˪ɵͷﲻ㡣
ʵס⡣
˵ʲôϪЦЦѹѹھڡ˻
ǰиҹһЩ鷳ˡ
鷳ðϪʵڷЩ
˵Ƕ˲·ɱ˸ĸЩ鷳ʿѵǽΪõĽ
ϪȳǳأҵԸ
䲻СҲвʿ
ıˡУôģ׮ⶥ׬Щʯˡȥݡ
λɽģǣʿĻ۵ء
˪ҲҵҹȥרԼ⡣
Ϫ˳ţǰųȥ˪ɻΧڱӡ
Ҫȥһĸ֪͵뷨ӦȥǼұסĿǰĻҵܶҡ
Ϫõĸ׵֧֣г徢
ͷ˳ȥ֮ǰ׬ȡʯܼ˰ǧʯ
ϪǧʯƱʯƸλڵʿΪǰȥݡ
׵ѣԭ˪ɵӣ˶ܾȣΪһΪûУ
ܲΪߵѾƲ˰ɣ
ĻΪҪƸΪ
ϪЦ䣬½ҹ
ҹԼġ
ܳΪ˪ɵӣ½ŵӣԭ츳ҲʿУҲ
޷ʮǰʱƣӦܹɹܹϸüʮꡣ
£ʺڵķͬһ㡣
Ϫս
ûʿܽԼϣǰǸʿϱȲף㡣
еģȴޡǻвġ
Ϫȥκˣֻֻħѡ
ɡǷݲģɴڡ
ЩиҰ鷳ҲΪ㲻ʿôҲ֪һûô˼ȥһӣֻҪӸסˡ
Ϫǰݣ⣬ҲѰһҽ޵˼
ҽɣɽǿҽޣжݳ֡
˪ɲδϪڽϪӻź󣬾ķ
ȫﶼħƻˣҪ±ʿѶҪߡ
̼ҽЧ޷ָ֤ϪҲǸƽʿԭ츳ΪĿԶ͵ÿ¡
ϪףļֵΪ˸Ĵۡңܴ˵ź޹ϵҲû
뿪ʱյ˼ŸĲʱԼ׬ʯΪıǮ
ȥݣ׬ȡʯѰҽɡ
ϪظЩۡ
㣬ûɻΪɣɽħĺƽУѡ𣿡
ƽƽħΪҪһ
ûνɣ㡭

ʥŮļλȷãڰѮ
֮Ϊ֣Լ֤׮ʢ¡
ң¼λ죬ΪǷôȥˣһҪ³Ϊǵ
ʥŮڼλǰʥŮλ󣬱ʽǵ
𺣵׶΢λʱĴæʥŮλѳﱸ˼꣬ʽڸ֪
޷ھظһ춼ϴ󣬵ȴµٸλ
ףھһ̯λʱһλô˵
⼸죬ΪЧʸߣѾֿ
֪ϵ۵
ͨǶ֪飬һҲûʲôɡ
ףεͷ߽⴦̯ʳλ
һƣؼϣŨݣݡ
ˣ̧ͷͷǣ˵ĻʳӴȥ𴦡
ףѾˣͨѪմ˵ˮζ
èèͺϲҪʦѣףÿζܾèè¡
ϵʧЦףʦãȥطǰշֵġ
ף˳ϵۣǺεط
ϢǴܺʡ
ϵֻô˵ףðЩ档
һ󣬵һ¥ǰ
ףͣ½Ųؿϵۣʦ㣬Ҳȥַô
٣ʲô񡣡ϵ۵£ĴַݣֻҪͽӴ㡣
Ȼ˻Σﲹ䣬ȻҪʯ



111 ȥ
ףΣһҵ֮ˣ
ףջǺϵַ̤
ûȥʲô,ڡ
ǰ죬Ŀ١
ɢţ̨赸
ףο˼,ԼԿȸȤ
Ҳè֮,
ϵ,ƺȲʣóʯ,ò
̫󷽣ͺܹעˣºöڴǡ
ףεͷ,˵ϵĸ㡣
Ȼ,ֻߡ
ǡ,ɣ
ڵȻǿԻһģ²ǻпô
Ǳֻ,⵹ɡ
ףοȥ,ƼһλöŮ,Ϊ
ʱŮȤشϵۡ
һ飬ףƼı⡣
޵¡
֮⻹С֣ⱾĽ,ףһ,鵽,֮Ĵʡ
,λõʦһô
öŮѽĿתͶף,
⶯Ȼѽϵ۵ע̨Ͽȸ,,ʵ,ʦüѡһλ
öŮͷе飬Ȿдˣ˸޵£һ֮Ϊͻ
ϵ۱ﲻסЦѵȤֻдδʵ
öŮҡҡͷ㲻д˵ˣ
Ƕôϵֵһ鹹ˣء
Ҳ޷öŮһԣֲԿģҾʹ׬ˡ
еϵȣǺżЦ⡣
ףθоҪʹ
ѡʦ㶼޴⣬Ǹ
ϵȴءѣʲô
ǿԽСöŮֽ˵ˡ
Сֹһ£ϵ۸ŻģףòҲȥ˷ЩŪȤǾôɣ
ףΣףѣһɵɣ
ҽΪڣ˵ˣΪ͵һõ࣬һܿɰ㲻Կģ
Сɫö䶯ڴؿףΣôΣ
Ρףεѣˡܴ
ôܾءСɻдģûѽϵһʹʾ֮ͿԽˡأ
ϵЦ嶼ЩСˡ
С۾һôдģãȻһʰֹΪ
ףΣһҵ֮ˣ
Ө͸ʯ۾ضףΡ
ף˶㣬ѣʦ˵ЦأûĽ֮ˣ
ţСĿϵϴת֪ǵݣδ޵ѣֻͣλʽͻ뿪
ҲûҪ޳õ˼ԣ£˭طϡ
ΣСջǽĿͣףϣûİ֮Ҳ޷ʱҲҲõѡӦңһܶܶ౦
ףѸҡͷˣѡ
־ܾҡҳܾ֮ҴʿС˹գҿҵע⣬һӶ㣬۸㡣
ףβͷȥϵۣʦ㣬ǻЩҪæɣ
ϵЦû̫ףΣ˵ͷǣǱ߰ɡ
ԡСƲ죬ټɡ
ףվȳַ
ϵƸҵĺʦãôжһ㡣
С˵Ҳϧ
û˵ףѽϣʦԸ⣬ھͿɷء
ϵЦЦСûܿء
˦˦ȣ̾˿ԵúʧƵġ
ףεһۣʦ㡣
ãաϵ۵ȥĵأŪˡ
ƻʱ֡
˻ʱѽǰ֪˸š
ʥŮңܰڼλ죬񷨣ǰɽϴ
⡣ǵȴ͸ңʱʷˡ
ΧƻѸ˥ߡ
ˣ޷ûĵطǴӳʿûֹΪ䣬Σա
ֻ֮ʣңж˼λʽĴ͸ԸأԼ޲
Ų󣬷Ǿβ׺֧һλ˶֮١ֻŰͷ֡
ң£츳֮㣬֧޷̳дλû£Ȼֱӻٵصͷ
òͻٵϵ۸п̳дλȻǸãӹ
ԼҪֻȨ
ףҲΪͬȻٴλʹ
Ҫȥͬǻغϣ˳һ½ջ
һֻǳɫĺҵǣλѣǹȥ

ףΡʥŮ֣ôˡ
ףβ⣬˭
ӱݱ˵ӡʥŮΣһ̣ͨ輸ͺˡ
ףѲɻ׷
һ峤ΪҼλҲסʥŮףΣмֿСš
ϵû뵽кףμ򣬡ʦѽǷһˡ
ףξͷ󣬡ʥŮܷ취
ʥŮҡͷ˺㣬辢ȥõĴ취ȻҪʱ
ףƣϵۻסĹҡ
߹ȥͼˮ⴦ҵ⡣
ףΣϵʦ㣡ˮǷ·˾ǣиֵˣֵ
ףˣҪˡ
ü߽⹬ңͥ緽ż
һ¶ЦݣΣټ˰ɡ֤Ե֡
˺ҷ֣ʺҡջž͸߰Ҳ˭ûλˣŲ
ǽˮģҶɰҲܽܡǸѣҵһμôÿˣһ鶼ûУ벻ôвС
ףüøѣ*ЩҪҵͬ顣
ˣ߽ԲΪܿѡľġ
ףβϲֹĲӦҪѣԺ㲻Ҫ
ǾͬŽġɴ۾ҿûôûò
סףεֱۡ
ףģûܳɹ
ףΣ˵СáСҪΪҪֻ֧֣ҪҪһҵ˵ϻ
۾ڴأûжĶһЩ
ףɿ
ôϲȣЦǻŶҪȻشҵ⡣
ûСףεвᱻв
һֻֽ׷ɳһ绡
˻ɿ֣Լֱոڵ𣬺ʹG
ףοȴʦ㵭Ȼǡ
ҵٴαƿˮܵףߣ㣡ôǿأ
Ӧôáղֵϵ롣
ף
֦Ҳˣ߹ĿۼöŮȫÿһ˷ܵʵѣԸҽ幹𣿡
ֱ׵ޡעͶ֦ϣ𣬡ĳҲҴӦ㡣
֦ǰ߰ɡ
ǣߡ
ô죬ȥģʵ
̫ҽԺ֦
ϲֵط棬ܽܡ
֦źãǾͺáһ
áã
ǵˡ
ж񡭡ʦĥϵ۸̾
ˮ߰ɣˮã˵ء
ˮҪΪﲻ˵ͱϵͣˡ
£ֻͥʣףκˡ
ף˿𷽲˵¶ܵܶ
üͷֲ壬һת׼ȥ¶ʡ
ȥġʦƽ޲



112 ·ޣ
ڵעӣô᲻֪ء
ףͣ½Ų,ͷʦλȥ¶һʡ
ƻʱ֣,չⱻڱ,ԵվµİŮĿ
̤,ߵսȵ£˫۾ƽ㵭Ȼ
ǰĸ,ǹ߱䶯
Ϊ档£ʥŮ㲻ġ
ףüδɿʦĻ,վԭ,˼
¶ǰ֪,Ϊ˱ġһޣﲻæ,¶֪Ϊ˷,Ȼܡ
ʦ˵ĶԡҪ,ҲȥʥŮ¶㡣
ڣλʽڼ,ʥŮͷæ,ʱǸ̸ĺʱ
ǵȵʥŮλ֮,ȥ
лʦ㡣
ףüɿ,ЦЦ,ʦ,Ҳֽס
ղһʱż,ʦл
뵽,ףЩΣ߽ǰȥ
Ҫ˵ǸЩ̫ˣ㺬Ц⣬ʦЩǰĹ£ʦӦ֪˵ˮ
ףʦ
֦⼸һδŲħ޵̫ҽԺҪǹ̶л̸̫ҽԺҲҪֵ˵⹬ˡ
ϾȻΪڣҲҪ˯
ִסһƤޣʦز̫
ˮ᷿ķűƿ̽Դһһ¡
СЩŮ棬ʵϵʦ㣬ΪҪ㣬һ
ˮʦã㲻ϵͬصȽȤһЩ
ȻڷڶԻȷʵû
ˮװܶͷŶ
ףǱһۣЦˣڸˮԲ
Ҫ
ˮ˳˸߲ңҪģ
ǵΪҪٿʳȡ⼸æҲôԶȻҪʦ㣬ʱȷʵԳԶ
ףȥѰǳɫ꣬æȥٷʳҪ㡣
ͷȥˡ
˲ʱǾ͸һϯͥΪʱ˵Ļֺ꣬ÿֺóԡ
˷ʳ⣬˺ܶ۹¶СΪλ׼ģɲúãпʱһԣǳߴ粻ʣ޸һ
ⲻ¶һΪף׼ˣû뵽ΣףεͬҲˡ
ˮһϲν㣡
ԼǼȹطԣĿϯϵĸ㣬촽
һʱ䣬֮
ȳĸأȻƯƯأ
ףν⣬һ㣬ݵȥɡ
ˮ۾ʱλԴأأ
˵꣬ͱѻ᷿ˡ
ϵûף˵ЩʲôأС˿ġ
˵ףΣףЦЦˮԡ
ˮ˽̫ˡ
ϵü
ȥʻʦáӦǻ
˵ţӳѩ᷿ȥ
ףҪϣǹ
ףʦáȻϣҲ·
Ѿףε·ȥ᷿¶Ϊ׼ģ䱸˺ܶƷ
ףκʦĻá

һᣬ˳֦ͥ
ףȻ¶׼ԵһףˣЩûʼۡ
۱ΪˮɫҲڡ
ò˵¶ĺܻΪףδ·ÿףδ׼·ԵøΪЩ
Ӵϵ٬شڣļҵСŮɣǸѽ㱾ɾʫ
ʦ㣬ͣףΣԾ˰ʦš
Ȼ֮һξ롣
Ȼ֣ʦ㲢ʳΪûȻ᷿Ϣ
룬Ӧʦڡǰ²ϲʳҲһżһھҺ
ˮҲ·ԵɰˡȲˣףףΣ㣬붯
Ȼڵȴףʱ͵㡣
ӳѩһٹȺͲٳ֮ˮ
Ӻ󣬹һˮĿꡣ
ˮ˴ٴγꡣ
˺üκôαӳѩغ
ģˮչ𣬿ӳѩӳѩʦ㣬ɡ
ӳѩ⣬γԡ
ţѵɺϣˮЩ˵ĲûʲôԲ
ȵٴγҪţȻӳѩһˡ
㣡
ˮ˿¿ӣ˹ȥƴ
Ҫ˹ȥأӳѩţ
ˮԶ˽ջ˶ΣȷŹ㡣
˵
ϵЦЦȤζؿӳѩʦãҲѧ۸Сˡ
ʦѧġӳѩͬظ
֮ǰҲ̫Ϊϵʵ̫̫˯ˡӳѩϲˣĲһȥ
֮󣬼˹ϵ׽ࡣҲΪÿᣬŰʱѡеĵĥϡ
ϾҪиݽ󱳰ĽĹϵҪġ
Ҳ⿴ġǻһĶȻϵҪãŲŻ᲻ڶŽʢ
ˮ֪ʦ㴫أٴ۾
̫ϲķ˶úóŶ
ͬܵȻףΡ
ףδӺ󣬾ûͣ
ܿ죬ǰ̲ȶһ룬ʣµһ룬ףûȥ
ͣ¿ӣ۲ϯˮԵģ
ָᶯ
ϵĲȾͻλá
µĲ˻ףǰ
ףΰԵģ
۾ƫͷȥʦ㡣
ʦС豭һڡ
ϯһùġ
ףμˣҲ˱裬˿ڡûʦݵĺúȡ
ܿ£ӣ
һϯ
ɫͺʦ㻹û
ϵֻӱʦˡ
վȥҡ
ˮҲҪæ
Ŵţֻʣףκ
ף̲סԼĸ
Ȼƽ̹
ʿĺôˡ
˸ȸȥ˺ߵ᷿
ÿǴ̸
ĵҹˣ˼һ
ԾͰڷеţɢ΢ƹҫϡ
üǿŵڴ˿̴ڸвǿ
ףϰԵʦĺ롣
ţͲԾ࿴ʦüϢӵ뿪ʼ쵽١
ȵʱȥʮϢˡףθæջأ
ſҲ̫òˡҪףԼôƣòڡ
ҺʦѾĿˡӦ
ףûв˵겻ʿĿ
ο껹Ǳһ󾳽Ľʿ
ڵעӣô᲻֪ء
Ŀתᱻ֪Ϥ
ףαְҲ
˺Щһᡣ
˶̸
Ըģʦǣȥоо
ʦ
ԡӳѩкܶ鷳
ϵۺ¼ˣʦ㣬ооαҪѰ廨󡭡
˵ȥΪ˲Ҷֻ֦ܰ͵Ȼ鷳˵ҵ˵ط
ˮ˵ˣϵֻۣһš
ӱ⬣ˮ⬡
ȥ᷿
֦ºȻǹԼоķк޲ͬ⼸ѾŪЩѽΪǿʺ飬ġ
ѵǶ֪ΪͿ˲ԣԵһо
˵ʱܶЩʿءǷǳҪо㲻ӦõϣҲܿ̽뾭ıʣ
꣬ʦá
ʦָհԶˣӦף
ɡ֮ʦҲȥħټ
֦ʧȥȫţãǣס
л˵
¸Ķ࣬Сʹǿ¿һ[]



113 
һЩ
ա
֦ҵף,˵ҪһȥѲ
ԭףһˮͶϵۡ
ףûۼô⬣ǲشӦ
⻹֦˶
Ϊʿ˵Ըҽ޴ùϵ,ر˵Ľսʿ
,ף׼յĵطſʼѲӡ
֦ȴЦЦ,ףʦãΪħ޴ʱĻô
üչȥ,ʼûнչȴûиʾǰݼƻڽС
⼸Ϊĵ,ܲ뵽ء
û,ֻ˳ˡ
ҪоԵ,ڱѡв༸˵Ĺʶ
ʦȥģ
ף,ʦЩ,ȷʵΪ
ɽ֦͸Ȥ,㲻ô޷󣬶޷˽繵ͨΪǵȴԡ
˪λʦ,ЩʦûڷٴֻƬ,λϴš
ڴ,Լʦȷ,ϴŶŵİΪ,ʤ¾ĸŮ,,ȻûйκιͨȻЩĸ,类ýˡ
룬ǷĴǲ˽磬ǲܡ
ȻˣΪأʲôأ
֦˵ЩЩƲסıߡ
ȻЩƵģҪоﶼ˼ߵȤ
ףʦǰɽ
طӦǽذա
رǻޡ
֦ʧȥȫ˵Ϊôδ֮գȫΪأ̽Ȼδ֮ˡ
ףЦЦʦȥǿȥɽԶԶһᡣȵʹǵĽɡ
ЩˣɽòܿǾû취ˡ
ѽָ֦ᰲģǴǳЦףʦãˡ
ѹϲףʦѣҲϲ
ףʧЦʦԹˣЩС¡

רѯ˳
δ;ʯ·
ֻգܺƵһ̤ɽȥ
ɽľɾӡձǰΪֻС˽ͣǳߵľβ׺ɽΪ
ǶɽĴ͸Ϊ˳µļλ䣬ɽʱ롣
ÿգҵСǰɽԸ͸
ɽ
˲һʱԶԶܿԶɽ
ɽǵһһƬɽ
ѹСÿ궼ǰɽ룬һСɽǿɾݲôˡ
ƬɽɽɽΨһɽκ롣
ףκ֦ڲ֪Ҫã˲δսǷ̡
ڻȥõ;˶⽫·ˡ
Զɽʣаããлѩ׺
֪ɽʲô졣֦ϸ۲ţ׳ɽطҲҵƵĵط
ŷϿС
ףȥ
˺ܿͳ׿ɽԵ
ʱɽ󷨽ƣȻ޷롣
ףθеʦʧҪ͵ȥɣ
ȻʦֹҲ֪ʦܲƵⷨ󡣡
ʦ㡣ףε˵ˣ濴
ҪȥˣУ˵Щ鷳
ףδҪ֦
֦ǳǳЦЦ֪ġ
ǸɶµˡףθøЩ
ףʦá֦һ¹۲죬һߵ˵ʥŮλܸȥǵ𣿡
֪ףεʱ򣬿ʥŮ
֦޲ôʱɽУǣףһٴеģЦҲġ
ֻһ޹취ȥ
ף뵽ʦ·ЩԺѧơ
ʱ䣬ȥѼһЩԺϡڶԺ˲˽⡣
Ժһλȷʵҡ֦Ҿû˪ɸʺңҸϲҽ
֦˵ţŷɽΧ۲
ףβ
˺þã̫λöб˲١
֦Ҫʦ˵˵ˣףʦãϸһȦĶ֮Ҫȵλ󣬲ܽȥһ̽
˵ţûӦ
ֵػͷ鿴ȴûܼףΡ

ףʦã
֦ɲףλЩͻȻʧļϷ
ʦòĸʡ
ü֪Ҳףεĺۼ
ȫ޲أʧˡ
֦óֽףͼ깵ͨʦãˡ

ϪʱһĮĶ
Ȩǰݡ
;УҪҪףˮš
ˡ
һۡˣ
̵Сſߺš
ۡɽߵģϢֶ࣬ЩʱôΪȤζΪ˲ϲҲɺܺá
Ϫʮʯһݡ
ۡϢЩӢŵս˵úϸ
׵ľ˪ɡ
Ϫһһˮףεʱ𣬺Ǹˡ
£ˣףСΡ
Цŵ
ʶףΣһİ
Ϫȥλʲʿ棬к£
Ūǰ˵״ʱô˵ˡ
ŽͽܡʿҾȥ˪ɻһףΡ
Ϫˣ֪ǰλʿȻҲۡ֡
ҪףףͽôЩϲѴӺδϢ
ףСԸˡܴɣϪ붼ġ
ʿ°΢̧ʾϵۡЦЦЩۡϹ£Ҳ˳ȥףζһ
ˣѡ
ʿڰ֣Ӱʧ˰Ϫ
Ľֻǡ
Ҳԡ
ֻҪ㣬ȥǣĴС
Ӵˣɽ˻᲻֪
ۡ˲мؼ䣬㡭

ףѸ׹
ȫķʹòˣȴӿˤ䡣
ʹѪƤΪۣ۾ΪɫҲô谭ⳡ׹䡣

ͨ
ˤˮ
ƿˮʱʹ塣
˲ЩʹףͷҪ۲ΧΡ
ûгĻɽ
ͷףεĿͱǰ޴Ŀ⡣
ʯͷģһλŮģݿᱡɴʯͷ̶ɣҲӯ
ǵ飿β׺
ϲԭͣΪθȴ˵
ףﷺɻƿߡ
ڹżعֱ顣
ˮ뿪ˮ׺ͷ·ʧˣһƶá
ˮᣬζ޷뿪ˮ
һЩ
翣֪ӺδŮ⣬ʶк֪ϡ
仰ףεĶͣ£ʧȥ˼
ٶͷߵʯ
Ҫʧȥʶʱǰƶ˵Ӱ
¡



114 ɽ
ѪҺץֱۡ
ǵ˼,ףνɽ
ʥŮü𣬡ɽ󷨲ûбף顣
ʥŮҪɽ
Ҳڣλ޳üıʥŮû,޲Խɽ,ǧ,޽ء
ƳתߵʥŮ,û
˵գףת뿪
ϵۼ˸ȥ
ʥŮ,Ȼףνɽ,֤Ƕ׼ġ
ȥ,Ҳܽȥζ
ĴҪҪ¶
¶ףεĸ븴,һľС
ʥŮӱ,,Ҳȥ
£͸ʽδʼҲʺϹȥ
񡣡ʥŮҡͷҪ,,һ,һѪ޽ɽ
Ϊᡣ
ֱͦ,¶,նͽΪĸ,ʱ,Ӻ󡣡

ʥŮĴ,˺ܿɽΧ
ɽķΧܿҪֵطûһˣǼѡ
ʱɽɽתһȦ֦ǸΣףʦһֱң֪ӺʱʼͲˣҲ֪ô￪ʼҡ
޷
ֱֳֽףǻƷɵССֽ׷ǰ·
ֽϰؽɽķΧ
üͷ󷨲δ춯׼ǣ
˶ɽ
н˶·̣ʥŮֽ׵Ŀĵء
ľɾӡɽɽ

ףƯˮϣʧȥʶ
һȪˮ
ȪˮİߣվλŮӡ
δ˵ǰףζԻҲδ
λƺڵȡ
ֱú󣬵Щʿ̤˵طΧ
Ů΢΢ЦЦҡ
ˮϵ꣬͸Щ
ףţȻΪϤ
ǡʱʱеĿ⡣

ǳ˭̤ĵط
ȥ£ǰˡ
ֽɣ֤ףξ档ϵ۵ϣͿģѾ˽ȥˣ͵ûƼǡ
⻰̫˿֣
ͷɽҸܵˣĺ
˵زΣաջߣȥһ𿴻һȥĴ͸
˵ЩʲôʥŮͷһۣ£
ǡ
޻Ϊԭͣܿ뿪˴˵ء
ʥŮ湻ѡϵ
ˮżŲ̤棬ֻҪܳȥСƵģֽҪˣ
ǿŵĻʵֽ׾ǰԶǡ
̤ɽ
˺
ڽɽһϢ˺֣Լ䵥ˡ
ʥŮʱеĺ
á翵ɡҼ㡣
ҪԵ·ȥĵطȥ

ƽ㣿
ϵۻδ仯зӦͿԪվǰԶ
æܹȥ˵ƽ㣬ǲΣ
ǲһֱڹעأ
ϵ۵ĲǿӲס
еϥһأϥ˵ϡ
ϵ̧ͷҹҹˣȴֻ顣
ϵۡԪƵһ¥ɱĴ̿ƣֹڲϵ˶ѡ
ŽѪ
ҴӺ֪㸸׺Ԫʮ߿ˡ
ҴãΪǸŮ룬ɱǡ
ϵ㶣ѪΡ
Ѫ
δˡ
ܣûܴҵĿꡣԪƵ
ֽ߽ɱ㣬ҵĳܱˡ

ӳѩ
ӳѩǱʦĺѵġ
ۣԼص˪ɡ
ʱԼڲ塣
ʦ𡣡ӳѩԼ˻þ糣ظˮ
ˮϲ£ЯŽ
߳Ǳŵġ
˿̣Ľ䣬ִڽϡ
ӳѩûпĻʦ־ȻЩ
һҪ㡣
ˮӳѩ͡
ʦǼüõġӳѩǵãʱʦ˵һ仰
ӳѩΪʦֻһλӣҪΪʦʲôԸ㡣
˵ӳѩ߰ӣһСǻ츳һǱˮ谮ġ
Ȼ߰ݡˮ̵úܺá
ΪʦΪ㶩һݡˮ໨ӳѩͷӳѩԼȥȡɡ
ӳѩʶ֡ʦδԼȥȡ
ͨ죬ѷĶԼȥҡ
ţˮЦţôˣôˣԼȥȡô
ӳѩӦ
Ժӡˮվͳɡ
ӳѩʦ˪ɣԱ͵˷ϡ

ӳѩʼվ֣㷲
£һΣûʦĻ;˷ۡ
˪ɻȥ
þٶȡ
ص˪ʱǻƻ衣
ӳѩûڲҵʦ
ʦ𲻰˲壬ȥĵطˡ
뵽ӳѩžȥ
һ·ϣİ
еĲѵ˻ֵ̿ĳ̶ȣð亹
ȲҪʦ
ڣžˡ
໨*ݲݣ
ʱӳѩˣʦ㲻һ棬ʦһһԣ
ʱʱļ䡣
£˵صĻеĿήеǺܾò˴
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֪Ϊһ棬ûӳѩȻ̤ͥԺ
ʦ𡭡ʦ𡭡
ʦ𣬻ӳѩҧҧ첽߽ͥԺ
ԭ֪ʿֱǱʲôܰ˽ȥ
ûýŲ
ӳѩžΣϰʱĵطȥ
һСŷڸϰϣιιС㡣
ȣӳѩҪ߽⴦СԺӡ
ĽŲס
ɫ˲ʱɷףվסҪȥ
СԺѪڵϡ
ӳѩʦЬıѪմȾҲѪҺ罦
ĿⶨؿĻ
ʦĽĿڣΡ
䣬մȾŵѪ
ӳѩֻúÿֲ
ǽڣûԼڵء
ˮ˹ݽѪΡ
ʦ𡭡ɱš
ӳѩӲ֪Ƿ߶ģ˵Եʡ
ʦֲñ
ղסˡ

ôôûϢص඼ӡ
ˮڻϵĹˡ
ĸס
ĸסԱվһ꣬СòŸմ˪ɻ˵䣬Ϣš
λֳ
ͼֵܽúܶ࣬ǽ͸ֻҲӽһˡ
ֻ͵µĺӣֻˡˮСģλֳ
һλǰͬͬĸģһλǼ͵µġ
ĸ̫ԼĺӼ̳мͼˣʱͲϲĸ׽󲿷עֳ
ʱƻһЩǺҲûã޷ɢȥ
ˮתҪߣڼͼң䣬˶סܳªܿ¡
ȥģվס
ĸ׵ͣ˽Ų
ǲ˵ôĺӣ˷һ츳Ķϲ
ˮͷ˵˵ףϲϪϲʦϲϲϵʦϲööϲ
ǻû˵ڡ
ˣƢǼ
ĸףСһʱѣ˵䡣
ˮ£ֳ߻װú۰Լ˽¶ļɺޣȶԳֻߡ
ǿ˼ͼա
ڼĸ׸Ļ̬ȣ꺮ůΪʱ˵ȹƷֳ
ˮŲϵ
Ȼĸ׵ԺӣֻҪԸ⽫øֳֳܽ㸸׵ļ֮λʱֳţû˸۸㡣
˪㲻ֳˣ𡣡
Ҳ֤СãҶ˪ʳص࣬ӣúýѵ
㸸׺òطɲҪʧĸĨᣬҲҪġ
ȻǴ⣡ˮǣ
ֻǾȻҵطʱ±ʿȡĵĿ־ٶϮ
ˮסؿڣúʹ
ĸףð⣬ĸסҲĺӣΪ㲻۰һ֡
ˮûͼʳڡ
֪ˡ
˲ᰮĺӡ

ʦ㡣
ѪҺץֱۡ
ҲѪȾϺѪɫ
ͷףεϾơ
ϱ۾Ŭţ̧ͷ꣬ƺȫԵЩŤƽĿ㡣
ʦ㡭
ֻ䡣
ɿ
л˵
ӪҺļӸʣ5[]



115 
ͷָᴥף۾·
ָᶯ
Ѿʧ,ǰĳ

һСŮ߰ɣҺ˪ɡ
Ůܾϲ꿴ȥ
Ŀһ,Сʱףʦá
˫۾,ϴġ
н,˲һգʹص˪塣
ļ,ʱ䣬ûл˪ɣһʱ䡣
ͻ˪ʱҲûмʦ
ʱ,ˡ
Щ˼,,⺢ӣչһ
֮ͥͷף,ӽǣ,㿴˵
ٺò
,ЦЦС,ٻΪͽ
ʱ,͸һ,Żչǡ
ף⻰,ͷ,͵͵ꡣ
ܿˡ
ףסŵľ,ʱ,Ҳסǡ
С,ҪʳȣŶѾϰˣΪ
ףλȥæ
ЦԴ˵СΣȥǡ
ףξ͸˶׼Ƶģܵ굱ʱ鷿š
Ӳ⣬̽ԴС㡭
꿴ȥֵͷԼ
һСᣬһëԴչ
ľˮ̫ʶ֣Сֹ֡
һһֵĽ
ȥһꡣ
һʱ䣬ףκö죬
걾Ϊҵʲô飬̫ġ
ǽϵ۵ʦ㣬Ҳ̷յĵӻӳѩʦá
ڵһա
ףصҵ㣬ɲһᡣ
Ĭˡ
ףθ˵ǣ֣ܶߡ
;оڵСԺӣᶣЩˤˡ
ǣ
ףһӦһ˿ǰ졣
ܳŵľ߽ݱ鲼ҰӦǲȵʯͷӣСŤһ¡
˶˵ϡ
꽫ȣߡ
£ףʵˣûзſȻǣꡣ
괩Ұߵһɽ£ˮ¡
ף˿û㣬ٵһᡣ
ʱǻƻ裬չԵóȺ죬ˮϣ
Ƴףνס֡
Լˣ
̫ɢ
ҹĻ١ɫǳʡ
Ƭط
ûȥˡʱ䵽ˡ
١ٵһᡣ
ף˫ֶסֱۣԴ͸Щ󣬡㣬һСᡣ
ǿģ
ƿĿ⡣
˻ᣬ˵غȻǹ㡣
ٲˮΧֵӳˮ
һʱ䣬ͬ׹˼䣬ǱҹɫǺ֮䡣
㡣
ף۾Ҳӳǹ㣬Դ꣬㡭ϲ𣿡
ף˵ֲЩЩֲ
״̬ǽµġ
ŮļӲֹԵʡ
Щȥǣףλž
Ұûж֮ֻ¹Ϊ
꽫ףǣúܽ
ֱ˳йԺ丽ʱɿ
ſڵأ˰ɡ
֣ףξ˹ȥ
óգģῴ꣬꣬ԺҲҪϢϢ
ףصͷһҲû˽ģԺ档
Ц˵öԡҪСδһ𡣡
һһ֪͡ⱳʦȻǳˡ
ȥѩȥ
ĺ󣬳Ϊ˸ꡣ
ʼ꣬ʦ㡣
Ϊĵӣףβһ˿иҹ
˪ʱԪڽ̵
ףʦѽϵһѽףʲô˼ߣʦȥȥ
ףЦЦȥʦ㣬ʦҪһȥô
ǻδŵԺȥסһࡣ
ףʱһԻŷֽ
Ƴǡ
ϵһ¾ͽ˫ֻסԼʦãҿûҪףʦá
ȥؾˣͬ
ÿףλʱȻЩС⡣
ջۣһӡ
أΪĵӣףǻյͬ޵ս
ʱӮʱҲ䡣
ĵӲʮֳʣ仰ɽ
ףЩлʱܰߡ
˻ᡣ
ʦ㡣ʵΪλΪأʦ㻹ǻʦ㣬ǿ
ûд𸴡
ףְѵúؾȥ˯ˡ
ڶգٴԼĽ
ͷ롣ϵۺͻӳѩ
ףΡӳѩŽЩѲˣˣûϢ
ϵЦЦףһϢ
գ˰ѵЩ˵лļһ²˭
ףҡͷʦ㲻ðңʵ㣬ǷʵˣǵлȻͣˡ
Ľ裬ͬﱾǵһӳѩüЩ۾̫ϹֻΪ硣
ףЦ£ʦ㣬ûᰲοҡ
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ף۾һ仰󣬾ȥʦ㡣
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Ҳ֪˵Щʲôиˣֵֵϣ˲䡣
ûнջء
ʱֹȥ
ݳһѪ츳ٲڽϵۡ
ٲΪԳΪͽܡ
Ѿ֪Լˡ
ʲô٣ףκƾʲôʦҪЩ
ס֣ᶨҪʦ֮飬ҲҪΪʦ㵲סѡ
·һߡ
һὫ³جΡ
һΡΡΡ
İȾףεѪ
ĺֹͣ಻˫峺۾ϣٻʦ㡣
һΡ
ͷָᴥף۾·
ˡ
Ѿͣˡ
ĻǰȫȻ顣
һӰ֡
̧ͷŮӣƽػһʦ档

ʦ棿
ӳѩֻڻ￴ˡ
ӣˮ㿴ҵĻ񡣡
ŮǹߵӳѩԣӳѩҪġ
仰ûӳѩһǼٵģԲԣʦôɱأ
˵Ǽ٣Ҳǡ
еĳ򣬵ʵ
ŮĻӳѩļ򣬡ˮҵһӣҡͥʱ̫ҪҸĿעˮѧһȥչ˰ͥʱվˣҲûмٶ԰ͥİ
ӳѩ뿪˵غ㽫㷽ſЩҲңֻϡ
Ҫ㣬ʦ𣬴ҵˮ
Ůӽһ۵õֽݸӳѩסҪȥ룬Ҫȥ˼ˮʱ
ӳѩסֽʦ棬ʦ㡣
ѸϳǰŮʦ档
ţ֪ŮӵϽ˽޷κ顣磬Ѿ˽磬˴ͬ
ɽҽΰǡ
ʦȻϡ飬С
ӳѩסｻˮ



116 Ը
ףʦ㡣
ף˯˺ܺúܺõһ,ʱμʲôѾˣֻǵǸΡ
ۣԼѾصԼסĹڡ
~
һèͷչ,,,ˣǶڵ㡣
ףԼӦʦ,ɽɽôͻˣ
ɻӴ,û͵èͷ
ϵǴ,ǲҪٻˡ
ϡ
ףƿ,Ȼ簢˵,ͥͬǡ
Ŀⲻ˲Ϣ,ͱŵİŮ
,ҲͶ
Ϻףϰ۾䣬ʦ㡣
걻ס,,߰ա
ȥģףЩɻ
ϵû,˽,¡
ħ޴ͬӳѩЩħ,Ǵˡ
ǽǵף롣
ٳ

ʥŮ͸,ɹλ
ڼλ,նͽΪĸ
,»ڣڶӭȢ¶Ϊ
ףһ˪ɡ
·гա
ףξ֣ʦϰ߲ǻʱڴ᷿ڣ̫߶ô
ΪһÿնЩʱ䣬Ҳһյ裬ҲƬ̡
ףվڼװϣʦ㡣
κʵʦ㣬ʲôֵó۲𣿡
ѵʦǵƫˣ˵ʲôħа׷ǣ
ɼǵãʦǰ˵𡣡
һ¡
ףεȻǵˣصͷ͸¶Եĸˣλȥ󣬽ô
šʦҴţ֪𣬽Ӧڡ
ȵִʱҪ˼죬ܼˡ
Ҫˡ
ף˿Щ
Ȼǰȷʵ˵ҪΪͽĻҲһֱôţǿǽ
һûпô죿
ܴﵽͽܵҪ
һʱ䣬ףβԭתһȦ
ڼװϣʲôʯͷӡ
ƽصת꣬ģԸ
ףˣ̲ס׷ʣʦ㣬𣿡
ע⵽ĿͶԼ֡
ףҲŵͷԼ֡
ţġ˵󣬾ˡ
ףι˲ǵɻˣʦ˵Ļӿġ
ڴһ졣

պ󣬷ͣ˪ɡ
˶ˮΨһһ˵Ⱥĳ
ʦãӴӴӴϵ۵ЦԱʦˡ
ӳѩƳһۣĽֱ˵
·ۣˮˡ
༸Ҳظ壬Ҹʦ
ףʱûʦ𣬲һȥš
źףλؾԼٻ˵ż
һһ꣬ȴûпϪš
Ϫϴεˡ
Ϫŵʱһһ⣬Щ˵㡣
ףһʱ֣ȥ˴ˮ
֪ˮסģǲҪָ·

ˮڳص⣬ɵڳص໳
ʦˣ
صûзŹִûᣬһˮһʵ
롣ˮͷ
غܺ棬кöëףèè˺Ĵβ͡
˺һ󣬾ͺʦ
صĶˣʦΪ׼˺
㣬бңǹӣˮ벻ԣ
ˮͷҡͷ˫֣ʦ𣬡ٳԡ
˪֮˺ѣˮСʱԸʦٴˮǱŵĿ
кӲĸء
ǺѴ治˵ĸ顣
صЦţգԡĺˣˮҪףνô
Ҫһᣡ
ˮˣæʦ𻳱
Ѿʦ뱻
ףν⴦ۡȺͳطȻˮȥķ䡣
ˮûյϪţ
ףûе飬ֱӽ
ˮûüȥԼţʱһȥҡ
ܺңΪֻаϪš
ˮһţ
ף˿߹ȥ
ԡˮüͷණƵذŶϣǼͼҵš
Ϫأ
Ҳףһᡣ
ˮܳȥֺܻܿʦ˵ʱһżĹ
˶ûյϪˡ
ףβüһ
Ϫڶʮ֮뿪ţҲҪȥ⡣
ϵܺãʼʱϪҲţҲš
жʱϪ˵Ҫȥط⡣
أϪŻصԽԽףμȥ⣬ûл󣬾Ͷϵ
ΪԶµˣµ
ףαʱûģΪϪ̫ûжʱš
һֻʮǰԽšҲֻѡϪϽʵ
һףȴòԾ
һ𹲸ദʱǰã궨ǰ
鷳
ףðǰϪᵽԼЩС鷳Ȼ˵Ѿˣпܻк
ˮףθΪΪ֪ϪѾˡ
᲻ᱻ۸
ҧҪ̲סףεɡ֮ǰӦϪ㣬˵
ףοˮ¡ȥ
˵գߡ
ΪҪţ֪Ϫģ˪һݡ
Ҳȥ
ˮæһȥ
ˣջŵĵ죬˾ٴڣȥѰҰϪ
֮ǰ
ףȥš
Ϊ˻ڣȴҪ뿪
ʵǴΪ
ףκͷ
⣬˼ϢСΣȥҰϪΣ
˴λѵãصף˴δ󣬲֪ʱпϾʱࡣ
㣬ȥѰϪ
ŵǺ
ףκϸôӦ
򴽡
Щȥҵĵӻףβ
ʦףʦáˣȥҡ
ףΣѴһΣ⼸š
ָǰڸǴΡ
ҲáŵȥСβܰġ

Ȼص󣬻ӳѩõֽݸˮʦĶ
ֽ֪ģһͷһҪʦ
ˮӹЦЦΪʦдţ
ʦͽϵáĻӳѩļ򣬡ȥϢɡ
ˮĿͻӳѩضֽ
򿪡
һ˲䣬λڽޣסˡ
ּ
ڱˮĶ˲䣬ֽ漴𣬷·Ӳϡ
ˮͷտա
Цһ¡⡣

µۡһʱһա
濯һɽעϢ
ͽˣ
ͬʱͽܵҲ쳹ɽ硣
ףεǺҲͻȻͱ˪ѡвᣬֱΪͽܣôõ
˵ҲټǼ꣬ǸŽȥˣԲܳô졣
е˼ˣϣ֪жٽ޻ȥս⽣ͽܣǷôı¡
ͷβǷ˶Щ¡
Ϫϵۡ
ΪʱţǻԣѰ㡭ɱ
ûмֵ˵òôע㲻Ѿ𡣡
ԥʲôʵܻصߡ
Ϫۡ뿪˴˴
ͬǰһš



117 ϵ
ʦңӦʦŵĹϵһɣ
˪,塣
صŵĽĵطףΡ
ףǶġ
֮ڴԼ
һʱţ㲻,ɽ۲Լ
ףΡֺ,,м졣
ʱһ档ףεʮǰ,ҡ
Ȼǵǡ
֮һԵ֣֡ףι
ڵϣף߽ȥ,
Ҵδչͽ,ô̵,֮Ҳţ뿪޷ҽ,ȷҪҵʦô
ףصͷ,ΨһҪʦ𡣡
,ᰴףͷ˿ϣǱĿڰɡ
ʦʦ𡣡
ǰ뻽ĳƺĴ˵ˡ
һʱ,С
ףգգۡ
ѧգգ,ͽ
,忡꽣ѹ,˵Ļ
ʦͽ,㶨ʦһæɡ
ͽһϢͶͽҪ
Ҫǽ,ȻЩС￿ͽҿʿ
ףٴεͷ,ʦ˵
Ϊ˷㽣˵,Ѿ˵ϡ
ҿͬƵģҺʾѣĶҲ
ʵҪȥҲκ˵Ŀӡ
ȷϷԲﶼ˺
ףΣǲͦϲ⺢ӡ
⡭ˣԵԿ䡣ȷʵ̫ԣףҲΪǫϡ
ͷŴҺܺá
Цúӣ֮أҪģǳģҡ֪𣿡
ʲôֵҪ
ףɻ󣬵ǴӦ
ԡˣףԴֵڣ顣
裬뿪ĳһţŹӦô˵
ùףΡ
ܺã
ʾӦᵽ˭
ʦĽ̵˳ף롣
ԡЦԴȻҪ˵þòʦ𣬺ѽţ벻ʦ𡣡
ףԶԣʦ⣬ôȥʣ
⺢ӡ㻹СסʦĻû
ףŶһͷסˡ
οúӡ
ʦһ㣬⽣ᱣ㣬Ҳ򡣡
ףμǵǿҲͬĹЧ
ллʦ𡣡
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ʦ𡣡ף̲סҲ̫ˣ㰲ǵߡ
Цԣˡ
û
һ
Ȼ֪˹ˣЦȥʦ㣬˭ûСͽܺãȻͽˡ
ˮ䵽ϣףΣʦҪ˵
˵ţ׸ףһ䣬񡣡
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ˡ
ӵʵʦ㣬£
ˮ㳣⣬Щű֣ûôͥɫ
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ͥá
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ܻġˮν´뿪
ףȻ

ա˪ھʽͽ䡣
ףγ˳״ӡ
˻ᣬĳλô˷
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֪º󣬽йȥˡ
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ǣʦҪֻЩĵĻҪԷʲô
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ţֿʦ𣬡ʦңӦʦŵĹϵһɣ
Ȼǽ
һš
֮ͥһ𣿡
֮ͥȥ
ףЦЦҲʦˣҪȥʦ㡣
һ񣬡ţʦ𣬵Ӹˡ
ûصˣףȻ뽣ദա
£ֻҵϪ

ݡ
ϪĹ磬ݵĴǣǡ
Ǿͻħң̻
ϪۡһλظԺеǲڵ
ңû˼Է֡
Ϫȴţ׼ǡ
˵ԼйأЩҵĻȥȡǷݴУͲۼĸˡ
⣿
ΪֻҵôʧȥڣЩܲ㵽㡣
Ȱ㲻ҪǣǶץס㣬Ҫô㣬Ҫôͽˡ
ϪҧأŬԼ侲
ѵ㲻ңһ·϶ûջңҪԸȥǸطˡ
ŲţġǣһϢȥĸס



118 
ţɱֹɱ
,ǡ
ǳؽΪʢΪʿҲסŲʿ
ħʿϵĵˡ
ħϢ⵽ʱ˳ʿ,ɢҲЩ鿴
Ϊħ޵ʬȥ򼸸ɶһԴ,ɢ˵,Ҳһջ
ȻҪڱ֤Σ¡ħʵ̫ǿ,ɢȻҪԱȡ
ɱʮˣʿ˼̡
µĻ㱨,ɫ,Щħ޵ӾȻ,Ȼڳ֣,񲻳ħ磡
ħҲɱ,,󲿷ħ޿˵ǼΪ͵
һзµ鼫١໹ڣ֣˼ɵģʵΪóɺޡ
Ϊʿ,Ϊ±زô򵥡
ħҪǷ,Ҫ
Ϊ,Ļ,ȥ˪ɴš
˪ɵϽΪ
ĻźȻһ,,ǳԭһ˪ŵӡ
ǵ,ûʲôΪ,Ѵ˪뿪ˡ
ǵѵļ֡Ļŵ֪ûвҪǳˡǺã
üȥ飬Щû
ǡĻҪߣ뵽һ£Щħ޲ǳİɣǵĳУ
޿ܡҪмʵǵЩӣҼǵŮɲǸʿᡣ˪ŶôĻǳС
ܿ죬˾ʹ½ȥݲˡ
·ص̣ʱǰ죬Щ˵ݻҪϸ飬ʧٵ˿ȥȶʬס
ʬ׵ò˸ʾǽ
Χڿ
ϪУĻװ硣
ۣһʱҡ
˲Сײ˰Ϫһ£ļ£㵹ڵϡ
к˷Ůɣעŵ㣬ҪˤϣɲǺܵġ
Ϫ˵лجج߳Ƭط
ˣƹСѲʬ޴ӱʶ
ףΪԼˣ
Ϫúûơ
ǰãĵ˵ҪⴳһƬ⡣
ڡͱ֪ʲôˣһЩħףǣ޹
Ϫ֪ߵǽǣһûˡ
ԼǰǺξֻڵأģ걻˺ѳƬ
Ը𡣡
𡭡
Ϫ뵽Լѣ˪ҵǣǾԻԼЩħҳɱˡ
һҪվ
ʿﲻ㣬㷽ûôﲻʿ
ȥǣֻҲɱ
Ϫͷţ֧Ŷͷ۾ͨ죬Ѫ˿
ң㲻гˣ
ȥܴУԸЩʿʬ׼ĸס

Ϫ߬ġ
뿪ʱңױԲҪ
Ϣء
֪ǻᲷ㵽ҵľסأȴڳºᵽ£Ϊ˵ȴһ̣Ϊ˸ȥǸʲôУȻñᡣ
Ϫ͵شӵվ˵Щħ޾ġ
Ҫȥ
һЩ㣬ѾʧȥڣһħţΪЩʿζ㣿
Ҫȥô˵ĻҲˡ
侲һЩǸˣһߵģֱǽץǣα˴¡
Ϫţֱȥ
ߵ;һѲӵһ

̽ħķħޣֱӾͱץˡ
Ϫȥͷȷʵһ
ΪŵĵӣȻʶҲ֪û˵ѡ
ȻתһԺ䡣
ȥôǲһħ˵Ļ
ҲħޣϪ侲ûг
뿪ѸٳԺ䣬ҿʱûˡ
󣬰Ϫһ·ߡ
ǰʱδгзӦҪس
ǣϪʶ˷ϱߡ
˪ɣ
ĺѸճ˽ӣȥôӾȻħǺѣϢȥ򡣡
ұ졣
ϪŹ·ǰߡ
ħޣ޷ı䣬վ˶棬ֺοȥǡ
Ǳɱ
˵ԸҲҪӵݣ
ظ
ϵ;ǧ֣ħһֶΰˡ
ϪЩħ޷µ𣿣
ǿƲס㲻ͬ
Ϫȫһ׼ħޡ
ħƻֹǵƻ
ţɱֹɱ
û츳֤ؾħʵǿͳħޣʱαΡ
Ϫᡣ
ҹ̣׼ǰһǳȥۣ˪ɣȥףΡ
ǼŴ뿪ƥǿС
һա
Ϫ㱻ҵˡ
ԺͬʱĻһ
ء
ϪǰΧħޣѾʧȥΪ𲻳ǰħǺξ硣
Ҳֹһ
ҵȺҡ
ͱ׷ˡ
Ϊ׵ħ޼һȦϪ˹ȥˡ
ϪԱ߶㣬ϵȦ޷¡
зħ޺Цѹܶô죬Ϊ׶еˣ
ͺˡ
ħٳһǹֱֱͱϪ
ȻĻֱӾͽϪ顣
ǱǹֵϪ򣬴̴ȥ
ӣȦħһðˡ
ǹħ޻벻⣬ûħԼŵҩˡһ뵽ô죬ھͰɱˣˣµúܣ
ϪʱѪ졣
Щɱĸף뽫ȫɱô
ϧɱҲԲţλҪĶ
ħٽȦϪͬҪȥǣһͷһ㡣
ҿ԰㡣
Ƚһ
Ϫҧ۵ֱð
Щߡһֱûڵħ޴ߴ٣ǵԮˡ
ʲô˪𣿡
ǳֳǹħ޼Цӣɱ
˵軰ħûд
˲䣡
Ȧϡ
ۣôĿϵЦЦͦģħëѪģˢ
һǳֳǹħޡ
ħнΪ
ǰµĺۼֻᱻΪڵħޣ˪ɾҲڡ
ǹħ޿ɲ½ʿ
ͬʱףѾ˰Ϫǰ
ʿҲ˻ˮʿҪýʿһΧףΡ

һ¡
罣ǧħɱȥ
վڼԶȻؿŽħסɱ
ףλŰϪ߹ȥ
ԣܷϪ˵
ϪȽҩˡףε˵ҩȥȻʹȥʦ㣬ҽޣˮҲڵ㡣
գҪˮ֮±ϵۼ֪Ͷ˹
ӳѩʱ֦ˮߡ
Ϫû˵ץסףֱۣףףСΣ
ۿӯ飬ﱻɱˣ
һһˣ
ϪָָԼԴ
ĸûףθҩҴ˵
Ϫɴ۾
֪ȫǷ
һף꣬û뵽պãǰʣ
л˵
ллצСʹĻ[][]



119 ۲
ͷƼ˫峺۾
ףͷ,һħն
ǵħޣгĺ
ǰħΪȴаǲͽ¶ɱˡ
´ʱòѱ仯,ףȻȷǳĺ
Ϊʱ,ĺΪıȡȴа,Դ˺ɱ
ģ񻹴ڡףθܵ볤ĺ֮ǣ
ĺȻҲע⵽ʿ,һǰƵ飬ЦһһĽˡ
,ȥɱˡ
ĺָıףΡ
ɱ,ɱ
漴,ֵɱ꣬ʱʵָȫ,ëѾͷ,²˵ָȫʢʱ,ɱ㣬򣡡
ϵ۷Ǳս֣һʱüͷ,е˼ȵΣա
ħ޵ʵѾڽ,ԪӤħޣ
󾳽ĲСɡ˵ܻԲʿƾܸ𵤳ڵʿ
,нʿսʤԪӤʿ
ʿС,ԪӤ,ǾͶ㶼ǣ
൱ڽʿķѷܴ,ԪӤʿ˵,ͨػһ,һҪ
ѾʵĲࡣԪӤʿɱʿɱһɡ
ʱս֣ħߣĺ⣬ʿ
ǣֻʿһʿ
ϣʵϣǾ޿Ӯġ
ܿȫ
ϵһҧֱǳǹħһѸ
ٸߡ
ȻʿΧףʦʦã˵ˡ
ҧʳָֽơ
նħ
£һʥ߽Ľ֣ϳĺӭһ
ഥʱĽɢ
ѪȻܵ˷ɡ
ʦ㣡
ףѾŰϪߣʱǳĺĵϮ
æʩչǰȥ
ĺ޷ܽ俪
ʱһ֣ץסףμ򣬾ͽħǡ
ףˤ䵽ϣýħһͳĿڴ
Ѹٲ㿪ֳۡ
ħ޵Ľûд̽ȥ
һʮķħƽϣٶȴףΣ
Ϣ֮䣬Ʊ䶯Ѹ١
ϵȥӪףΣ׷ĳǹħ޲ס
СңǳǹħЦһʵħǿġ
ףȥħ޵ĽƱ̴
Ѫ䵽ϡ
ֳֽȥ
ȻԵħ޲ֹһħʩչֱףεĽף͵ˤϣֵ
Ҫ鲻׼ħ޶ͬȥɡ
ýħһһֱףԴȥ
ηĿڣֱӶԴ
ףֽž㱻Σá
Ϫȥĺһħ͸ԭء
Ϊ壬ĺû˺Ϫ
ף֮䣬ע⵽ʦ㡣
ʦ㡭δǱ
ӲȾİմȾ˵Ѫ
ףҧأתȫƿ
Ѫͬʱڻ˸
ѡ
ף䵽Ϻ󣬳ֻķڣȥƷ˿
ֽͷ
ѪԭǸӡĺע⵽ˣǹ𣬡ȫʬûȥ
ħӦ¡
սپĺٹᣬ˵˾ˡ
ħѸٶΧףΣк
ףε۲ϢͶ˺üƶҿۼӲƲء
ġĺǷЩˡ
ӳѩԾս֣ףηֵ˲ѹǶڵʿϽʿֻǿ֧š
㣬ܳʮϢ˲𡣡ĺ꣬ʿɳǼΪ
ĺһϳɨֱֱ࣬Ȼ뽫ֱն룡
⵶һħ޻ǣܵѹ亹ֱǿѹϡ
ϵҧ⣬ʩչطѹȻô˻ᣬֱȡǹħĿڡ
Ȼ̴ħࡣ
ĺѹᡣ
ָʩչ
һʱ䣬üȦֹл
ףγֽĺԺϮȥ
ĺǹ𣬲㲻ܡ
ףεĽֱӴѡ
ʿҲҶҽĺЦ
ף϶зûܵ塣
ףΣ
һ
ˮ
ףνǱסٴδĺ
ħޱӳѩϵǣס
ˮЩԷ
ƵġĺջץסףεĽֱץ顣
û룬ѽûôױƻ
Ʊ裬ϵķϾ
ĺףһ˦ȥ
Ҫʲôƨԣⶫˣ
ףײϣس塣
һѾҪˡ
ĺżЦרעضص¡
ףĽôóĺط
ִնĺ
γĺû
ȻħΪӿ
ꡣ
һ顣
ٿȻ
ĺִֵӼ򴦱жϣ
۰ĳһ䵽ϡ
Ѫ罦
ĺ۾ͫ𣬵ܲˣֱӱӣ
һϢҪط
۸ҵͽܣߣ
һҲȥ
ĺͣԭأףΡ
ף˵ӰżΪõò忡ϹǳЦ

㡭㲻ǧ֮⣬Ҳһӽ˳
ĺ˫ʧˣһ䣬겻һΣɱ㡣
һʵָõķ£ѡ
ǲ
ĺֱٶȹʼʩͼԱԪӤ
ǽЩȫը
ڻûħޣȫں
Ȼ⣬ûгɹ
ĺĿľΪɽɱҲ޷
ͨһڵϡ
곯ɫЩ԰ס
꣬Ǻӻڣ̡
˵գ𽫽׸ףΣӰʧڴˡ

ĳ
ĺۡ
ÿʱʶص֮ϡ
ҪǡǽΣɱˡ
ĺͷĿڴ
ʱȻѡ
ͬǾ̴߱ķһ
һֱӽŷ뱾ϵıҲɱˣ

꽫ʣħɱ˺󣬽ϪһϷۣ˪ɡ
˶ˣҺ֦ҲˣΪǽơ
ϪѺԼףȻϲʤףԵɡ
ԭǸϵʱħѰϪ
Ϊ˲ħĿģǽƾͼƣˮƵٸǼħޡ
Щ˶ûѾ˪ɵʿƺˡ
Ϫ˿ûǣ޹̫ˡ
Щ˪ɣˡ
ԺĹС
ϪûᣬףСΣˮܲܰһ¡
ˮͷϪ飬ҵ飡
ףҲףȰϪ˵
һŮҪϵġϪѵҡǸԺܸܲȥ
Щħ޺󣬰ϪԲһ㣬Ų뵱ħޡ
ŴҲãܺùʱ챻ħޣħȥɱ޹ˡ
Ǹˮɻ󣬡ĸ
ףѾˣ㲻ҪϹ롣
ϪЦķҲܡ
ף֪ƾԼϪģһжҪȵŲ֪
뿪Ϫ᷿󣬾ֱȥʦ㡣
صģֱԪӤʿĹܼƲʮϢʱ䡣
ǣͨĽʿԪӤħޣܿϢŲ
һֱڷϢδ
ףʦ㷿ǰԥˡ´ʦˡ
˼Ȧ
Ƿ򿪣
ѩɽȪ
ףһǣ߶ʦ㶨Ȼ֪
߽ȥеؿꡣ
ϣɫȻŵ԰ףüĵĿЩ
ۣʣףʦã¡
ף߹ȥͷʦ㣬ʦ㣬壬Ҫã۲ۣ
ͷƼ˫峺۾һϢȻΪΪʦõ¶
л˵
ллһѪСʹĻ[][]



120 
չ£ǵĵӰΪ׽ӵ
ףͷ,δ
֪һ飬ʦ㣬ô
ѯʱȹߵ,ǻǡ
۳ķ
ףٴ׷һ,ڱ,ʱΪע顣
ʵϣҲȷʵˡΪף϶Ų˺ʲôûиɵİϪ
Ÿġ
Ϸۺ,֦Ϊƺףξ֦ʹơ
֦ʱĻظǶԳˣΣ,ʦ,пɡ
ִףϪԻ,̲סѯʡ

ʾ˼ԶΡ
ıףξôȥ˼ľҲԶЩ
û,ףνֱ÷˹,,Ҳ͸ղһأ,
,Ȼרעؿ,ƺǲȵ𰸾Ͳݡ
ļһ˿Ρ
˵,Ҳ̫С
ĳΪʺصĵ;,,ֱʺϴ;
һ,ָ,ųЩϡ
꾿ʲô;ڵĳҲ֪
ۡ˵仰ԼмİĲʸС
ۻǲۣ˵𰸺󣬶ƺ
ֳ
ףε˿۾һֵʦ㣬ɲҪƭҡ
۲ۣˣЩʲôء
һ뵽⣬˼
ԹԵʣԹԵ
Ƴһۣ˼Ϣ󣬵Ϫ֮£޷㱣֤ΣҪȻصźš𶨶ᡣ
ףףá
Ȼźͽûʲôõĵġ
ʱעתʦϡ
ʦ㣬㻹δشҡףѵ˵ۣûƭҰɣ
ݡ
ʡ
ʴʱõĳﾳǰģ˸еһЩ
ٻشˡ
𰸸ҪҪǻش
ףʦãѾ̸꣬óȥˡ
ʦԼ
ʦˣ
ףβҵ飬վãʦ㣬ˡ
ߵŴʱִʦۡ
½۾ˡ
ʦӦҪǱˣԼȷʵôš
ʦ㣬ʲôͽҡ
˵⻰ףιľš
ҪȥʦǡУˮ֦⣬Ǽ˶ơ
ϵ˶ǿʵط˿գҪһʱ䡣
ڴϣűӣɪɪݶڴ
ףνϵ۵᷿ϵԴѣͷģúãҲмֱС
ףʦãȥģЦݣ٬Ϣ͸¶벻ҵĺʦãҲļϵĵһλҲ۰ġ
⸱Ҳҵģˣ٩
ף߹ȥʵʦ㣬ʲôҿ԰ģ
ϵſڴϣȾơ
ţףæضϵۣԡ
ϵЦ˳ûʲô߰ɣʲôҪҲˡ
ף뿪ӳ컨塣
Ԫƣˣ֪֪
Ҳ

ڷϵ죬Ϫλʦ㶼л⡣
ԵʣЩʦˣܹⲻȥ
£ϪҲ֪Щʲô⽫ȫҶóǵ㶫⼸λʦ˵ġ
ϪаգĿǰΪŮʲôУȥ˪ҲΪ˶ܳС
ҲЩʿΪˡ
ϾȻгط󣬰ձţЩʳ
ȻЩܳ飬ֻʱЩл⡣
ֻǰϪŪ˻ᣬףκˮæˡ
ŶףȷʵæģˮӦȳһġ
ʳǰϪԼеģϲʳڳȥǰ·ûкóԵģͶ˺ö࣬׼Լ
Ŵ׷ЩƯСֿ֮ʼˡ
ףΰæʱ״ʱ˾ʶЩѣ˸Сӡ
Щ*ȥ۵ļװϺףνŵװʱõϡ
ˮһ·ѲѣǺĴβͣԵ

ףνõĺʽİɫιˮ
ˮ
ദʱ󣬻ӳѩѾ֪ˮϲԼϣ˶ĳƺ
ŽվڲԶ˵Ҫȥæôֻ͵ԵĲè
ֵˮŷ۵ĺϣʶӳѩдԡ
ˮŲˮҧŸ㣬㣬ףģƷһ¡
˵ţתҪӳѩúʣοɲٶԼˡ
һתƼĲǻӳѩǻӳѩԼԶꡣ
ʦ㡣
ˮһӾˡ
ʱʶԼˣ
ˮôܵһףĸأ
ʦ㶼ˡءô죿
ˮף̸㣬ܵǰȥ
ʦԣ
ͻȻײĸ㣬괹ˮء
ʦ㲻ԡ
ܺóԺܺóԺܺóԵġˮŬֻͷףȡ
ףεʦĻش
߹̸ˮȡ
ףοϴǼ¾֪ʦĶЩȤ
ؾǲء
ˮȥæ
ףҲ֪ˮΪִʦ㳢Ϊ˲ʦٳܾˮһΣȽˮ֧ˡ
ܾĻˮ˵´ξͲҶʦ˵ˡ
ףβ鷢
ˮˡ
ʦ㣬Ҫôףӳѩʵ
ӳѩۣʱһ飬ԡ
ʲôö
ϵ۴ӴＸ˿飬ǳԡ
֦ΪףθȤʱҲ֪ð
ף
ףʦãĸ㣬ԸҼѪ
šΪԾ
ף󳷣ҪˣʦԷʳҲǿ󡣡
㲻Сײˡ
ָףμϣͣ˶
ʱ㣬ײˡ
ðɡֹ֦֪ϴΰʱ͵͵ȡһѪҲ֣ᷢΥҽ޵ʵ¡׿׿ôء
һһ㡣
ʦֹΣյĻ߿ˡ
ףûٸʱֻʣ㡣
èèʽʽ
лʦ㡣ףЩ롣
ӣŻص˼װϵϡ
Ȼףֻ˳æ
ȵæ˶װϡ
Ҳڡ
ʦַ棬ǼΪġף롣
λɾպǸмصΡ
ʿΪʲô£ͬţȷˣɱħޣǱӦ顣
˰ս
Ȱ˵ϵЦ˵˼䣬Ƿſġ
Դˡ
ʱףע⵽Լʣµһ顣
ֻʣèè״ġ
ӦˮԵˡ
ףһ㣬Ž
ںʦԼһۡ
ȥ겢δڹע

ͣ˪ɡ
ϪýšûţҲû
ûǰֳװƵᡣ
ֱףκȥš
·ڵа㣬ϪЩҺûףСڣֻʦ㣬ܾͲֹˡ
ȵǻ֮أҲ⻨аЧϪվֱЩ
ֻ˰Ϫһˡ
ףκ档ʱףҲеð˳
Ծԭ˼ƻ
ףʦá
ףһȦ껽һ
ͣ½Ųʦȥ
ǡɣʱ߻صߡ
꿴ףΣƽġ
һأףεĴǣ޷֤
ڣ˵ǲġ
µľȨϰߣ˵仰
ƿߡ
ף˵Ӵһ
ʦ㡣
İˡ
ô򵥵һ仰ףεĽȥˡ
š겻˵
ףûƻȥ
˵ȻٵĽӴ
չ£ǵĵӰΪ׽ӵ
л˵
ллɰСʹĻ[][]



121 
򡭡ΣʦҲҪ𣿡
Ϫ̸δʱ,ͥԺµĿˡ
ףβͷ¶ŵĽ
һʱ졣
Ϊһͷ㣬Ƿ㻹һˮţ,л
ڰС,Ҳе⡣
껹ñ˿ô
Цһ,еķ㣬ԸϹ,ٲԣ̫Բס
ãǼ˽ֳ,ҲŬôʡ
ףû뵽ʦΪ,Ҳʳ
С,
׸ȥ,Ƭá
ףθæ˫ֽӹ,ˮ,ˮ飬ˮɢߡ
ʱӦ÷άס,ûԼ䵽·ʪ͸Ĵ
,ʦ𡣡
ףǷ,ʲô,Զ,ðϪ
,˼,Ӵó,ʦ㣬㡣
ףζܿ죬ɾ䡣
ο꣬͸ҳȥ
ףӦá
꿴۽
ϡ棬Ҳһ𣿡
޴⡣
鵭ĺӣЦ£һʱҳʱģǰôСһתۣͳˡ
ף䡣
ѽʦ㣬ʦŲǸϤʦСʱˡ
ʦСʱ򡭡֪ʲôĹ¡
ϧôһûж˵߽Ϫ̸ķ
ҲûҪʹ˻ظ˼
ףźؼϵ
ȥѯʣŻô
ȵףν㰴սķԸƬ֮
̸Ҳˡ
Ϫ߳࣬յףȥ
ףСΣ
һѽףαסʵ̫ˣִѲĸо
Ժһʱˮˡ
֮ϲ
Ϫʵ᲻Լ顣ر緲һ㡣
ٹЩ꣬˵λʱձչأһ͹ȥˡ
ףЦҲܿģ֪źʦ԰Ϫֵ顣
İϪıǰϢˮ
ţ
ϪףɿЦݲá
Ҫкʦ㡣
ף߽䡣
ֻʣףκͰϪ
ףʦ߽ȥ֮Ҫźʦ𣬰Ϫ֮޽취
ڣϪˮסףΣҪ֪ԼΪڸݱħƻġ
⵵飬Ϫ˳µƵϣ˳Ĺ˸ڹ
ԴĶʱû취ȥŷŸ˽ƣˡ
УףСΣ֪ʽʲô𣿡
Ϫ׵ףԱߣڲˣѾת̬
ħ֮塣ףСΣԭҾȻšֺЦȻҲҪǻ棬ĻǚG
ףǣҲǣ⴫棬ſʼдء
˵öԣϪ̾Ϳʼ˼ˣǰҲҪҪڻ⣬ʱţʱҪȥΣԼվҪԱߣûж֡
ҲˣҲϰס棬ʱȥ￴ðӡ
һ룬óֽѸдԼҵơ
ֱЩȲˡ
ѻָվףγ׷Ǯ˵ʯ
Һȥǿ쿼졣ϪЦЦʱҪ϶ǿ
һᡣ
˶ˡ
˴󷢣˹
Ϫû뵽ⱲӻܺϽ
ǽޣ˪ļӲݽġ
һʱҸؿҪε
ףע⵽ʦҲǳǳƷЩ
ʦʲôʱԸʳأ
Ծ򴽡Լĳջã
šƹȥЦʣΣ
֮ͥС룬
ҲʧСѽСΣأ
ףͻȻ̧ͷúȵģʦ𡣡
Ϊžúúȣǲúȣ

ףɻֿţ֪ʲô
֮ͥ
ЦСΣҿʦ˭ģ
ôôᣬ֮ͥƳһۣҪΪѺӡ
ףĬĬʦԱ߿Щ
˱ǰģһͿһˡ
ϪƼĻòԾ
໰ӵԴѸת
Ҳת
ʱʦҪϷΣ̫İµףСüʦ顣
ʦĵһοϣףСϿβ˯˾˯ˣ֮󻹱ʦ㡭
Īװ˯ףСΡ
ϪﰵһðףСΣǲˣ
Թٷ󣬰ϪѸ뿪ˣҲ֪Ҫȥʲô
ףҲȥ
ôߣ
Լϵ忡Ůˣ֮ͥʵ
ſ֮ͥ
ò̫ãĶĿ
֮ͥ࿴ۣʶԣҪô
ͥȻЦ
ƺʱõġ
֮ͥδʦôйԼˡ
»̾Һס
֮ͥҪƿߣ֪ףЩߡ
»վͥĹϵСһô
ʦá֮ͥˡ
Ǿһˣ
»Ц֪ˡ
֮ͥ
˵󣬽Ӱʧ
Ÿָηϣ˼Ϣ¡
ۡ
һ

ʱգףڣϰ˪
ǰʱ򣬾Ѳ˵һʽ
ں󣬲һ£ɹʹ˵ڶʽ
ٶȣǰδС
úܶûԣͷʿʱƫ
ףҲӵ˲սӦǿļλ˳˶Է
֮ͬвˡ
ףҲ뻨ʦ˼д衣
ڲѪ£»Ӯ˻ӳѩ
ʵѲˡ
ôǱ£ڼһ˼Σ˵ĬԽԽ㣬˴˼ĹϵҲԽ
ʱȥĺܿ졣
ᣬʼˡ
ˮǰݡ
ϪͱǡԶֻȥǣ˲ͬȥݡ
ҰϪ˸Ҫڻ⣬û뵽žȻ˲Ųҵ
ǰδеģһŵӣûΪŵڵĲҵ
˪ҲϰŵɵҵʱŵӶǷ⣬ȥĳһصĲҵ
Щŵӻǰ֮󣬲һͷϣҲŵӸǡ
һΣΪֵͬϪϵĲҵ˵ǰĵĲҵŷȨðϪɣҪ
ϪҲûʧּºѾЧ
ףСΣһ䣬ҸĶһҪ
ݶȥ
ˮ棬ףΣϪʲô
ôûС죬Ϫƫġ
ףֳ飬ʲôҲûУԵúء
ҲϪŸң˵Լ
ѵǻӣˮĽˣϪ֮ǰҺܶ࣬ӦǸ㲹ϡ
Qסӳѩӳѩʦ㣬ȥѡ䣬òá
ӳѩƳôңĺףβ𡣡
ѽˮףο϶ҪסʦԱߣҲȥǵġ
ϵ۽ΪЦһʦ㣬Ҳ߰ɡ
ףνǼ
ͻȻǰҶʦҲԼһ飬ʦˡ
Ŵ£̧ͷײƽ
ΣʦҲҪ



122 ǣ
ʦ㲻ϲ˽ӴԼղ鼱֮£ǣʦ֡
ǰϪ,һҪ
ףεϰ޷ʧԼʦ㿴һϢѸٽս˴䡣
ʮ±սɵӡ
ʦ˵֮ǰ,ףθæʦ,סģ
ͼ̫,ԽԵ顣
꿴ϢƿĿ,⡣
Ѿܳˣ˳ʱҪϺܶ࣬նм㡣
Ϊ˳ˮ,ЩԼͬĽϰ
ϻһɫĵ,սҲвջ
˵Ҳ,ͬЩӵĽϰףλʶ,˺ܺõϰ
ʦ,Ǿ͸ˮʦסһ飿ףһ䡣
ûзԡ
ѡһס
ףѡ᷿,Ҫطʦ
ףʦá㵽ҷһ¡
Ǻ⣿
ףظʦ᷿ʦЩ齻

᷿ͦ,鷿ķָռ䡣
ף,ͷʦ㡣
վԶ,ƽ,Щꡣ
ꡣ
˪Ƕʱɾѧġףʦ,ĽѾܿ,һ,ļ
ףĿǰĽչѾ˵ʽ,ͼѧʽ
еʱ䶼˲ʽϣÿճ⣬ȥд衣
ܶʱˮͰϪ
ףβûʶԼļ
ǣôܲء
֮󣬾Ҫϻᵼʦˡ
ڣʱȥԾ
أЩ˪ѧᣬټڵѪףβпܹڵʿݶԾ
ϧһ£ǿֻҪԼŬⲢ˵㸶ˣܵõҪĽ
ף򴽣ʦ㣬һƵġ
ڲǸûʱ򣬼Ȼ˪ʱ޷ͻƣǾϰġ
⼸ףλԼӵݣΪӴ˲ٳϡ
ǣһ㲻Ծûз֡
жʦΪ̣СǴʿ
ʿɽҲվڶѽ
ɽʿֻмˣʿҲΪټɽ磬ʮˡ
ôỤסʦأ׮ôģ
ܲжɽʿɱʦ㣿
̫ɻףļˣǰһӦ֮û
ףҪЩ¸֪ţʦ㡣
׼ŵһϢ
ǰ
˵
Ϊ֪
ףδʱֻܿԼ޷
ֻһ
Ȼʦʱ˾⡣
ǡֻҪⳡ󣬾ʦǻ˪ɡ
Ƿܶ⣿
ףζԴĲ㡣ǳ¹Ǿıģʦ㲻Ҳỻɱķʽ
ףʦá
߽Ѿ㹻ˡҪΪۡ
ʱĹƺǱʦˣǰӰΪ
Լôܷʦοء
ףνļʱڱΣЦЦãʦ㣬֪ġ
ųʥŮӡ
ʦ㡣
ףʵ˵Ľѣ¾ͷô
⿼ǵķˡ
Ϊףʦ˫ˣƣܲ
ңףζ˽⣬ʦôȱٽŵı
Ǽ򵥵ΣգΪСĳɳȻ֡
漰ôܲԮ
ɽʿûйƴʿΪǿġ
ȥȫһ顣
ףεü̲סǡ
㣬ڵ£
Ը⣬΢΢üǰø֪㣬ǳ
ףεҡͷǵģʦ㣬ҡ
ĻظѾû˵ˣԣȷʵԭ򣬸ܽΪô
ƽףεʧ
Ȼʦ˵һ仰
ǳᣬлˡ
ҡⱲӶ뿴ʦ㡭⣬ǽѣԵʲô
Ҫǣʦһ˳죬ɡ
ףԸ
ˣƽ·Ҫܳɡ
ףʦá
룬ѧЩƷŵףͷ˿ϡ
ףεͷַ棬׾һࡣ
һѶΪѹӦԼԸĽ
ף򴽣üǽ
οûЧ̫µⷽ棬ȻЩΪı׾
Ϣֵ˴£ζ˽Ҳڴ١ףʦãʱȺúʱ䡣
ǳ˼ҪˣͰŰɣΪˡ
Ҳ̫ᰲοˡ
ףγĬһᡣ
꽫ִͷߡǰЩ΢Ҫ˿뷨סˡ
ΪⲢ׵
Ķ
ٿȻ
ս֡
󣬾ơ
ܽܽ궼ܵһ˿ʹ
ʦ㲻˵Ľô
ףվ
ԴʮͱҪˡ
վʱ꣬Ҫ΢ͷ
޵ĽΪ顣
ףʹùѷһһѰϪ͵ģ֩飬һӦ｣ڽĺʱѡ
ףʹõĽˮĵؼ
١ףεҪʦ֮飬ҲҪΪʦ㵲סѡ
仰ĽѲָֹǳƽ٣ʲôΣգħҲãаҲգڼУֻҪΣʦףԣʦԼ֮ǰ
仰
꽫ִףѳˣףʦá
Ļ䵭
ط
²ֹ鶼ȫˡ
ʦ㡭ˣ
ףʶΪһʦĻ
ʦЩ
ΪΣ
ף뵽ˣԼĶ
ʦ㲻ϲ˽ӴԼղ鼱֮£ǣʦ֡
Բʦ㡣
ףԼ˵˵ΪҪ֣´һҪעˡ
ĵǸЩ⣬£ȥ
ڶˡ
ף֪²ĵͣɵʦĻˡ
ûз
ڳ֮ʱƽظΪ
ڡͬˡ

ͣʱǽκһǳأһƬƽԭ
Ժĵط
ɸ˶٣еط־ס
Ҳ֪Ƿ⣬Ժ˪뱱ڷڵľסء
Ѿһ쵽
˪·ʱɣϼλڵӡ
ϵۣá
ŵĽҪҪڴһ
ϵ۲ڸ˱ԣÿ춼Ū໨ˡ
㣿񣬽ʱҺ򡣡
Ļϵ֪ʱ˲ԣǸӣʦһϸ¡
Զ츳ʢʿȷʵδƴ
ʵĸߵֻͣиۡддȥϲúһЩأд˭Ϊʤߡ
鷭˰ֱۣ˵
ϵԵЩˡ
ӳѩĻǰʱѾűԹˡ
£Ǹ
˭ǽӣ仰ལʿ˵ģףʲôţҪҪһ



123 
βʦġ
Ϊĵ,ףεֲ˵ȫɽ綼֪Щ˵ǾԻס֡
ĸὣ޲հɣ˪ɹϵ,ڵҲһܵõָöá
,ôһˡ
ôܲס֡
ڹⲻ˵ȫ,ǵһֶΡ
о̫ǳԣڳ벻ġ
ϵЦһ,ǺˣսףʦãûʲôɲС
ףθʱ˪,ˮһ顣
ЩԶ,ˡ
ףȻҲмȤ,ԭʱ֪,ֻᡣ
,˾ͳ˽ӡ
ʲô,ʲôɣܹʸ񵱽ĵӣ
ȷʵ񡣡ͬеǵһ䣬ϵ˵ף,Ҫս顣
ȥ,Ҳ˲ٳ,ӢŰŵ
ϵ۸,˾ǹ˵İɡ
ڵĵ̫,ʹܴܴ,ôһô
һɢϵʮֲ⡣
ˮף,˵,ЩС£ǲ̫ġ
Ҫףһ£ԲӦսҪҸɣЩۡҪдս
ڼڿʼ֮ǰԾҲûʲôô͸¶ʵơ
ףεͷá
ǰȥͬŵǷ׷ÿ
ԼЩڵ̧ͷ⴫еĽӡ
䣬ڣݿ㣬ȥûʲô޵ķ
Ҫ˽治ܵһʱֱʲôġ
ףΣ̽غһ䡣
ףͣ½Ų
λò˪ڵģΪ˿ĶԼߣȷ˵ġ
꣬ڿ
ѡףεһ仰
Ԥˣ˲ǡ
뽲
ĳűʱ˵Ѿãǡ˴δᡣ
ףιǣԽ֮ʡ
۾
ҪսĿǰΪ˵һʺϵıԡ
ףȴҪֱսʱˡ
һеǿߣǣнڻɽеĽʿ
ǲô
Ҳûͻư
ԸĴڽڵļ
нڵһ䣬
ˡ
ʦ㣿һڵӵһ䡣
ϣֱӾܾˣսֱǿǽڣ
һָһԡ
Ϊܴô
ϵָ϶򲻹ʱʦá
ġϵζ𣬡ôûĵ˵ë
鷭˸ۣһָ壬ܡ
лѡףεԣʮԡ


ʲô
½ڵ̲סˡ
˵󻰣ҲҪʵɣ㣬ʮУ
ӾȻԸǲˡ
ô񣬵Ȼݶϣĳһڵӣ˵ЩЦˡ
ʯ֮䡣
ʵ
ǽڵӱһ鷭ϣסգ׼ȷ˵סԼ͡
üףΡսλʦ֮ǰ
ܿ졣ʮУҲͬ
ףЦЦῪʼѾԡ
ӽϵʦܷ
ɡλʦﲻһˡ
ףѣǴϼʱһ㽫֮ջȥ
ϰΪнУƢͽΪ߰𱬣ףεΪá
ղջأʱ֪ףεͷѣ
û壬Ӧ£ǡ
Ǽڵˡ
ϵףΣףʦò*Ǹ̬ǡ
ˮۣáãִ򣡡
ϵЦˮ˵öԣҪ飬ֱýˣŲš
нܽš
ӳѩҲʶףεһˣƽô㣬û뵽ֻڣ˵˵ĺݻ
ףȻĿģʱ˷ɢЩעϡ
֦óֽʣ͵͵дʲôдһдףΣдһд
֦֦ʦ㡣ˮˣдʲô
֦ص룬ףʦǲѪӰ죬ЩʱвһԸ񡣡
޴¡ףε
һССĲ
Ժֺõĵطˮóһ
ǿЯĶ
÷ٳѸٱõʺϾסĴС
ޱȾ
ףѡһԺӾסףε᷿ꡣ
ڻطǰףʦԼ˵ףʦãˡ
ףλͷʥŮӣ룬Ըʦ㣬βġ

Ὣʽ
죬ףĶԻѾƬطˡ
գһЩۡץд˳ȥɽط
ΪʮһᣬĿףнһݣ̫ۡЩˣñƽˡ
˪ɵľס⣬Ϊ֣вʿ뿴ףǺģʵмΣŵסô
ףβδ뿪ûʸ˪ɻףΣֻ顣

һɲһ
ʦãܼףΣ
һλؽʿԵʦʵ
ʦףʮţʦ㣬͸ףһҵġ
˪ͥԺǰ
ףʦõôſڵʿͷףʦ˵ͣҪῪʼԵܱԡ
Ҳԡʦõ㽫ףΣҵġ
ʿ˵ĵֿλӢǰе辡㽫Žɵȥףˡ
һᡣ
辡۾𣬻ȵˡ
аʦã󡣡
ǸޱŮʱ΢΢̡
ȻΪףοϴ
ϴ󣡡

ף߳ЦЦСߣþò

ڴῪʼǰƺλʿǼ档
λ
̨ϣƶվС
ȥǸĶŵ꣬һ[ʿλѧߡ
ᣬԺͽؾλӴУؾǻһ֧ŵ󣬾ʤߡ
ǰҴϢڱδУҽһʵΪͣ˭ܹھӣͽС
ЦЦ˽죬Ҳøλˡ
̯ģһӡ֡
Ϊ˻ӡ
Ŀϣֿ·ʿִӡߣ˵Ϣʢʢ
ĿЩ䣬󣬻ָ
ʿ˳־õ𾪡
һǣΪ˻ӡȻ䣿
ڴУʵλ󣬾ͽ˻ӡȥΪ˻ӡ
֪Ƿ˻ӡʧԵʣʵۺ˽δ
ǣ˻ӡ
ʷֻȼλ߲ӵй
ƳдȻԸóǻάһӣ
һʱ䣬ͬЩͬĴǿߣҲЩ˼
˵ЩˣЩܣҪӵС
䵽Сֻܿ죬˶˼
ĵ˭ס
ƵʮϢȵЩƲסͣºż
Ժؾͻ򿪡ǽؾʱͻõһϢҪ󡣡
λǣۣۣ



124 ʼ
ףʦҪʲôʱ򣬲Żһ顣
ףνؾ,ԼԵʦѾˡ
֪䵥ˣǽؾ󶼸Էɢˡ
ǺߣףξЩˮʦ㡣
Ӧ޷ĵһ,ؾ,ˮʦ㲻Ʊȶ,ΪֻҪŵĵ,ǡ
ʿԼŵĽܳߣźСŵĲʵ̫ˡ
˪ඥţ,ҲΪ
˵,ͷĲпΪ,ٲЩţʿûС
ڽʿ,в,λ
ֻ,ܹʮ½ɽʿˣΪ磬Ҳǻ
һⳡʢٰ,ʵǿһΡ
,ÿ,ʿ
ֱӾͷ˱,ĵ,ʱôܹ׷Ͻš
ǴϹʱ,ǧ,ڽԶʿ
δ֮ǰ,˽Ȼֵλ츳ʿ
ٶȽҪ졣
ʵϰ;Ĵʿ
Ϊ˽ϴʢ忹ꡣ
ʿΪƱػд·Żôų

ףһֽ
һдŵһҪ
ʮǰǡ
һԽʿˢȥ
µҪֻǰĳص㣬Ҫ󣬿Ϊס
Ҳǣ·;ϱзգ
ǣ
ؾӺǿ㣬ǳضС
ףηѾ۲ΧΣһҲδ˵Ӱ
׼·С
ףβ˷֮͵Ϯ
ʵǰУܴùˣûҪ͵Ϯ
Ҫ͵Ϯģ򲻹Ǵ򲻹
ףοԶвٷݾۼдƮ
΢΢졣
Ѳؾз˾ס
˵ԺЩķ˽
ףλɻֱЩСݶȥ
ٽ䵽ϣ𣬲߹ȥ
Ǹտȥһũ
ŮɴӺδ
ǴũЦʵҪڴ˵ЪϢһᣬȿڲˮ
顣
ף΢Цð

ˮýš
Ϊ
ʦһ飡
ʲôؾôô֣ҪҲӦýףκʦһ
ˮֽϵݣʦ㣬ҡҵȥ
չֽչʾ
Ƴһۣţ߰ɡ
˵ˣˮæ
Ҫǻ˱ʦ㣬رףΣˮһҪʡ
ΪδߣΪβ÷·
ʦ㡣
ˮʲôʣʮֹɵظԡ
ֶԺʦһˮ
ʼʶʱÿμ棬߶лӳѩദˣҲһ𣬲ʲôʱ䡣
֮ǰһΡȥףλš
ˮʱѸдˣʱʱ
ڡֽ˵ʮڵѵҪʦü졭
ˮ͵Ĳ
ߣȷʵﶼǾģųʥϢ˵ˮÿˣŶ
Ǳ䣬ʦıǳƽĮԴﶼƽ޲ԣôһĮء
ˮУʶ꿪ʼЩ±꿴š
ںЩˣǲԸעӡ
ôһ룬ף̫˲ˡ
ˮû뵽Լ˵
æԼ촽ܾСƵؿꡣ
ûп
ˮ˿
Ϣ
ʦáʵףʦҪʲôʱ򣬲Żһ顣
ˮ˼һᣬԼķ˿벻
ûףηʲôףҪ飬һֱΪ֮Ŭ
ʦ㡣ˮʵΪ⡣
ƲסˡѲɡʦףηô
пܡˮЩףѹˡ
Ϊ˺ѣһ׼ߴ˵һףεĺû
óһʳУ˹ȥ㡣
شıꣿˮʶӹ򿪺һ̵Ƭ
óԣ
лʦ㡣۾ʱԼҪ˵ʲôˡ
޷
ͣ½Ų
Ȼǰ
һͣƽ飬ǽ͵ıĿԳΪ䡣
꺮䶳Ƶġ
ˮȥеƺǼĽһ˲
ԸĶס
ôĽ⡣
ǣǸʱˣ
ѡǽͿˣʱˣԼս
ףš
ʱҪɴת뿪
ʱѣˮ۷Ź⣬ɽô
ƲסضʱĽ
ʱ˽Ƶ̰ŮϣҲϳ˴˪ʦˮ
ǣ̫䵭͵ǷƶЩ̫ϢƷ켶
ˮ̺ʱ˵Ŀ󣬡ҪôĽ
ɵĹϵʱǾҪһ޵С
ˮѾԤϵԼҪܾ
ʱʵԸ˽಻ࣿ
䲻⣬ˮǳŵصͷСһ㣬࣡
ʱȡ䱦ɵˮǰ󣬸һӣҪóԵĸ㣬̵ص㶼д
ã
ˮȽʳҧŸ㣬˫ֽӹʱ˵ķ̫ϸϸ
ʱ˾վڲԶȺҲ˪ɵʦĽʲôֽš

ⳡȻܱ۲⵽
ƺͼĴһ飬ӳؾˮ
º͵ЦЦڵˣЩʳѽ
ҲλڵĽޣμˡ
ǷƵ̫Ҳ׽ʦر˻˪ɵʦ
Ϊʱʦֶӣλܳһ£ʱʦֶ̰ڸ֮Ϊ׼ġ
ˮƳһۣСԾͳԣ˼
Ȼ˼ƤЦⲻЦʵȷʵˡǹСѣû뻹ЯЩ
ˮ΢Цⲻóˡ
˶֮䣬ܿˡ
ơĴܵᣬǼСдӵʱŴЩҲҪ
죬ζˣĻζ
£˶
Ͷ䣬ûε°ͣ˭ľƸҼ¡
ʿϰżӣĽҾ㼸
ޣ˸Ҫ㣬ʲô֪Ľֿˡ
Щɡ⼸ѹʿҲϼʮ꣬ΪʮѲʲô
⼸˻䶼ܣ˵ʶ
ʱŵʿӶˮʲô
ˮһ黭ʱ˻˱ˡ
ˮȥףΡ
ᶣһֱעףΰɡ
ڵȽٵģʦмΪӣֻ״ӡ
յʦͬʱҲĸס
ˮӰ֪ͥһ¡
ڣһţ˭ɱħͽš
⴫Դͷһڲʱֵһƾдġ⡣
ֻû뵽ħ汻ɱˣǱһڵʿ
ڻֲҪȵĵزֻڵҲвٳɫߡ



125 ף
Щ⣬һ顣
ᶵĻ,༸λܶͶеϡ
Ƕ֪ǽͽܡ
ʲô˼ˮ˪ɻ̵ֵأ
ˮҲ֪ףεôģƲܶ,΢Ц
·к⡣
˼ģ,üɻ˲Ϣ

Ů,ˡ
ףųͷλŵɡ
¡ֱ,ӹũˮ롣
ûкȡףʵճô
һһĶسһʯʳһ,㹻ˡ
ũĻظ,ף΢Ц¡
,¶ˡճȷʵô࣬Ǽֻһ,һĶز,˵㲻ֹһĶ,һֲָôࡣǻЩ״׻ϲЩҰ˶ӣɫͲá
ףȷ,ЩԺͽؾķˡ
Ի©,Ϊô
,Ӧ᷸ôǳԵĴ
ũһʱ,ɴԹ˵,ŮҪȥǰɣǰа,ܿһ,,ŮɾͿԸ泵ӳȥˡ
ףЦЦˮݻعȥбôʲôʱ˵Ϣ
Уũʥگ飬Ƭطȡ֣ݡ
¶ԺЦݿǱ֮ʱء
¡
ףʣʲôݣ
ꡣũǲʹߣڸƹ֣˵ֵȲܴﵽһĶʯǱµأһҪϣճɣΪµ
ꡭ
ʵλʱţף֪֮Ϊʱ˼ҽʶֶʱᵽ
ûǴĻѾ˰ˡ
ʲô˻ӡΪͣؾｫʱ趨Ϊʵꡣ

ơˮȥǺ⣿
ЦЦȻҪѡ˻ӡˣôܲԵ۵ķء
Ժٽᶺ񣬡ͲԺѧͨصʱڡ
ŻᱣˣΪ˲ħޡаޡ֮ΣϵΡ
ȥķ˵档
ںжٷڰںʱԷ˵Ӱ졣
ſȻƽҪ档
ºһЦŲ£زؽҪˣ
˼ҡͷΣٽ޷ƣνͳ
꣬ΣͬɢɳˮľѶȡң֪СڵصɣЩҲǼƵ
⼸ǲȡģһЩСʿԴܵСǵĹ
Լ׳ɵˡ
˴˸ǷǳȥˣԺǺ֡
ȣҲκϡ֪ӻзʽ
ڵĵλߣ֪Լڵ׼ֱӱ̬ȡ
֪ǣˮˡ
ףΡˮʣʲôˡ
֪𣬡̵ڵһ仰й¶
ˮƳһۡ
֪ЦЦҲĻ㣬⽣ӣϲ
׳Щ˵߶߶ʿ˸ۣҿףΣϲ˲١
ţ˼⺢ӳȥпɣ˵ϲ˲٣ҵЩˡ
ĳЩ۹ⲻУˮ
ЦЦǿǵıְɡ
Ӷˮ

˴ؾʱʵ粻ͬ
ʱ
ˮѾ黹ʱ˵ķ̫꣬ǰֽϵĵص㡣
ʵи򣬵֪ڵʱ䲻ʺȥĥʱֻ淽ŵ˼С
·ϣˮѾʳĸԭа˿顣
ˮʹʦ㣬õ˶ԷԵĻظ
˼ȥһټȥԼҪĿ顣
ˮѳ顣ԼֻһķݶˡԤʦǷʱٳԣõʱԼ۰Ͱ͵ضſ
Ǻܶˡ
˺һ·ˮͣеʳС
١ٳһ飿
ʱ򡭡ףλһģ
뵽ˮٴóһƬ⣬ͬʱʳиϽս䡣
һԼٶ֡
һھͽʱ۾ϲ
ԵĿˡˮ͵طֲԣ
㣬ʦκһ˸֡
Ȼʦ͸ԵġԾ
ʦƽʳ̬ȣˮԺ졣
ʦǶףĸ㶼ȤˣôԼĴﱸøأ
ʦ͵͵ǣʵϲʳԲܣ
ˮλԴѯʣʦ㣬иѽ
۰Ͱ͵ؿꡣ
ףģԱģǶѹѽ
ˮ⡣
ġδƷζɺ⣿
ˮСװͷϲ
׷ʣʦôȥˣ
ѯ顣ƽǰ׼ıꡣ
ԭǻشıѽ
ˮˣࡣ
ȵȣʦ⣬ôףη
ʱ˳֣ǵ̸ˮˡ
ʦȻΪףηǰ׼ϲĸѯ
ˮƵĳ䣬ӦѾˡ
ʦ㡭ϲףô
ˮչȥףκϲϲʦġ
Ķͣ½Ų
꿴ۣΪοޡ
ˮȥᣬһ룬ͺѹ
ܿޣʦǰޣܻϲϲʦĸܡ
ܸʦ㡣
ˮʵʦ㣬ϲʲôˣ
ҪΪףδ̽鱨
ˮҲǳϢˣڶ˽¡
ܳΪѣмƵĵط
꿴ˮԹԵشһ㣬ףʦõһ
⣬û˼
Ϊ鰮һ£Ӳġ
ʦáɡ
Ὺʼǰҵ˵ؾΪ˷ݶ
ⶫ޹ҲƻĹƽ෴ҪҵǷݶᵢ

ʥ߽ŮӣȻƽ飬ʼղı䡣

Щ⣬һ顣
йףΡ

ףδʱϡ
ڵ֪ǰǣֻպףξͷ
ݡ
òУڽһ㡣
Զ
˴ͬʵ֣
лأ֡Ϊ׵˵ǰǰжԸ⽻ԴͲ֡
Ϊ˲̫ʿǿ˳ؾġ
ΪŵҲΪԼܶǲ˳
ؾЩŵĵǣץʱЩԴ
޲һӲȵϡ
ݡ
ܾ˻˦
ϵƽ䵽Զĵϡ
֮ٿȻðӣѺڡ
ɹ֣˷ٹ
һ˵̨ʣѣĻǧʯߵȼ
һˡ
ףЦЦǲΣ
Ϊ׵ĵĻ̭֡
ǲ³çΧµʿɹ壬Ǳ㲻֡
Ӳ֤ʵǿܽ
ѣԺú롣˵ֻΪƣΪ㡣
ףҡҡͷ
ȴţü磬ˣҪſۣӦûעĶɣǽؾһͱ̭ȥôǺúá
û˵꣬ͼ֣Ӹֱ˳
֣
ķ˹˲𾪣ѸٳɺΧ֮ƣףιȥ
Ϣ
սֽ
ףŽĸڵϵˡ
ǣôôܶ㲻Ǹӣİɣ
Ϊ׵ҧЩڵӣ뿴ǵְɣΪ˵Դȥ
ףƳһۣᣬΪǵϰؾڷ˸ԴȥѰƫƫҪЩֽš
ЩԴṩġ
Ȼѡ£ñɱ׼
£ڵӣֻܺЩͬСţŬؾЩջˡ
ףθɴؽ⼸ͳؾػǵֽ
һһȥ
Ȼ
ص㲻ȫһġ
ǲ֪ʱʦǻˡ



126 
ԭʦ˺ÿ׺ÿ⣬ᡣ
ף˶ǡ
ڿǺ,д˵һֽϵ۱任ˡ
ۡ
ף½ֽ
ûоʱҪʵۣûôס
ʱ,ŵ涼
Ҫ,ǹԱ,ʲô취
ףλ˼ЩȴԼʱǶȥˡ
ûƾ֤
ɽǲ֤Щ,ЩǳػȡǷá
ף룬ѲҪݣ
Ⲣδסá
ףʦ𣿡
һŮֳֻȶ,ף,Ҽ˹ʱ,
ףۣǻĻ,ûر
ǣףʵѲʦǣ
ܸǻϵĻ,ٺòˡ
ŮӹҼǾ
ף,ⶼǵĳ
ǵĳλӦͦˡ
ȸȥǾǺˡ
ף,ⷱʦ
ÿһര,Ŀİת
ķ˱طЩ,ҪϷһЩûڿ,Լݵ顣
ٶȲ,Ƶ,Ϻһ,һۡǰͣ¡
ף,̧ͷۣ⸮ۡϵңдָ
ʦ㣿
漴¶Цݡ
ʵ벻ʦ㵱ʲôģ
Ůӽף˽ȥȥһ鷿
ϵ̫ʦϣһػӻ֣Ůӵ°ɣЩ
ŮӦ˳ȥ
ˣϵ۶ʱһףʦã⼸գҺۡ
ף߹ȥʵʦһؾͳ˾ô
ǰᵽϵ۾һӻҪ²ֱۣ˸ɵ飡
糯ţ춼û𴲣ǹٷȥ糯
ʹļף糯ˣһҪһ飬ƾôЩ竴ܶҪܣ
ףˣһͬ飬һ߸Ǻˣʦ㣬ʲôô֪һǣ
ŮֻĻ༸˵ĻУףξͲˡ
⣬ǰףνǼʿͳȥػǼ˵ֽȻصͬʶһǰĳص㡣
Щص棬ǵռǼ˲Żȥǵıؾ֮·ϡ
ϵóֽԼɡ
ףνӹ濴ۡ
ʦĺܲһֱг
һȴףΣ¡
άϵʦȫɱ۵Ļס
£ףɻ󣬡Ϊҵ˿ûἰ˴ֻǽȥۡ
ĵطףε֪
ϵЦÿɬ֪ƵҪôץֵء
˪ʱѧȥڵǺˣϰڿλѰ
ףֻϵ۲²Ӧûˣһ飬ȷϡ
õظϵ۵*ڵǰֻ˻ⶼ
ֹۡЩΪѣܲҵȥϳȵȣҲǲа
Сϵ˻һǲס
ףʣΪΣ
⾩ʦʿ١ϵ۵ǳϣҶܸ֪кüλԪӤʿûиΪģҲ֪
ҵģܴܻᱻ˾ٻΪӻȨҾͱ´ˡ
̾˿⼸˺Щ˽ɲԼȥˣҿķʳֱǱι
˶˽ŲĬֹסͷ
۽ϣ˳ȥ
԰ɳ԰ɡϵ۵⼸Ψһܵľ⾩ʦóԵĲ٣ȥо¥һ١
ףʦͶιˮӦˡ
ҧ˿㡣
ˮϣˮܹʦһ顣
áףֵʦ㣬ҪôǴ¡
ϵ۳㣬ȨΪһݡ
ʶʱټһְʲôҪĶܸ
ʱɣǱáУ취Ϊıְ
ףκȻЦЦʦ㣬⻰㲻ùٰ
ǹپСϵ̾˿Ժʲô١
ʦ㡣ףʣÿϳῴôô
λĹɽرڷ˵УǼǧĵ֮һˡ
ϵҡͷɿա
ϳʱҵλȻǿǰУ۴ӦǷ͵ʱ鶼û壬͸е壬ſˡ
˵ⶪĵطϵ°ͣҲһ۵ķɣֻ˵Եˡ
۵Ϊ֪ߡףεļУ£ͬĹвͬ˵
е˵Ϊɲλġ˵˶ˣϾȨƣƺֻзõ
Ҳе˵Ϊߣֻ˻ӡڣƾЩʿƽƽ
ϵЦЦƾҵĸܣӦǲģǲ֪ûеڡ
żȻô񣬶ȻɵĻᣬҵȵȿ
ףףˣȽ¡

ˡ
ˮͣ½ŲԼֽ۱仯ˣʦ㣬ǵһˡ
ˣ
ˮԼֽϵ֣ǳķأҪʦȥ֮䣬Ҫá
ˮ̧ͷµģʦ㣬ұˡ
ףʦã֮ҪֿˣʱӦھʦꡣ
ˮһʱǲᣬȻðЩĲʦ㣬Ҫȥģ
ҵĿĵأ㲻ͬҪȥҸȥĵط
ˮĿ뿪ѵʦĵһĲһ
ʦǻ
𣬡ʦ㣬Ǿʦ
ѹףϲʦ㣬ԭʦ˺ÿ׺ÿ⣬ᡣ
ˮص˼¡
ӰʧˮԼʹ
ǳˣˮҪܰ
ǡ
ãˣڸȥء

ʮڣʿǴ˵һ
ȣ˺ܴͬ
ǰᣬڵһʱͻὫˢ֡
ƣкͼ˼ʵ
ĶŵһôȡЩɹǺαôʿһء
ºͣȴ̫ʼգջֻЩŵĵӣǲؾٰᣬֱɱǡ
ˮ˼Ա񣬹Цһ¡
㵹ס˼ܾ֣ǵӣȥЩ鷳
ˮˮͽģǽڵǿ

ӳѩ֦һ顣
£ڱһͷ׷ɱ
˵ǲڵһʱѶȵġ

ӳѩִ֦ǰʦ㣬㻹ʲôҪ󣿡
ʦã֦̫жˣ㹥޵ġ
ھʱоһѶ½ؾôһͷʺϵޣʵ̲סȡЩϡ
ãֻٰյˡӳѩٶʱ䣬Σˡ
û⣡֦ʦãͽܶסģ
ˣӳѩȥ



127 ɱ
һһ̤һɽ
ݶ,žǸʿ
ϵ۵λ־ףһףȻƼ,ֵ,ұһ
ȷʵĶ,ܵãл־ѩ̿
Щٵ˵ǺϵЦ,زóʧ
糯ҪظԹʱϵ۳ûʡ
Լôº,ϵ۾ȥ֪ף,ԼȥǷ˵ֵ
ս,ˣһλξ,ףף
߻һĽϵԴʹ
ˣ
ûԭ,ô,оԼѾЩһĽϰ
ǡ٣λѾִﾩʦ,½,ԭֻ϶,֪,Ȼ,½˸ͷѪ,˵Ҫұ°æֻع
,ϵɻ,ⲻǸ𡣡
Ҫʲô鶼ưǲء
Ǹˣ˵λ½ִ̫񻰣ȥЩѺ
ϵüͷİɣˣ鷳
ߣȥ

ʱףμ˴䡣
ڴµĹڣλĸۡС
ϵѽĴϢףΣλپ;Ӹλд֮Ǳĺˡ
˵ܽۡ
ͺϵ£̬飬ϵ۶˷̫ࡣ
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ȻǷϲ˵ģҲûҪð䷲ˡ
ףεͷǣΪ
͵Ϊмѽ
ЩȤʣԸС
͸ЩΪ˲ţԣμԣıøóȥΪط٣⾩ʦҲи㡣
ףЦЦĽ£űٽڽʦԸΪʢ¾ౡ֮ԣٰ֮գһȥμӡ
ɡǣԺģ٣Ӧ֮塣
Щ⣬ףΣЩ͸ңȻҪȥμԣСͷȲռˡ
ǡףδӦ

ܶ˶ʦϡ
ķȴ֮Ա롣
Լĵһ󣬲ûнȥڶ
Ҫȥȡ׼Ķ
أ뿪֮ء
һһ̤һɽ
ߴº䣬ɽѩؾط·һ

̤ɽ󣬼ԶˮʹӰʧǧС
ףΡЦЦ鰸һףʺϴ¡
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⻰Ϊᰡ䲻ˮ˵ģˣֲ´󣬡һˣǽھǱȲ˪ɡ
⹰ء
ˣЩ˵úܡ
ҿͣʺϽؾ˼һôˣֶܱܲôɡ
ƵؿǶ˼䣬ŵҲףν£Σա
⡣ˮĿЩưʲôڵ
ƵҰʲôȻչ
ҿš

ˢ
ףƫͷһ
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ʦɳеȻᱻѺ
ʱգףεڴ
ѸϮͬ
ǲֹһڴɱ
֡
ףˡȣȾҡ
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ãףεǳġ
ǺЩףϮ
βˣֱԽЩʸػ
ףܳܵķΧҲΪ
ܷɱ
ԭ뿪ѸǰС
ʦз󣬲С
ףֻسɴη٣ǳЩ͵ϮĹֶȥ
գСһ׮ӣܵΪƫƧЩĵط
ھʦƫƧҲڣѲߵļʿ
ףССȥҼʿ
ɱһС
Χ˼ˣȴЩʹļʸ
Ǵɱ̬ȣ
رǾʦµľʦ⶯ֻΪʿ˻ھʦ˵ΪҲǾԲڵġ
ǲӦѸٴɱӡǽʱָ䶯
ڲɱյ룬ףҪ׷ȥһд鷳
ˣףֱӾˡ
Ųϵ

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ιԶ˺úŶ

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֪ºΪ࣬ǲҲ׮ɰвҡ
ӽ£С£
סġǾ֮ΣգҲͣ׷£סҵĸۡС
ףθϵסǲҪΣաʦسľ⣬мڰأʹԶʹĽѸԮ
̿ûлΪҷлڣʿȥ̿͡
ףȴӦʱգ¾߶ųˡ
˵бķ֡
޷£չ㰲ȫҸġ
ɫŻЩɱЩˣȵ͵ߵļʡ
ץˣǾʦһЩʿ˻ӵõ
䣬һôףε
ףȻ
ףû˽С˵ˣǿӡǮ
ھǷӡǮһλ͡
ʲô䷽Żһɫ࣬ΪڵԱҽӡǮûˣҪʲô
ļڷӡǮҸ֪ףܡ



128 
ʥ߽İŮӣƽȻ飬˼˿ĸı䡣
֪ʦº,ףס˳ĸۡ
˿ڼ򵥣⣬ֻһλĸףԼδ,Ҳá
⸮ۡʥ,ռĴ,˺Եÿյ
ĸסλŮӣǺͰ,ףΰ˿˼ҵͥԺ
Ұġ⸮Уб°ŵĽû˵ô,سд̡
ףεͷ
ַԸ,Ϊھʦ㲻ø,⼸ڴڣȥˡ
ףӦ¡
,ЩΧɱףεĹ־ͱҵ,ֻʣһ,ʣµѾɱˡ
ףľ֣ųȥǴ̿͡
ʱҹˡ
̿ͱסΪȫס,ʹԴ
̴ˡǰ̿͵ĹԱ˵,Ҫ˵
Ȼ,˶пɱ,Ϊζһڡ
Ϊµġ
ף˼,ڵʿ,ⷬ,Ļ֮˻ͦá
ʿôȥ䵱µʿ,ڵʿɽȷʵ㲻ʲôֻǵײʿѡ
һʿѾܿԼвˣҸСţȥСǶܵ
Ӳ˵ʲô
Ǵ̿ѾܹѶ̧ͷ䣬⼸˯ð𣬱̫ӡ
ƣǰǹԱæϣҪ̿͵졣
˵ǲ̫ӣǷ̫ӡ
ף£ʱȷʵǰʵһɱģҲΪ̫ӡ
Ǵ̿Ȼ̫ӣϻλˣǴλλ
졣
̽٣Ǵ
һͱĿڣһԵĽ
ɫÿ£ǽȵ۷̫йأҪʥϡ
ʥϣףο䣬ûöԷԼ
ҪʵۣǼ¡
ףΣһظϡӦòʲôΣˣΪ׮ɰΪҶġ
Ҵң˵󣬾ҪǼ̿ʬ뿪
ףһ£䣬ͷһԡ
˵䰴סͣ
Ҷȵʱڷ鲢ףε˵ȴҾмֹŹ֣Եܳɡ̫ӵŽ³ǲδʲô¡
ǽҹۿ϶̫صǹԷ̫۵Ĺע
Ͼڻʵ˵λǼ飬Բܴķ
ţ뷨޲ԡףεļ򣬡Ȼȥɡ

ףգϵۼ档
ϵžЩήҵףʦðôȥ˴£ҲܸЩء
ʲôӡǮ׷ȥˡ̾˿ôҹء
ࣿףɻ󣬡۾õλةࣿ
ǿһ࣬ӡǮǣϹϵ
ϵҡͷǲǡΪλࡣ
ʦ㡣ףεھʦ֮⣬Ҽ˲ٷˣӦԺǰŽģ͸Ϸĸо
͸˼ʦͬ鶼к˵Ȼģȫһݵĳɷ֡
ϵ죬⾩ʦͬ
һؾھʦûиеףεǷݲ졣
ǡףεһǼʲôԵ˽꾩ʦеӡ
ǰôһصĽꡣ
ϵ۵ҴʼնΪǹĻþ
ЩþΪʵףεܹʵĻþһʶˡ

ЩСˡ
üƣ˵Щ˶֪㾿Ǻηʿ
Ժ佨ģأԺĺۼɽչ
ΪɹžĬԺĴڡ
Ժаʢ¡
ЦЦǲ֪֪
ءҲ̫⣬ƽ˵һһˡ
ԣˣҪôһ٣ҪôͲȥǵĻ
˶ԼƵЩ²⡣
á
۵ĳǣĳ羴ﵽ˼µĸ߶ȣܶ೼һֱ׷Ѱ۵ټ
ʵѰҲһЩӿʼ۵¼ϣԼıܹ
ʱɽ绹˼ǵۡ
Ȼȥ˰˰ٶ꣬ЩǶ۵ĸȻôˣǺ޸д
ʼջԸ˴ڡ

ӷǰǵ·ϣˮ֪һµ飡
ͣҪСģȥ˾ʦһҪֵ޺ҪŭۣҲλʵҵɳͽ
ȵ۵ӣȵ۷̫ӣδ¼λʥּʱ񷨣ӦѹСλ
ǰգ¶ٷͿɣּõλһͬʵǵ
ˮģĿڻ
۸˿˺ƿģ΢Цŵ£ں𣿡
Եʦһۣ͸Ρ
ʦ㣬һȤˣϲŪ
ˮҡҡͷԭλã۾
Ϸǣ̫ʺˮˣ
бˮԵ
У
ˮŲȥʽĻλˮԹԵ
һϮԭࡣ
ˮƫͷȥ͸ãԱŲŲóλá
ԼͰ͵أҪĳˡ
գֺֻġ
ھͻôط
ˮеίˡҪףǣŲἷˮء
°ͱ̧𣬶Ҳ˵ָ
£˰ɡ滺滺
ˮȻΪҪԼ£أܾ
۾ѽлѡ
˵ֺֻġ
ˮɵزɵϡ
۸˿ȡˮϵΣΪĦԴ
ˮ̲ס۾
ĺúŶ
˲ˣղŻ˵
ǷܲˣƿĿ⣬ϣԼϹӡ

һߡ
ӳѩ֦ڰǽ޵׷ɱ˵һ
ʦ㡣
ӳѩеֽһȥǣأ
Ҳǡ֦ˣʦžͲ棬һûޣһ⸽ء
ӳѩϽΣյ뷨ģӦھʦϡʦ㣬ǿɲû㡣
ðɡ֦ʧȥ꣬ͬʬһ㡣
ӳѩţ˺ģڳȥʦǰȥռһϡ
ֱ֦̫жˣʦáԺһлڵľΪҽΪҵо
ˡӳѩ
Զ

ȡ˼׼õĶ
ɽ뿪
ʥ߽İŮӣƽȻ飬˼˿ĸı䡣
Զε

ףη֣վͻȥһط
ฮСϵ۵ӽϵ׽ฮ¡
⳯ϵҲɣΪ׵ĵһɣЩȵʱµľɳеľһմֻ۵ġ
ףκȻ뷨ʦ㣬ʱҼ࣬ӦûôΪѡ



129 û
Щ䡣
Ϊһϵͷ,ĺ󱲣ǻᷢ顣
ף͸¶æ뷨󣬳Ҳûж⡣
ٹЩʱգ㲻,ҲЦЦ,³Ҫſ
ֵ֪,־׿д⣿
ԭһһףǸϵƷ
ķӦҲϵۺף˵Ԥ֮ڡ
Ǳߵ£ҺЩ,䲻ôᣬҲд⡣ϵ۵ʱף˵ʱü,ʦڿǸġ
ʱ,,Ӧ࣬,ٹҪ,ǰæסҡ
ףӦº,͸¶֮⣬գ־ȥฮ,档

Ϯ
£ٱ£
ˮ,ôϮ
,Ī
,ʿ,ĻǿӦԡ
ˮ,,λѳ,;ʿûʲôֶΣʱʦҪܶࡣ
ǲҪ¡ˮΪǿԼʱˡ
ֱͦˣһᱣǵġ
ǵģûˮᱣգ
ˮԼĻû˵ϷϤ
Ϊ˹ƽЯķƣ߳⣬Яķܳ
ʦƵķͲݵȼơ
Ϊʦᣬ磬ƵķҲ
û뵽ǣʦˮܹھƳʿþƳĵؼ
ˮչʾԼʦָƳĻǱѾ赲ʿĹˣܵߴΣ
ȻͳٸĻƣﻹٸܵ˺תƵٸϡ
˵ţǴ󷽵صݹȥѣεѣţҪˡ
⡭Ƿɻѵ͵ѣʵǾ֡
ˮˣգգۣŶ
Ȼܴ󷽣ûϵΣգҪ
ˮŲ뿴أֲǻˡ
Ҵˮ׼˺üٸףǵķݽؾǰ͸ȥˡ
һ㶼õףκϵʦǡ
Цǿɿ
ۣˮˡŬѹסǣʦı飬ģǷݵȻ
ʵһ㶼ûģ³
Ǵ͸¶
ƶƼˣ§סˮ¡
ͬʱҲ
£Ѿ̿ͣûоŵɣ
ˮҪظ
촽ס۾ɻ
*̾Ϣ뾩;ɱ档
ǷƿĿ⣬ʦ㣬ˡ
ʹӵ˺üϢûȵظ£
ʹӼˣ˲õµϣæƿһ
ѾտҲ
û˴ڵĺۼ

ϵףʱǰĸۡ
ΪңЩڦˣﶼӡ
ϵڽةฮǰף˵꣬ϴӻ޶ȣڹ飬Ϊ˱ɱ˲߹Դ˳ӯ⡣Ȼٹ໤˳в˶ºࡣ
۵һѵЩ˶ѵʲôʱ䵽Լϡ
˸յฮۡǰѾڵˣ·־ףףΣ
ڴĻ棬ϲˡ
ⷬףαΪԼһͲ͵Ůӣ˷ź󣬼ȴᡣ
ȥȳ仹Ҫᡣ
Ǳᣬˣ
ϵۼףЩ⣬ǳЦ£²̫Ҫǰᡣ
ʮ࣬նʮ꣬ͱףԴһ㡣
λ
º͵վʦӿ˲鷳ϵ۷ˡ
Ϊ·ǡϵ۵ǳı֣ˡ
ȻϱԹٵĻǵӦ֡
ЦЦ˽ۣЩͲԹְˡ
ףΡףΣٲſμԣõͷ
Щ˸ûˣϡ
ϡСꡣϵ룬֮ˡΪ£ȻҪر
ЦЦӦӡǮ֮µͶ״˵ࡣ
Ѿõ˲֤ݣӡǮ֮ڷšϵ۵ϳ֮ʱһᵯ޷
ϵ۲ٽڽñ¹ĵ
Ǻ⣿ϵʣҽѹ£ٽеࣿ
ȴ˼
ϵۡº͵ΪӣҪΪ·ǡ
ΪǸġ
꣬ϵһҪֱӸడ
ڵ֤ȷʵˣϾ޷ɴҲСϳԴ⵹С
ףࡣ
СףཫĿ䵽ϣʱ㰲׼ԡ
ףףǡ
λһͬĸۡ
ףΡЦЦ֮⣬ǻı֮Ĺְ㶨Ҫøͷࡣ
˻δ뿪⸮ۡأŴһˡ
ųʷ份һ䡣
죡Ҽ࣡ʧˣųʷżòС
ǳĳʷǰһʦΪ׼ˡ
ʲô͵üںδ̣
뾩ųʷԮȳ
ףЩɻ󣬾ʦ¼Ҳھ죿
Ѳɡǳʦһʿ

գŭ
ּ⣬Ҫҵ
ףΪһλᣬҵҲܽۡ
Ŀǰ֪˭°˳кͼ
ܿ
ϲӦ̳лλȻʧ٣Īǡ
Լ֡
һӣѾļλʵˣֻڸۡҲǡ
Ǹ־ʡ˲١
޺Ϊ˲ǲ¼ɣԵĻΪҲǽڣˡ
š
˵
ˮȻûʵ۽㣬ŲǱʵ۽㺦ˣ
Ǳץˣ
ˮһûû
۸˿ˣӦƲŶԣṴ£ѽ
ǷĬĬԱŲЩǡ
Ȼһϡ
ǰץΪʲôˮ㲻׼ҵˡ
ˣ
Ϊʲôָ̧أŪˮ°ͣȻǡƵɫɲͣҪˡ
ƭˡˮƿԴóԣ
ظͣ¶漴Цǡ
ˮϯˮĺ
̫ˡˮؿųڡ
ˣôôô
£Ҫ
Ȼͣ£ֱЩЦ䵭ֵĵˡ
ˮ˰ģŷˡ
۾ϲʦ㣡
ףʦҪߡ
Ƿȼ
ðա꣬Щ¶档
ţʦʶˣˮɻ
һɡ
һսͣ¡
ˮæꡣ
䱻ס
ˮȻͷ
ºúݵġĻ˵ô
Щ䡣
ðɡˮԼ䣬ǡԺˡ
˵̳
ߡ
ˮҲСƢġ



130 
򡰶ղʦ㣬ң
ףĿǰȻסڳ丮С
ڸ˿ڼ,ĸʱһ
ڵ֪⺢ӹ¹µûʲô˺󣬳̷ʱʱͶιףһ
̫æ̷֪æ,š
,һȥ,ףη̷˼ʱˡ
Ϊ⼸գûиףΰű,ֻ׼ԡ
ףҲʱҲڣֳʱʦ㣬Щ顣
,̷Ҫȥ,ÿʮ,̶ȥһ顣
鲻ĸףףνĸ׹ϵ,Ͱһͬǰȥ
ɽ,ϲȥ,ĸֳǿ˲ǲҶ,Сף㿴һ
ףδӦ

СΡ
ȥ,̷˺ǴȰʵҪй,ɿǹɼ֮£
ûг,˲ٳֻޡ̷,Լھм,ܰæ˵һ˵,ףΰź¡
ʱٳ,ҲЩ
⻹ǵһף⣬£漴æҡͷδʱ
̷һƬģףҲĹգֵСĿǰרԣȡù̸
ǺɡʱҲͽˡ
̷ЦЦҿ״ԪСأȡù˹Щ˼亢ӣῼСεġ
нɽ£ǰ
ףηų̷ɽķ¶ȥ
̷˳ؼ򵥣ˣһˣɽţŽǷ̡
˵Ҳɡ̷Цⷨģûô飬ƾԵǺ˵ġ
µǻ󣬼Ӷƿȥ״ԪţϿʱΪԼǮסⷨ¡
ӹĽ״ԪҪּ״Ԫʣ״ԪԸ±ա
ϣ״Ԫⷨ»Ըʱӹһġ״ԪּȢӹһʱ䣬Ϊֵµӹˡ
ףЩ²⣬ˣΪԵ
ʶõˣ̷˶˻£ԼŮô᲻ء
̷̾˿ȥ߶Ըżֻˡ
ʮüˣȻҪϲźãСһڴ£Ե˶ȥʶͺʵĹԱҪ
СΣʶ־ף˵˵û˼

ף룬ӦûУ־׼涼Ϊ¡
Ҳǡ̷˰ڰ֣ˣ˾ȥԼΪԵ˾ͺã󲻵Ҳûзӡ
һ·У쵽ɽʱ̷Щˡ
ףμ̷˲Ϣˣʱһˣ⴦ͻߣɺã
ȷʵ˵۰һˣһء
Ҳá̷˵ɽϵһЩҲ֪ûУҲǴ˴ÿ
ԱߣʱϢһ
˾ǺףѾԼĽ䡣
ᰴڽϣ˽ĽЩһϰġ
شףεգ۰һ
ﺮһ

ѸŲתֵϮߵĲ
ףûԥֱһѪ۰׻Ⱦʺ졣
̶г̣ױ֮ôĸ׳ء
ȻǣҪץһץˡ
̷ԵĻϢݣͨʿҡһ䣬ư磬ԪӤڡ
ʿ䣬̷˲ʱ令ɽķ¡
֪ǷΪ˿ϣףαһ֡
ʱ̿Ϯ
ֵǻʵڣսֶηḻʿ
ףβңһͷǿ۷һ㶼һࡣ
ټ죬֮̿䡣
һʱ䣬һս
⼸̿ͶʱеΪѣΪȫǵĽϣǻĹӰ쵽˱˴ˡ
ǱмߵĬģжʱĹ˵ͬ顣
ǣĽһǣǵĹǵʽ䵽ͬϡ
ˣ
һ˱ȣ׳󣬳һӣֱնףʶȥ
ףǹ΢ơ
Ƕ㣡
ֱ̿Ͷȥ
Ҫ˻ˣ
ֳĴ̿Ц̫СԼˣһȥ˵Ҳܷϵս
ο¶ȱݣ
༸˼ˣʱΧϣ׷׳ף¶ĺ󱳿յ

絶
Ǽ˵ףΣȻ粽˵ƣƤΪơ
ڡ
ףεĽȴ׵شǳ̿͵š
һԾһ͵غɨ̿͵Դ漴ֽת䵽ϣѸٳʣ˽
һֱӽ̿ײһϣԴͷˡ
ǣǿĿֲ
ףβڣýҿ죬ڡ
ֿأ
׵磬Ѹͣ
һһ̿ʧȥսףηϵڵء
صһ۰׻꣬а͵ˡ
ףڴһ̿ͺƼĻɨ
Щһ꽫⼸˵ǳǳסָ˵صۡ

ǰԪӤʿ֪ʱ˴˵أ¶ͣμԣһҪ˵ġ
һӡ
ףһϢ͵˷
СףѾȺ±á
ʱһɽϵһҲܲˡ
ף׳˼֮飬벻ˣʹ⡣
ǡ
УΪʦĹְǣϵˣ֪¡
ףƣû߽֮УǾ⣬Ѱ˿ÿʢһ
ΪţΨп翡
ۺ콿۵һ껺أȦƵأƮڳ
ףһ£΢΢ͷһ
űһսδȾۣ˿紵
ڣֻмƷ˿ҡ
ףλԪϸǸ¼˽ʱģ
ʱҲվһһ£˽кֳһһ֮󣬽תͬ򻭾һ㡣
ף֣ĽסһƬ۰׻ꡣ
У̧ͷԶ
Ỻ
ǰ겢谭˵ߣ˸С
ףˣžյİŮӡ
ʥ߽࣬һƱΧ
㱼䡣
ףˡ
ǿ򻭾֮⣬ǿˣˡ
ʦ㡣
֮󣬲źġ
ƽעȴԼǰ
̯ģƬһ껹䡣
δܵκչţ۰׽ۡ
ղʦ㣬ң
ĿĻ꣬ƻصϡ
ףʦãΪ¡
ûлظ¡
ףʵۣ֪Ҫʲôᡣ
ʵ۲ܼġ
ȼա
Ļƶ
ףβδþȣʦʲô⣬Ϊʦǿˡ
ͷֽʦ˵ˣʵʦסģҪסʦ㸮ô
ءҪ֮ʱԻ֡
ףʦ㣬סڳ丮УҲ̫ʦתҡ
šף뿪ˡ
˵գӰʧ˴˵ء
ףζûҵȥˡ
ҿһ
ףΣպܾϲɣˡ
л˵
ллɰСʹ[][]



131 ּ
û뵽ô죬ּʦˡ
ա
ףȻǵöԷ,ŵʿǰǼ棬ѡ
һ߹,ЦЦ,Եꡣ
,ȻԵ˹ͬ,ղûжġ
ףΡյ֣֪ǿ,,Ȼ,ĺǿ
Ϊ£˶ܿԷ״,Ͷ֮,صϵĳ̶ȡ
ڽɽǰ,Ҫһ㣬ʿϣȫȻؽɡ
һ,ף˵ʿҪ,Ϊⷽ
,ǰڵ׽,ףδڿʼ,Ͳء
ڴ򲻹ˡյҲС
ЦЦ,ȻҲڽؾǰǼ,ʮеĻ,ȷʵ
ףεӲвڣȻʱ֪
ҲھҾǰ
飬һæתġ΢΢𣬡֪ҿɷܹս
ףβܾȻԡ
̫ˡʣɷ֪ףĿǰסǵÿգܷŰݷã
⵹ǲ̫㣬ϾףδʱסڳС
ԼסδпգȥѰ㡣
ӹյǹĳʷҲͬΣⷨ£δˡ
ЩһۣһЩӹʱ̸ͬ¡
ӹ۽δܷھڸۡ
մʱǷҪǰأ޷
ЦЦףΣĿǰǻжԡ
ȻΪʤ϶ụද֣»ܺгദ
źǿģԸ⣬ҵʦҲ㡣
ףɻ󣬡ΪΣ
յΪǽӣ
ⲻȷ̫ˣͲѡ
ףλμʱնԼĪĽһʱΪ⡣
ҲûʲôӦ

ˮɵؿᶡ
ΪҪףѾǽˣ浣Ҫףκƭߡ
һιʶҿ
ˮҪڣȴԺѧ̽ɣ˪ɵѰ㡣
ףվ߳ⷬط
¼Ѱҡ
лǷЩͬѰˡüֶʦֶ
ˮһҹȥ

ҵףʦá
ϵ۴ףΣ·ղŸʶһ㣬ǲˡ
ʩյ͵ָϣ˵Ҫݷ㡣
ʩյͷˣ𵤳Ϊʮꡣ
ǰʱ̽ɽԶ˳Ӣǰס
ϧ̫˲ںǡ
ϵЦüʩյƢ֣ͦҴǰҲû棬Щ棬ôƢ
ɴףʦᣬʩյһ
ףϰʦĿֻʣʦϢ
ˣ֪𰸣ûСУʦӦʦϢ˵ʿ顣
ռףȻͽ¸֪ϵۡ
ϵһЦżСĳʦʯ
ȼŵļ˰ɣ˵ܺһ
ڣؾڵĵǶΪڶŬ
֪ʦġ

ӳѩŶǣʦ㣬ǻô
ҽġ֦ŴҲҵĲµ
ʦãгõңûʲôֶΣܱġ
˵ĴȻ
ӳѩȴ̾˿ҽҽˣߡ
ʦã֦жһὫҽõģ
˵ţ벻ɵڵϵһֻСޡ
СһϢ˿ڣȽ࣬ǰˡ
֦ʮȥȻ漣أСֹסЩ
ӳѩĸ֦
С޵˿ںܴҪһڳԵӳ
֪޻᲻׷
ʦ㣬ʹɣ

ָףμŵˡ
ʩյƼ۾ðˡ
һףεȦһ¡
ҵĲࡣ
ʩյɿףε֣ȻߣҲࡣ
ΧףһȦȻȻࡣ
͸ˣæסԼʦ㣬ʩʦ㣬£ð˵ġ
Ѿ˵ðʩյѾˣٴοףΣףѣμ棬ð
¡ףҲ֪ʩյڸʲôء
ֻǻʦĻλʩѣе֡
ʱףָеһȵߡ
ƼʣλŵʿؿԼ
ףλδ㶢ƹһʱ̽صѣ
סʿ߹ףΣ˽˵仰
ףҪ˵ãѾתһȥ
ȥ
ϵۼ龰գһͬ飬ãͦ˰ɣ
ղۡʩյϵۣ֪˽ı
ϵü군ǰ½ϹȻ򶷣ֵòɿæµ죬û뵽۷
ҧҧЦ£Ĺ¡
Ͳһ

󣬴ףʵǷɣ
ɣƹģ
ףλλ̰ƣʵ˺ܺõƹ
֪ݣӵʿ
ǡףס
ɫЩʣ㻹ټô
ܡףεǰֻǡɣɽδϵ
ע⵽׵ӽ¡
һ㡣
ף֪ҲͶʮ꣬ӵʱ߰ʮǰ˳ͬ⣬ʶ
ʵصѣΪǰ
ǰ𡣡üĽףΣԺټɣͨţץסɱ
ףγĬ˵Ļ±˳ԹǺһѡ·
Ҫǣ׼Ϊض
ף򴽣صѣûôأ
˵ʲôԡ׵ֻ֪ҵʦ棬ҵʦΪ˶ٿࡣ֪ʦΪħĳأԭΪھ䣬Ϊڣ˺ۣꡣ
ʦԭ츳ļѣۣħԪӤʮ֮ãһΪڿա
ĿףΣԶ㡣

ĵӡ˵𣬻ǣ
ᶣǴ򱧲ƽм⣬Ͳ֪ˡ
ڲˣֲ졣ᶵˣǺжɾλŹ£ҲĲô
˾Ȼʮͬĵͷ࣬࣬ġ
ƿǣЦ£ҲЩ

ཻϵϢ󣬼˶ջ
ŵҪˡ
ʩյǰףһȦ࣬ȷʵࡣ
ʩѣ˵ʲôףʵ
ոæʦ˵ðҲðˣʩʦ㣡
ǸؿףΣףΣˣδˡ
ףҡͷûе¡
ŵȥףҲ׼سĸϡ
ҪȺʦ㹵ͨһ
˻صϵ۵鷿ȴһӰ
ףξϲʦ㡣
û뵽ô죬ּʦˡ
국Ȼ˵£գȥ⣬ҵͽ
ۣͬˡ
ϵˣŬˣʦãأ˭Ҫɱۣ
ա֪ˡ
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վ
ףҲվ𣬡ʦҪô
ǣǣò׼һû£ʦþȱˡϵ𣬡ѽȥŪġ
˵ţѸˡ
鷿øףꡣ
ϵ۰Կ䣬ϣô˲ˡ



132 Ŀ
˱ۣûнƿ
鷿ڵˡ
ף,ûҪ˼ʦ㣬ȻˣʲôҪ,һ᣿
Ļϵơ
Ҫ˵ʲôת,,鵭Ȼ
Ҫ˵ʲô
ʦ˼ǣҪ,Żһô
ף˼һ£еġ
ЦЦʦ,ɡ
º,ףҲԱߵϡ
мһС,ڷ˲豭
ףκȻ,ʦòΪݲˡ
ŻЩʧ䡣
Ƴһ,ӦΪ˵¡
ȷʵǡף˫ſǰ,Ӹͣ΢΢ͷʦ,,˵ô
̬,峺۾,Եм޹
ƿĿ,㡣
Ǵءף׷,ʦΪβΪݲˡ
ҺҲʦΪݹ衣
ͷһ
ףʦáⲻҪ,˵˵ɡ
ǲ𰸡
ףμþ,׷ʣ˵ģʦŵĵǡ
ǽ׵ĵѣǶǰʦֶ˵ЩǰӺһܵ顣
ףɣɽƹʱΪ˳ħ˻Ϊʦͬţʦá
ĵӡ
ףεüĲ֪΢΢𣬡ʦ㡣
һֲ֪˵
鷿ﾲ˼Ϣ˵ˡ
ͨ£飬ḶۡۻСܲܽܣ֮ʱ۾עᷢ
ʱ㸶˳ܽܵĴۣҲζţջҪĽ
ɽȪɤûʲôƽš
ףʦá
꿴ûѡ
ףεĺȻʹ¡
츳ǧߣپıԲǣڼҪԵĽǰ˵ǸҲҲջҪĽ֡
֪סĿڡ
ʦ㡭
΢΢ס
Ůϣ걧סˡ
ֻܸ֪Էĳ̶ȡ
ķ˿գĲ*
겻ûбףΣǶ³൱ڲ
˿̣ųƵӵ
ܸܵ׳
˱ۣûнƿ

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ףΰʦķԸȥ˾⣬Ѱҳ
ɣڷµĸ
ףҪôŻһ֪ǳ
Ŀĳ£ˮ
ˮøˣҪQףǹȥ
ٿȻԼݣæ
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ֻڣ¶ףΣҲҪúݵˮ̫
ףǣ£ףΣԸΪЧȮ֮͡
ţؽС뵽ȥԼһԣǣǶȥ
ףΣҪ㣡ˮ˵ɣкԸ
ףЦЦʵ磬Ҫĸ㣿
ˮɵıʱͿˣ㲻ܶŪʲôһ
£ⶼ޷Ӧôף̾˿û뵽Ҳֻǿͷ˵˵ѡ
˵
ˮŲأһЩԸ㣬Ҫҷ
ףЦ

ҵˣ
һʱ䣬⾩ǣ˳ֻϲ
ʹڡ
Ѿۣۡ
ˮеССĽţʹӵķԸɲܵλʵ۽㡣
⣬ΪˮҪˣֻõģʿӪġ
Χһжǰʵ˵ؾڵҲʵ۵һɡ
£ū
ŮСӭ˹У۵鷿
ˮȥ̧ͷۡ
űʣۡ
μʽ㡣ˮ
۸±ʣ⼸ܿˡ
ʵˮһҲûгԡ
ȻǸ˺ʦôˣգˮǳ˺óԵĸ㡣
ǣе
ˮصͷлʽѰңܿ༸ûϵҺóĺûܵʧȻ͵˾ǡ
Ȼˮ
Ŀǰĵڶʾɣֻǻδֵľ񡣿ܻҪȴ
΢΢ǣ겻ɰ
Ҳˣɻ˾ǣмλŮҪһ
֣۵Ĺϵ
ǰ࿴ȥʣ۹һ򲻴
ˮɵͷδڰݳʱ϶ҪʽĻ
ȥӽ㡣
ףһʿǰӣһ档
ǡˮףεģ̫ݻʽˣ˵Ҫһأֻʻʽˡ
Ӧûʽ㣬Ӧ
۾дЩ֡
ζЦЦȥӣҼ
Үˮ£Լˡ
ۿСȤζضۣ뿪
Ůȥף

۵òδлѲ泤
˼ʵ
ºһЦǻǣ޽ҪֻҪ۱ɡ
⵹ȷʵ˼ܿƿע⣬ȥѰԼڵĵǡ
ʱ˻뾩ؾʲôƳۡ
˼ü
ң÷һɲݡƲǣҴӦʱ˵顣
˼д˵ǰҽڱȻó㹻ĶΪƫƫҪ˽ʱʦֶԼ
ʱ˵޷Ƿˡ
ЦЦҾԸˡ
༸˶ûע⵽£ˮеĳһʧɾ

ףξɹŮָ⹬ۺͫ΢
е˾
ԭ˼ϢҪ
Һãʱֵ˲٣ɡ
ùڵ˳ȥ
޸߹գ˲ֱӡ
ףιصվԭأͷ
ףΣǲμԣһҪΪ״ԪֻҪǰéܼޡ
ΪҪżޡ
䵭
ףβǵһ
գǳʶ
çײ֪ףεա
ֹͣ
ޱȵѹ䵽ϣʱףƤðۣѹԶתѪ
ףǿվţ亹
գ˲ˡվ
أЩףΣΪĿ
֪ΪΣ
ףҧ֪
Ϊһ㣬޾֪˴޵ľǡ
ƳͬңҲҡ
ףΡ
ڣ޵һƲлꡣ۽ַŵףεͷϡ
΢΢ͷףΣʱΪȣȲ֪¡
˭Ҫˣޡ
۵Ƴ⹬ڳֵһˡ
ҡ㡣
ףβͷ￴һˡ
Ķŵֳָ꣬ѹҳ
û
һ̧ͷĿ޸߹ŮƵףΡ
ǿҲǿ
¡ιʣϼ
ףѾסˡ
ǰۣࣿ



133 ˽
޷ˡ
ףαƵĿⶨעš
ϷŸеѹѾʧ,ȻһɶҪðĸо
ǰûлӦ
ơףεǰûм䣬Ҳ֪Լۡ
ǰʹǰݣǰ˵ǵˡ

ƣĿ,ǰ,,Ȼ֪Լ˭
Ķŵڴ˿̣Ե,Եмƫִ
¡
ϵĹżϼ,ֻЩԽ֮ˡ
ؾеۻף,Լ,͸Щ
ɿףԴϵ֡
ٿȻ
һףεϣ䵭
,ɱ
ף³һѪ,ȫûκεֿ
õǲѪ,ż˲Ϣ㶣ֿۡ
Ȼ,Լ,ǼΪ衣
Ϊ,в֪Լ
ףθе˼ȵΣ,۾Ż,Ķɱ
һ,ֻǾ,ףβơ
,ˡҵԼ
ҡͷ䲻֪ΣҵƶϣӦҡ
ףΡܿϧᡣ
ĺݾֶΣڽɼ
ףΰ벽޷ŲתǰҪӿֲѹк˹
ȵͷҪشֱֱýһ㡣
޷ˡ
أʵϢ֮䣬ףε۾ѾΪɫ
ϧҲް취
Ҫϥ򵽵ϡ
ˡ
䵭ףʶִףεĶࡣ
仰ףϵѹٴʧ
վֱƲסش˼ڴŽ
ҵ֣ɵĴʿǣ
¡
ٻһ͸С
ҪٳƱ¡ǰѾλǻʵۡ
ָ߬𣬡ǳλ
迼ǵ顣ǰ޸飬䵭ѾҪңΪ¡
üʱ

ףżƣ˫͸̫ᡣ
΢𣬾Цһ£ȴ֮⣬ֻʱ¼⡣
Ǳʡǰ
Ϊӣڳ졣ٳףһʣʮ꣬ΪҪλ
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˿βȻʣЩ궼ΪγѰ˽磬Ҳ
ΪΡΪϼ
ͬѪ㣬͸ű
ףβ֪ǰʲôʱ˿̣ü⼸ʣԵɬ
ʮ꣬񣬰˰ٶˡ
ô꣬ƽ⼸˼ٱأӦԼ֪˰ɡ
ޡ԰顭
߬
͸¶˱ɱ⡣
Ʋлλ˵Ѿ֡
ִħǵ䵭ٴ𣬡ңִ̫ȥ޷
ĴǷ
ҵɤأ꣬Ӧ£Ҫ̫ƽ֡
£
ɻǵãѲҪԣ
׷ʣȴǱĴ𰸡
ǡǵңԼλ𣬾ͲЧˡ
ʲô
һĳš
Ķŵʹࡣ
ңҡ۷ס
ô̹ǣףΣʵǿƲлꡣ
ѡܣ񡣡۵Ӳдʿܹȥķȥù㣡
˵գֳһҪֱɱףΡ
ɱףΣƲл޴ȥҲֻɢ
泯ףζʱȫһ˿һĶޡ
Ҫ
ҵֹ࣬۵Ļӽ
£
۵֣ףΣ졭Ҵ𰸣Լҡ

ӽ㡣
ˮջʵ۽ķԸλӹ
ӹͬǸ۵ĵ۰򣬴ڻʹڰæһЩطۡ
Ȿ̫ӵĻã䵽εӹϡ
ӹƼ¶ЦݣǼλŮҶΪС࿴ˣǼõŮӣе£еıԴϼꡣ
ˮ⣬ʱʱҲ˳ɻ顣
ܼö˽㣬ġ
ӽˮչȥлء
⾢ͷȴǺˡ
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ѽѽˮһڴӦ
ӹһ󣬲Щ뿪
뿪ʹھǵʱͻȻΪζǹŮ
ˮԴתת
ˣ˽ģȫǽá

ףȻس˻ʹ
Ʊƺˣûκ밵ˣǽʹǰǰ㿵
ǰףʶʵΪҪƭơ
ԸҪ̫ƽֵŵԣΪǰ߱ˡ
ΪǰڿԼĵ;Ϊʱ͸ĸ˾Ǽٵġ
Ȼǰ㣬ذµ¡Ѿѡλ
ǰ˳Ĭ
ףνŲͣ£Ҫлת֮ơ
Ȼ˵ʶȥۡ
Ǽóؾȥۣǽ¸֪ơ
СҲвˡ
䵭𣬡ˣ¡
ףȴҴδüƻɱҡ
һŵˣ޹֮֡
οǰĲл껹ڣǲΣյġ
ǡǰЦ𣬡ᣬʹǸᡣ
þԼƵļ죬ԽϤˣԸԽʲôҲ˵Ը
ȻƿԲٿأĿǰûȥʲôġ
ףǰ˵仰кȻͷ
Ϊ࣬ɱԼ
ڵǰΪʲôŻԼ¶ģ
ףƷŵģǰʵҲܰɡ
ҪΪʲôʦ˵˵Ļ
ףһ£Լѹ
ʶͣ˼Ϣ죬Сʲô
ȲĺԼ飬ʦ㣬͹ˡ
֮ǰҲûгףЩʲô
ٶ˳š

ա
ˮǰȥӹĸϡ
ǡգӹͻ壬˲Ůӵȥ
ϵҲյӹӣſֵ飬Ҳȥˣ˳ףΡ
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ÿλݷõĿ˶Яһ軨蹫ۣڷŵͥԺС
Ϊʯ˿֡
ˮӹİ£ȥһͤǵȴŮǵż
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û뵽
һᣬͼ˲ˡ
ˮ
¡۸˿ŮĵĿߵ˽ء
Ǻɤ˰Թίˡ
ˮɴ۾˽˽᣿
˵



134 ͻ
ʦ㣬ţϲ⻨ô
ˮ,ǹļˣŲ˽ᣡ
ºֱ׳
ḧĿڣ۾䱻˿ڣ̬,ƺΪ,֪,֮ˣĻᡭ谮һء
ˮĪ,վˣ龯,Ҳûг谮ء
治뱻
ͤ䲻С,˵ʵڵ,Ҳ˶߼
ܿ죬ˮ͵ֵͤܵʯϡ
ע,һ,
Сģ
ԶףζƼⳡ,ϵ۸æȷɹȥ
Сġ
˵ģ֮ףεĺҪ࣬Ҳܶࡣ
Ȧסˮ֫,,Ҫǲ,۵ġ
ˮ䷢,̾Ҫѳ,׼ٶˣ
һֱõµĳƺ,֮ǰˮϷ,ˮŲأ
жء
Цһ,ɿָˮգҲҪ
ˮŲģҪ˦ͷ
ǡŮ˵ָҲûʲôһûŪˮǶˡ
ܿ죬еԼķ˿еЩ΢
ѽɿǹƺŵΪ
ýе£ǻˮɺã
תȥѾףζˣŽס˹ȥ
òףݵ߳ⷽͤӡ
ϵ۽ӹӣΪϡش
档
ܺϳ۾ϸŵİ˿̫б־ˡ
ˮʦãʶȵѣ
£ˮе·ϣ°ˡ
ףοˮ˿һʢĻӦӻɫģС硣
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ˮæҡͷҪҪ
ֻ۸ңûˣҲûŪҡ
ˮŲôСء
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ðɡһᣬףκϵʦ㲻͵ˣȥط
ϵƳˮ˿СЦӦ£á

ףϵͥԺߣʱ
ףʦá
ϵչӣػ˻Σ֪ͻ֮ˣЩʲô
ףȻ֪Ǳϵֵģ˽⡣
֪ͻ
ΪŵԵʣףμ֪ĻˣֻǺܶ໨˵
ƱЯĻҲ٣ǱȲֵЩ
ףΣҵˡ
ڽԼգףοȥա
ӹĳʷͻҲڸϵ۴ףιʱſڿ
ףͣ½Ųɻʲô£
ϵȵϣʱû˵Ϳǡ
һƿƿ˼֦ɽ軨
ͷƿĻ˿̧ͷףףΣǽȥġ
˵ţѸٺ͸ˣ㡭⻨Σ
ϵ۾ЩԱ˵㣬ԼĴڸС
ʣףκعǼɽ軨
úܺã궼չˡߴӻƵϣϵ⻨
ˣԾ
ܿ˫ֶƿףΣϲô㣡
Ǽ仨ףεıǼ⡣
˰벽
ǸշˣҲæԶ˵㣬ЩҲǹҪûġ
ף⻰ЦЦôΪǹ⡣
ռЦģЩСĵؽݹȥθЩ룬㡣
ΪҪףеɻ⼸仨ãԼͣǸô
ϵڰݺݵͷĺðףʦãҪסԼ
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ûס
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ףҪת
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ףλʦҪء
΢΢ü͸ɻ
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ˡ
ϵЦЦǻʲôھͿԻȥ
ףεͷͬ
ʦǱ߽ؼУҲɾ档
ĿƳףɽ軨
Ƶףϡ
ףηˣ̧֣ɽ軨չʾ
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ϵ۵һؿףΣ͵͵ȥı顣
ףʦòҪˣ
̽
ϵ۶ףε˽⣬ǸӰأˣǹЦ
ðףʦãǰ㵣ģԭڸһ㣡
ϵٶʹڸС
ʱҲȷʵûע
ףŻ۾΢΢𣬿ʦ㡣
Ϣ
пɡ국Ȼʦ̵ףʦطԱɽ軨
ףҡͷ⻨ʢļվͺá
ʧЦʦ㣬ţϲ⻨ô
ʩ˷ֻҪڣ⻨ֺܱڵ״̬ףξûҪ
Цݣƽʦ໨ݣȷʵҪЩԵĻ
㡣ףȥ
Ӱʧ
ϵһѽףҵףʦã˲¶డ
Цţףεͷ
߰գȥˮǱˡϵ۵ʦúʦôŵǣ˵Ǿ˼ѵȥǡ
ףεͷá
˸ջתȥˮ
ˮãվںߣףΣʦ㣬Ϊ˽ǼңЦ뿪ͤӣѵˮܿЦô
Ȼϵ͵ЦΪͻĻһźš
ѻˮķ˿䣬Իӡ




135 
ָ΢΢˶
뿪ӹʱ,ӹͦ졣
ȥɡЦŵΪﻮõġ
ˮ֪˵ʲôûϵ
ãصͷҶӽġ
ϵչס°
ףƳ,е֡ʦ͵Цʲôء
ĸ̫ۡԶ,ܿ,˾ͻصָ
ϵ۵鷿ڣ˻档
ط,ףξƳӳѩЩƣ
˵Ǳһִӷ·͸¶ۡ
֦ˬ,ϹŲЦ,޾
ףʦ,ˮ
֦ƼЦݸ,뻨ʦȡһ,ǻҪ
ӡ
˵,ʹӴｫȡ
һҩݡ
ףβʶ
ɲݣΪ󺱼ʦҲֻһ,ʱ֦ɲƳɵҩ,øʿܾ
λ,Ϫʦ÷ú,ܹ
ףˮǾϲ,û뵽䱦
ʦ,ʦ㡣ףεʵҪʲô
˵䱦,,ҩЧóͬȼֵϵãռˡ
ˮСƵصͷ۾ֱ̫
ӳѩҡͷʦͺãҵġ
λʦʲôΪˣȷʵҪĶ
ô˵ҪûлʦãлСޣСλȥɲݡ
֦һЦʦҶҪɲݣںʦƵҩȷһʧ
ʦҪ
֦ۿףΣ񷢹⣬Ƕһ㣬ҡ
ֻףʦоо
ѪͰǰG
֦ûʲôףʦԸо
û*ЧɲݣҲ
ףκëˣ̣ʦ㣬ҪѯʹǱߡ
ѪǺ壬ҪоȻǱ֪һ
ȻȻ֦Цøᣬ㹻ʱȣףʦòż
Ϊ˱ʾ⣬ֱӽɲݽףΡ
˵գ˾صˡ
ˮĵڶˣδֵϢ
ףԵλϡ
Ǿףǲɱ۵ࡣϵɢ̫ʦϣʦõ˼ǣҪȵٽղŻɡ
ӳѩŽҵǣھҵһºӵˡ
˿ڶ࣬ûʲôѶȣʵҲ鷳
ϵؿڣɣ黧
ǾǱʿмء
֦Ȥȷʵҳֽ񣬡ִﾩǣҽݣΪ
̧ԴЦսҽݾҪѲɰѹɱˣ
ˮȣΪҪɱˣ֦֦ʦ㣬ҽͺô
ۣСºúᡣ֦䵽ˮȥʦȫˡ
ˮֱͦŬԵÿɿã
£ʣ¼˵ĵڶ˽ķӡ
˿ꡣ
ףʵʦ㣬أ
һƽǾˣǰӳѩʦܹɡ
ǰδԣȻˣ
༸˶Ӧ¡
ʱӵգʮ졣
ڵԽԽˡ
ϵ۲òÿ춼æµϾУάϵʦȫǰᡣ
ɢҲΪˡ
ҽݵľٶܵ谭
ҽݣԭֻ⾩ڵһͨҽݣҽھλѧͽ
ˮȥҽ˼۸ֻȥϵֹ˾ͳɡ
죬ҽͻȻۣļ۸ǶɣھȻֱҪ
ˮˣ˼ҽ¡û۸Ȼ̧һ
ӣ͸¶˲Ծ
£ҽƵҽݾңҪĳʷһ£
ˮеˣӦ֦֦ʦ㣬Ųء
ôóʷͣ±ۣ׼ȥԿ
˭뱾ԣ
ȥϣ°Сչʾϡ
ʲôʱ϶˸˶֪
ֱǼᵽ㣬ˮͷ۸˿Ůӡ
ɴ۾ң
ͻȻˮת㣿
ţ𣬡°ߵ£ֻǡ̫˼£
ˮһֶš
ҽݣǲڵңˮʵ
ϸüֵͷİڵ¿㻵ô
ͣŰˡ
ˮˣȻ֪Ů˶ܶΣû֤ݣһĲЩ̫ˡ
ԡԲסˮ򴽣Ǹ⣬㡣
֪̾¶ǻڹǰǰΪ
ȣң˺ңʹ̣Ҳ޷ָµĲǡ
΢΢üȥ
ˮĵľʱˡ
ʶסĸ첲ѣĴˣҲòָ㡣
ӰȥҪѹòã
ˮ΢΢ǡ
ǵ£Ӧһ¡
áˮͷȺܴ°Ͷĵļˡ
ʱʹ
ˮ°ͺ۾ðˮ
˸ס
ϸָסࡣ
ˮأ˴
ʱסС͸ˡ
Ͳˡ۸˿Ůɿ
ˮǺ죬㡢㡭⣬ԡ
Ҫôģ
ô˵ͻȻϵĺȥŴ
ûôˮֻǡ

Щˣסˮ󣬡ǡΪ³⣬ҽ
ˮ̱仰עǴӦ֦֦ʦգͬСʵʲôӣ
Цһǵ´ӦңҪЩ
ãˮͲϣˣֻмģ˾ͺá
»ָѣ˵ɡ
ˮ룬ҲǺܻ

ףѼ࣬ۡڳ俴ȫġɿԼˡ
ֿʼףȥ¡
ףν˻ᣬҲæ𵵰޳ºӴ˵ĺۼ
ͬԱһ㣬йɵֵֵ
죬ֵա
ףΡЩ΢죬ʵҪһͬȥЩô
֪ףڳʳΪϲ
⼸մˣλ¥ĴˣǲٵˣЩвסزپҵ
Ѷþϯǹȥܳλĺա
ףϯ֮ΪֹǶˣɣټͬŵİףȻӦʡ
ǵط
ףºһӣգʦǻûô
ǡͻȻ¡յգԼ㡣
ףŶһ׵Ĵգò⡣
ЦЦлգпڸ
˵գͳ
Եģŵǰȥ
ףβһͷˣҲѽôչңҼеõ
ޡ޷С£á˵㣬ԼҲ
ףεĳԷٶ
վСƱ˼ڣ𾢣ʵףΣỶϲŮӣӣ
ף⣬δǹ
һҪ˵Ļ˼һ£ӦŮӡ
ЦݲãչΣٶȹǡ㡭
ʺٴεƺ˼
ףû뵽ԭϲȾƣΣǲ̫ãҵȻ㵽ȥӹô
ҡҡͷףηģңҿ÷
û˵꣬һͷԵ
ûһԴҵȥ
ףνסһƣѾ˯ȥˡ
գգ
˼ûѹ
޷ףֻýˣ߳С¥
ǲжʱҲ޷赽
ףαʶ˷ӹȥ
һ룬ǳʷҪǲ֪£Ҳ̫á
ָȥɡȥʦǣͲˡ
ףκܿͽ͵ָ
ţʹ˵ڻͣףԵһᡣ
ʹûΪհſյ᷿
ףֻȼգȥѰʦ㡣
յ鷿⣬žʹˡ
ϵһȺ߳ײһ
ҡã
ϵһ
̫ãȻ̧ͷ⡭ģ
û˵أԴγٶ˯ȥ
ףμϡ
ףϵ꣬е㾪ϲû뵽ʦﻹܼʦ㡣
ҪȽյ顣
ʦ㡣ףεղСĺˣҲӹΪõ᷿ա
ϵ۸æ߹ȥãã㽫ҡ
ʣΪףλȥȾơ
ϵҪշЩףμԼֱ۵ﶼЩŪ󣬲ųɹ
ȥáϵ۴ģġ
ף߹ȥϴЦ⣬ʦ㣬ʦˣ
żȻ뵽⣬øлһ
ף뵽ԼϿմ˵껹мľͣ¡
þѬʦ㡣
Ϊ֮¡ƽؿףΡ
ףεȻµΪ£ͷּɫʵʦ㣬Ҫ뿪ˣ
еʦԼϢ
ףʦáˡ
ףƫͷһƣȷʵЩңһе㺦Բʦ㣬ҷûע⵽
국Ȼϵı죬޷գ̣
δףҡҡͷϳԵʳЦԼҳԷ
۾͸¶졣
ָ΢΢˶
šףˣҲá
ף˵´лʦȥʦ㲻ʳͽ˻ȥ
ŵʿעףʦã㡣
ƺͣˡ
ףɻ󣬡ʦ㣿
޷ƽΣҵʵ⡣
ףˣЦЦţ֪ġҲںЩ
ֻཻҪľͺˣΪʲôѣȷʵں
국Ϣ
ҹˣףʦãȥϢ



136 
ףʦãˡ
İ,ˮڳɹҽˡ
˸߲ҡ
һֱһֱˮΪһɿĴˡ
֮ǰʦǰڣﵽ֦֦ʦ㣡
һ£ˮÿģ
˵㵸ճȭ,˼¡
,ЦЦ,ѵ£ɼǵ,ҪӦһ¡
ˮ͵ͷȻѣ㾡˵
ڵ˵,һҪĵ顣
,ָˮ,գ¼ǵӹĻ
ָ,ݽȥһСѡ
ջֺ,ָ˰Լġ
˵ЩԵĻ,ˡ
ˮĿ뿪á
óľȫԷһٸġ
ȵȥˮæʹȥָ֦֦ʦ
ͷԵҽȥ
ҽݺ,ԭ,ͬʱҲҽڵһλѾˡ
ҽֻʣһλһѧͽ
˲֪λŮǳ,̬,ֹ
¶ױ۸
ѧͽ˵,ҡҡͷ,СЩ,,Ҫ𾴡
ǣδ򡣡ѧͽҾŵģ¶ңδܵôˣٳȥ
δȴûףһǲãӦҪλ
Ȼϣ˰ʱҵʹӾʹ˹
ڿʼˮ֦ҽݵĹδǶ
ۣóĻסĵС
ˮ̫
ˮ˵仰֦ʾɣ˼¡
ڶ˵δŬ
֦ѵе͵ĸУĲˮʦõŬúõҽҽ
۾ð⣬ҽڵĺδȣҪλ£ҽΡ

ףʦá
ϵ۾Ȼֵʱ򣬾ףˡ
¶˵Цݣ²£ϳʱʲô
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ӹּ˵̫ʦŮã´ͻ顣
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ףˣȴ΢΢üȥˮ
ΪΣϵ۵ˮʦòδп֮⣬³֮Ҽ˵ҪȥﱸԼ֮¡
Ҽܷġףεʦ㣬⼸շҵҵ˼λºӣҪҽЩ¼ˣȥȶһ
Ǽݾڽϵۺ󣬾ͳ˴ȥ
ϵ۽ӹЩֽţ˵һȥ룬ա
ˮʦףʦΪ׽ǽףʦɡ

ڡ
ˮ۾ˡ
¡ųʷ̷̫ģ˸񲿶æģֻҪȥԴ㡣
Ӣ䣬㵽ʱȻ׵֡
ϸ˵ţŬСչ¶Цա
ϧ¿ǵĸЩ
ҪŷŵԣˮˮҪչˣ
ˮԱ˺ҷƢͷ֪ˣʷȥϢɣԼһᡣ
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ףΣˮίųױ¶
Ϊֱ˵
Ͳ˵ҪŪңһֱҵ¡Ϊѵģƭҡ
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۴ӺֽǶˮӦöԴ˸еѹЩġ
ôôˮףεֱۣĿ֮󣬼ҾһƵӣھͽҵˡ
˲ףθ첲ϵһᣬγһЩʪĺۼ
ףεͷˮô
ûУ
žͺԲԡ
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˵ţԼˮðɣĻҲҪˣ
ˮᶨ
Ȼ˾񣬵ôоˡ
ףһʱҲ֪ˮʱȷ󣬲뿪˳

ꡣ
ϹӲɣҪϳ㡣
ھľϣ˲ˮ
국ȻҲϳˡ
ǣΪ¡
ָϣ¶ȡ
Ŀĺ̷֮Ҫʦá
˵꾹ΪѰҡ
Ӳͬ
˲ˮЦڽ̻ˣǡλףʦãæ
΢΢üɿΪףʦã
飬Ҳб仯
ԭΪԸһˣʧȥ䣬ôҲǰƽʵΪȤ
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ӵƭѣֻء
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䵭ôʱҲ顣
̾˿ҲΪҪǸĵطһô
Ҳ˵ڶ顣
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ȴԼʦȤСԼն£ͷⳡϷ
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ָڲ豭ϣղ豭
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¿㲢⡣
Цꡣҿȥ͵ѵǸԵģһףһ棬Σ
ϵĲ豭Ȼ飬Ƭָ
·ָϵ˿ڣƢ󡣡
ɾָϵѪ
ŵʿԣΪҲУ
գŵǸ
ǣ°ͣѵ㲻ˣ
֪Ѿ뿪ˣЦ
Ҳ˼¡

ףּա
ӳ뿪ʱٻش¾Щˣɴȥָʦ㡣
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ûָײա
պܾϲɡ
ߵףߣǰգϵ۽㶼鷳ˡ
ףЦЦʲô鷳
ڶѵĹģ´ȾƣǵҪںʱ÷ˡ
յѸٺˣʱʦ˵ľ׳˵һԺ˼û뵽ⲻȾƵ˾ȷʵ̫ã
áףڹЩģףΣӹĳ㼫ΪϴͻǰˣӦδƷ
մӴóһʳУģ˷򿪵Ļȵġף㡢Ժϵ۽Ƿֳԡ
˫ֶţݹȥڴϲô
ȻףЦЦգá
룬´ΣҶ㡣
ͻȻףͷû׼
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ָʹȻ鷿˵ˣֱӹȥǡ
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ףҵĸ㡣
ʦѲ¶ʳ˵Ȥ
ӣףζʱ۾𣬡ʦ㣬Ҫô˵ǺܺóԺܺóԵĸ㡣
Ŀ䵽ĵϡ
˼Ϣ¶ɻ޴ŵء
ףζľܾ̫⣬չʾʳУֻţʦ㣬ʦô
ҲҪȥһ𣿡
ס
һǰһϵ۵鷿ȥ
ףʦͺܰ˵ʦ㣬Ҹ㣬˵һʲôã
ϴȥһ¥ڴ£ԾڲϤʵڲ֪кóԵġ
룬ԼĲȻ߸㣬᲻᲻񡣵ȥѰʳҳ鲻
ҪЩؾȥ棿ϴȥţûдӦûܴȥǣұȽ졣
ǰİŮͣ˽Ų
ףæҲͣ£ɻǰƣδκ˻߶
ףʦá
תףΣȻδɣ˼֣׵
仰Щ𱸡
ףʵֻʦ˵˵ǰֽ
ͷ͸Щ䣬ǣʦ˵öԡ
Դȥ
Աղţٵ˺ܶȸԾ
򴽡
˼˼ž
˼ϢǸףʦáˡ
ף̧ͷΣ
ͣһϢظΪҵ㣬Ҳš
ףΣˡ
ףû뵽ʦȻԼǸЦʦ㣬лĽ顣
Ҫ˵ʦ㲻ΪСԼ˵֡
국޷



137 
עЩִ硣
ףθʦȥʦڵ鷿
鷿,ֹϵһˣлӳѩ
˷һ鰸ǰԷڶڡ
ʦãףʦáϵ̧ͷ,ЦЦ,һ,£
ĿϸԴ£ּףʳС
ףʦǵģ
ףνʳʱõϵĿദ,ָգҵġ
⡭ϵ۵ʱû˵ϴ¡룬´,ССһ
õʱ,ġ
ף,ҲҪףʦã˵һ˵ףʦԴԼ,ҲʧΪһӡ
ǣ޹,ʵڲá
ҼǵʦǷף˵,ҿʳС
ĸȷʵŸճ¯ʱ״̬
ϵ뻨ӳѩֺһ飬,۾Ծ,ϲóԣ
Ȼףηǰ˵,֪ζ,û뵽Ʒ֮,ζǳԤڡ
,ִ,
ף̷ֳװʳ,׼ˮ
ȷʵϵ㣬͵͵ꡣ
ûдǣԼһԵ¡
ǳ˵ˡ
к
ӳѩǳǳҧڣƳףΣ㣬ϵĺá
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ɽȪɤû뵽¡
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ʦһת档ӳѩ˵ţʦҽãʲôΣգҲΣա
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ף룬ҪӰѻ
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139 ѡ
ףʦãҸѡĻᡣ
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ףǰ˷,˼ֱӾܾǸ޷㣬ҵĺҪ
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ףҡͷʦ㣬ûСֻǻὫΪҪõѣԺҲᾡܵذ
š
üŵİŮӣˣǺߡ˺󲻻ˡ
ףʦãȥա
ףεЦã
ʦ̫ˡ



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ףκ»ص鷿
ˮԲ۾תתȥش,ҪϿ㶫
ʦȫ͸ѽƽ
ףοÿŶ
ףοģˮҲͿģ
ˮչȥԴײײףεļ
ףβ,Цһ,ţ
ˮĺ˼ʦǰ˵,ٺЦһ£ִյӳѩԱȥˡ
ӳѩĿʦƿ,ˮ
⡣ˮ
˵Լ⣬ӳѩƳһۣȻʦ㡣
֦ڻǿŽ𵤵,ãӦ,£

֦,߹ȥʵľ롣վ,ѯʡ
ӳѩ,ˮʦʱβƵ,βͻҡҡȥޣҪҪ,ȡѪ,оо
ˮɴ۾,ЩµС,Լġ⬡,߾˫,Ҳǣʦ˵
ż,ܡˮŲ뱻أ
ף,ҾҾҡ
֦Σ´ŻˮʦãҾҪȡѪˡ
ҿɲˮʦԺ伲ҽ
ӳѩǣ޷ʱҲεġ
ˮһۣ
ǰգڣӳѩʦʱҲܻ
˼䣬ܿ죬ϵ۾ǹȥˡ
ھ׸ŵļѺǼʿ
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ΪǱϾҲʿھ벻ͬѰǣȻеССӡ
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ϵǲԶϣǣЦЦΪ׵ľô˵Щʲô
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аޣϵǲĶЩֶεġĿǰЩѶֶΣ׵
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ȳ磬ķ˿ⲻˣ˿ȥ
Ǽ˺ݺüҧأŭۡ
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Ҳʶ㣬Ϊζ˴Թ
Ѳɣеˣ˵ҵʲô
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ǲֹˣֹʮˣˣǧء⾩Уܽȫҳô
ϵ΢Цţ˵Ĵˣôࡣ
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Ůô˻ҧҧ´ֵҪףΡ
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ֻ۾ˣϵһȥˣôֶǱ˭۸ˡ
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ȻҪҼ룬ΪǵͷˣҲҰɣ
ףΣôǰŮӵǵĿ꣬ͬ𣿡
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142 óԸ
ףʦã㵹ǺпҪóԸˡ
Щ˰ˡ
,˪ɽ༸ɵ˹¡
صָ鷿
Ȼĸŵʿȫˣÿ,Խ̸ס
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ףǷȣȥܡ
뷨鼫Ϊ̫ͬϡ
ŵʩյͻȻЦһ¡
ݿЦʲô
ֻ⻰ʩյ񻰱ЩһҪԿˡ
̫Сĵˣá
ˣҡͷҲǵˡͬΪɽʿһĵӣһʱɿ㲻ϸõжԡʦǻġ
ⳡʱǵжԡǲҪôʩյ׵꣬ѣ㽫ټǸʲô뷨
꣬Ƴۣ͡껹ʱˣѹͷţ̫ʡ沿ˡ
ʩյ룬ԼѵܳԽǵԭ
˶עŵϡ
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ϵ۲ýףϲʦõõǣϧƲԡ
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ᡣɽȪ
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ףʦ˵ģٴεͷ
ϵҲʱϢҪף˵Ļڲʡ
ԭף˵ףʦã㵹ǺпҪóԸˡ



143 䵭
ʦң䵭
յǰҹ,ǽ䱸ɭϣ֮󣬽ϲ׼κߡ
ʱжӵʿھǸֵѲߣϷ궯Σա
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ָӣǰļд˿ίĿߣδȥ
䵭



144 ˻ӡ
һ춼̲ˡ

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ͬסȫ
췴ˣ
ٹ𾪣ԭΪѾˣû뵽ıʱշѡ
ͽһۣԷãǣûأôС췴ˣ
ǰھ˴첻ϴţʵ˽Լ̸ãȻصغ󣬾ͷͷ£ֲ
ǵȻʱ£صʿûûбˡ
ϵֳŲڣԽһնšˮˡ
ʿҲнΪ´Уˮȥ
ϵ۲׷ȥˮ
ʿֱųһ
ΣڳԵӦ׼¡
ʿȻηֱԱ𵤡
ˣ˲ˡ
ʱ£˴Σգ泼뿪
Χʿ벻֪ʱðĵ˴
ϵüЩ˾Ȼʿ
ڸʲôѲ˵Ǵɱۣ
׷ˮȥȴԱߵһӡ
ʮΧסϵۡ
Ϊ׵һ˴ߣذףˮĲϡ
ϵۣǰҾɱ
Ҳڣģ塣
ϵָս㣿
ɿʿ˾㣿
Ц˼գ⼸ŵҲüʶˡ
ֻҪ룬˵ǵؾĵҲɱɱ
ϵüʲôؾֳк壿
ѲЩ˳ؾᱨҵȡ˼ЦҲ̫ѿˣǴô
ԡϵüøǽˮûκ壬ǣʲô
ٿǣδЩˡ
͵ش̽ˮĲ

ԣƿ£ߣ
ȴסΪڵ˾Ȼۡ
һİꡣ
ԡܵˡ
˲ˣĳ
ȻΪ͵ʿ
౻༸ӻסıɱ
֣Ҫץסһ£˴Ȼӣ
ʵĿضĽҡ
˻ӡУ
û뵽£Ϊ٣ȻϽ˻ӡʱˡ
Ҳ
ȻҪΪβȡ˻ӡȥ
ҲǶλãΪβɣ
ʱԸĳӵĳӴ
ףȡӳԾüġ
һĽһ𣬽ȴֺȻࡣ
ɱ˻ӡ
Хһ
ŤᣬȻһӰ֣Ҫף˻ӡ

һ֣˱ͣ¡
Ϣ˵ĶָҪ
Ȼ飬ԭİŮӴָŷֽ
ؾʹýΪ
국Ȼˣڴ˴㣬ҡ
ֽС
Ʒֽϵīʱţӡˡ

ͬʱ
ˮߵŶһ
ħ¶¶ˣĪǣ㽫˻ӡŽȥˣ



145 ۸
򲻴Ӧ
Դʿ,ħ̡
̱֮ĺΪΪߣ۷ʱлΪ볤ĺ,ħϻɱ,ΪҲܵӰ,˲١
̲е̺ۣص,һϳ
С񡣡˵ʱ׶ͬûһ
Щ븲ϣͷ,,ħʴ˷ֽķ,ΪƣΪҾͺ׶Ըô

ûв,,Щͬ˺īʸϵ̵Ƚš
Ȼ,ŵ̵塣
̲򶷣ķѾ,ðŷؾ,ֻһĿġ
ȡ˻ӡ
ȻƸ˻ӡؾڵľٰ,ô,͸ȡߡ
,˭ľ˻ӡ
۾,ֳһ

ذ״ˮ,ȴԡ
ѪĴУ
˶һ,ذȴһٸ
Цһ䵱ԳȴǸɫʦЩµĶҲ
ϣ
һ£Χŵʮʿϵˮˡ
ˮսǰﲻʲôæģҲϺȡҺãѾǰΪս׼Щ
׳ٸõսʿߡ
ϵʦ㣬õң
ˮǱ˸ֲʵˮԱģ
ˮĵСֵ
õˮ뽫񻹸ûгɹ
£强ʱֶô
ˮʱȻҪˣͲҪһ˵֮͸Ҫˡ
Ƶأ˦ظ
ЦЦЩ͵ѣ뾩·ϱ°ߣա
ǵȻˣˮƽˣ˭ƭˮͽ뾩֮£Ҳĵط
ǰҵǸȥˣ㲻ϽܡЦЦ񡣵ʱһ㡣
ˮӦ˭ҪˣףΣʦǣŲҪһء
˳㡣۸˿˴ף¶һϸİ󾱣쳣ҲϵҵİΣǴ̡
ͷЦӯӯءˮ¶Ҫ˲С˹ʦӪѽ
һҪҪ˵ǲӦôӦġ
ˮʦЩڡھΣǲ;ʿսҲʦû
ҡҡ
ˮ۾ϵİ˿
ðɡӦҾʱšˣߡ

ˮŸΪ̵񣬲򴽡
ϵԽԸЩʿ𽥷ֲԾ
Щʿ֪ʹƵأ±ĽˣûκηӦȻǰ塣
־԰쵽顣
־ᶨǿʹǸܲʹ
ü䵭ؿվս֮ˡ
㶼ʲô
ӦЦһɴ£
ϵ̲סһ䣬ֿЩʿŭǵҪĽ𣿣
ߣ
ҡҡͷˣϵۡûǣҽ˵Щ̫ᣬ¸ҲҪӮһӮǡ
⻹ҪǣǷϡ
ϵʹԼ侲
ţЩʿҲӣûжɱֻǣǱͣ¶
Ȼǲ֪ǳʲôҩʲôĻûô
ǡɱǡ
ϵ俴ˡ
Ŀġ
ɱЩʿ

ףš
δ뵽ŵȻ˻ӡ
ۣѾкüʿΧ˹
ﶼ¶̰Ҫȡⷽ
˻ӡӵ˴ҲǸλá
ףʦǱ߿һۣʦ㲢δ·磬ࡣ
ףΣڻ
ǿŵˣףҲԥ˪ǰˣǹȥ
û뵽ڿ֮Ҳ˳֣
Ƕ̽͵شףθͬʱҪȡҡ

ʯײ֮
Ƕ̽˿û˵ףΣɨһ˲
նףζ֣ȴҪɱࡣ
ҿ൲һ
൱ΪףһͷγΪƵģڴУʵдڡ
ڵʿɽ磬ҲǶˡ
ͷδ谭ףεĶؽͱ˸Դ
ࡣԱߣѵûʲô׼
ðˣȻ֪ⷢôԼ߷Ÿ
಻⣬Ҳںɡ
ЦЦ׼ôܿĶ
ףΣǵӴ󡣡
ǼףΧߣ˰֡
ףβҪǰһ˶üˡ
ڳ֣ͳҩݸ䡣
ˡ
£ףΣѸٽҩӹ̷¡
Ҳ˰ա
ͷ࣬ټǳٹ⡣
ĿƵףϣˡ

ôǲҶô
˵ϵۣǣɴǸʹ졣
ʮʿϸкüƣѪϵȾɫ
ȴȻηϵˮ
ϵѾˮߣǼٸ϶մȾѪɫ
ˮҧŴЩҿˡ
ûнĿƿˮô
ª˾۸ϵʦ㣡
ɡɡˮҲ벻ʲôð취
ϣгصĿޣˮѾ֪Լޱȴ
Щ桭ˮҧ촽ʵڲ֪ôϵʦ㡣
ϵ˼
ˣֻɱٵħаޡ
Щƭɿɱ֡
ϵս
һҪǾ
¶ĺϵ۲ԥɫ⡣
ǹ𡣾ɱǣħȻ󡭡
Ϊ
ˮҲϵʦĴˡ
´ҧǡǡϵʦҪЩǣˮҲӱܡ
ˮվֱ壬Ӵȡ׸ٸսʿǡ
ɱɱЩˡ
Ʋסزţµָ
ţˮٸԼΪϵʦۡ

˿ƲסЦԣҪɱ˶ѣⶼǺαػҪȥΪ˺ˡ
ٿȻ
ƲסĿ⴦Ѫɫ֡
¡
۸˿ŮӲ֪ֲ֪Ӻʱˡ
Ṵ۸ˣɲӦء
׳ö
Ҳ֪εأʮʿݻ
¡һҲͣռŤҪܣ
ϵسɴ磬ֱֱ˲
ĳһƣƴᡣ
ϵֻ´˵С顣
ۡۡ
ʹƬﲻڶ
Ǹ˭ϵ˵һʵʲôݣʶ
ʿҲһæԲסֵѡǷŶƲסʶ



146 
국Ƴףһۡ
뵥̵,ھϣռϷ硣
ȻԣͬΪڵ,µǳ,ȳĺΪʵǿħ,Ҳ
ǲʲôĻǡ
ʵ
¶,ĺǰСԿˡ
˵ʵΪǳĺкܴ,ӻ,űɱˡ
¶Եк,Ͽ˳ĺĳλʱ˵Ļ
˱뾡ɳʱ,ȻΪĸ󻼡
̺Ȼ̧,¶ϡЦ,ûκ⡣
ꡣΪӮô
üŵİʿûħĴ㡣
ֻٶʩÿ׵֮,׵,̶ֱȥ
ϵ,,췣
һֳ,üѹ,нɿ,ֺʮһ,ɽ赲ɫ׵硣
һĵֿҪô¶Ե˵㲻Ҫơ
ɵԸⱻСŪôǱ
Ȼȴûͣ¶Ƴһۡ
ףʦá
ףʦĻǰˣʦǹȥ
һá
ɽȪɤʱҲ˵ƽ
ףƮ֪ʦֱʣδκε֮⡣
ֻǸӽ䱸˴ʱ
ƯУд򿪣Сдзɳ
һϢΧ˶ССľطС
һչˣ
ס
˻ӡҪˣ
¡

̾ȻӲ׵ߣֱСУ
ٶȼ죬ѾҪľС
ȴûзӦһ㣬ûκֹķӦ
й̶ʱΪľ塣
˻ӡϢ٣ܷŹôõĻᣡ
ת֮뷨
ȥץȡСľУֽһľеײ
ľһ
ʢŵƷҲľУչ¶ǰ
һ󤻢
ģ˻ӡ
֣ξҪӡУ
ڴһ̡
̺붨һ㣬ã
ȡף֮
Ϊޣףսʱ˽жߡ
ָʱᴥףεֱ
ףκƲ㣬ַ·ǧһнꡣ
⶯һϢ
һ䡣
ףεĽѾ̵̽ࡣ
ƽؽγ
ѪҺɽ
̵뿪˻ӡ㱡һ
Ŀڵƺأзӳ֣޷
ˣͨʿѾȥ
ǵ̱ˣ궼֪
ÿʿбֶΣΪԽߵıˡױɱ
̵ֳѷ죬Ϊֲ
Ƿ󤻢Ưࡣ
ϵĻʧˣüĽ˻ӡ
ơ
һ֣飬ɢһء
ٹϢΪһ̯ѪˮݽС
ףʦá
ʩɾ󣬻˻ȥл
˵Ľһʼ˵ǽ
ףδݽӹΧ
ЩһؾŬʿǣǴ򶷡
ףβԾ򴽡
ףʦãͣ
ʦڶףμΪʦ㣬Ҹ
ע󤻢
ߣףҲſ˹ȥ
ǷʯʵصСӡҪ˵ôɣȴϣܿʱĺۼ
ȱڣ
ɵ˵ĿʱףϹ˵˻ӡ

국Ȼףζ
ţ̴ʱ޷֮һ
Ƿʲôһ˿ӦĻᶼûС
ճٲ˶֪⣬׽Ӵ
ǲ̽ͼɴҪȡ˻ӡΣգһ̰۾
˫۾ע£ףûԥ֣סǷ󤻢
峺ʣްҲκ̰
ֻʦ˵ˣôˡ
ȫޱ׵Ρ
סüŵİŮҲˡ
ָշϣܽ
ָ۳*һѪ顣
žડ
Ѫ󤻢ϡ
Ѫɫ󤻢ӣأʧ
ףʶһŨ̾Ϣ
Ժصһ仰
ǶɣǼƣڡ
ǰ
ѡʲôӦ˾ˡ
䵭ɤ˿أףʶ仰

ˮ⣬λܵ졣
ơڵĺ˼Щǰ˵˻ӡύھ˴ӵʿô
Ƴˮе꣬䲻ôҲ޷ھɡ
˼ƲףεĺӣܱΪΨһĵӣʮ;Ϊʹ˪ĵʽ
۴ĵⶼǸΪɫĵӡǳڱڣҲǺ˼ȥעĺúӡ
˼Ȳʱʦֶ
֪ȲˣˮŽƳһۣ»δ֪
˼һŵ£ӲҪϹҲް취
Ǻֲ֧Ѻע˻ӡ׻ᱻ껹ʱߣû뵽ðףΣ
Цãˮˡ
˶٣ô衣˼رġ
Цݲã಻࣬˰ɽͷ
ȵ֪ٳ̣ӡ
¡ᶵԺûͳ
༸˵ûʧ֮⡣ϾҲռƵı׼˻ӡȴǸĿܻʱϡ
չ飬˲Ķһݡ༸˸ǿĵӣ·ǰʮ꣬ǰ꣬Ҳͷ
ϧǾʱ
б䣬˻ӡȻ䵽һڰǰԵ⡣
ʱǽӣ˿ȫﲻᵽҪ
º͵ЦЦء
λĶŵ꣬Ŀŵˮеϣ𡣡
λǵý´ãôħܽᣬ˺ӣƻ⼸ţɵóѽ

ǡ
ףס˻ӡʲôҲûзãգգۡ
˶塣Ӱ졣
뵥̴Ĳͬףɻؿʦ㡣
ȴ¡
꿴Զæ
ȴ˵ġ
۸˿ؿԼһͲʹң顣
飬ظæ
ǣסףε֣ףѣСɿǣˡ
סȻףοŵ֡
ףεͷãѣҪǣ㵽ȥأ
ȻҲмɻ֮ǰǶúõģԼô
ףȻƴǣһЩ䶯ء
һЦҵһʿܲС
ףѡ
꿴Ƕյ֡
ԭȥף˻󣬾ˡ
ϸָףֱϵ˵㣬Цǿɿš
ͷȴǶķǹţֺܿ콫Դת˻ȥ
üĻ塣
ףλûüشأѾˡ
ɻͷʦָѵ䣬ѵÿˡ
국Ƴףһۡ



147 ɫ
ףβԾض˼Ϣ
ţ
ףɻ
Цһ,꣬ҪԴǰȥô
һнѳҪȥǣס
Ȼ,ɲף,ݵؽջء
ƽشۡ
;ʿ̽,ĪΰȻҲܵ൱
ϵĽͬ츳ʿ֮,ΪεľǴʿ嶼̫á
ʧȥ˫۵Ӵκɫģ
ִʿ˵ǿԽܵġҲһ
俴,ȴǲ֪
ȻǳЦ,ƺܲӡ
,ôҿҿǻġ
ף΢ţˡ
ѡڵ٩ʦ㣿ǴϷʵģ
Ȼûʲô,ƽ,˲,·Ӱ죬Ҫǣš
仰֤ʵףεĲ²⣬Ϊʱ,ԡռ,һյĹ,ѿ˺ü
һʿ˵,Ⲣ
úġ΢΢ü,İסĿ,ü,ɷ
ϧ,Եˣѽ
һͽ俴ƣһ͸ЩУΪʦĻ
ʦ˵÷ǿ϶ǲ÷
̾ϢСºá
ҲٶŪףΣѿ˼ķӦ
߰աףѣعңһġ
˵ģί
˲֪ʵ飬Ȼä̫̣顣
ϧϵףΣͷá
תͿʼˡ
ףλڹ۲ĶȫްͲٶˡ
սֵ׶ΡȻ࣬ǱɿЩʿ·һ
顭ȴϾ
İ£ףοĳʿڲ˿ߡ
Щ˿߻֮ơ
ǸңǶԴؾڵЩˣʵʿȻҲ˻ء
ùףʵڸΰ죿
˻ӡϵѹа£Ҫˡ
ֻףΡ
˼֣֣ҪʹãܲʹãʹúʲôˣҿȫȻ֪
ЦЩزʶ˪ɵҪô
⣬ף˵ȴǲҪġ
ܾȣΪβȥ

ҽݡ
δˣز¶
֦ʶˣ۾ˣΪʦ̽Σ
δҽԭҽʦǺ飬ˣҽֵҰʦѧϰ
ð죡֦Ҷˣ۸Ұ㣬ңҶʦ
˼úδҲƿˡ
ӳѩʦ㣬ʦˣ
ؾٰһΪʦ治±Լʦ𿴼
ˮڵġ
֦ںʦʦʦʦ֮·ϣֻһʦʦġҲܹҪʦʲôҲðݱΪʦ
治Ļһδ𾪣գ
ӳѩ֦ʱҽݣȻԵɵġ
ϵ˴ź󣬻ӳѩ֦ȥ
û뵽Ҳжҡ
˻ûҵͱսҲһЩηļһ֦ҩǶˡ
֮ȥ̫ʦڣײ˲
ʿսӳѩ֦ûðȻȥκϡ
ĵǰ˴æΪʦöǷǣӲó򶷡
ڽսδͣϢˣǾֱȥˡ
֦ǽżԵʿҽݡΪǵ״̬̫֣֦Ҫо
֦Ѫимֱۣϸ۲쾭ûзʲôߡ
ʱһԱæĺδһ۵㡣
ǵ֢״ƣǻᴫȾ߲һδ߲һЩָ壬ơ
֦ͷ˸ղǴ治ۡ
֮ںδԼЩ۵ָù֦רעؿ
һʱ䣬طʣ£ǷǿƲסļȡ

⣬ָ£Ѿ
Щɿʿһ顣
ϵۺˮϣСˣҲͷ
ͳȥʦϵ۵죬ףʦá
⻰Ȱ˵֮⡣
ˮ۲ףϵ˻ӡ·ǧǣ쳣ϣ֮Ϣ
⡢⾿Ǻɵ
ӵĵˮе𺳣ʵ벻ôʿܶķ
ָˮĺ󲱾ϣۡ
ˮɱ۾
бҺӱǼ们䣬ʶȥá
ֱǣסǸŮ˺ǳЦּεѪ˻ſ
ϵۣóˮãûٶȥܡ
ʦ㡣ףϿۣʦô²ȥɣ
ϴΣǸŹֽʿʬףͱʦȡˡ
ϵԴǰǵˣħ޴ؾɴֹˡ
ʤͷӽޡ
ʱףκȻеж˸
һֽ
ҳǱؾڵĻ֮ˣɱ
ףüǷʦǸˣû뿪ؾ
ʱȴֻһ˵ݳ
˵ĵҳĻ֮ɱ
Ҳζţһ໥
Ҫⳡȥϵ۸оԴۣһָСˣЩ˵Ų췴ô
μģʵԶԶȲЩˣȷʵǸŵٮٮδ
¶⸱ģˣЩȥƣ
棬ŸлȥĻᡣͣȻ̫ںЩˣϾ
ףΣؾǴȥڵаء
Ƕףκ˻ӡȤԿףʹ
ɻô˵ףȴмֿգҲ֪ʹ˻ӡҲ˵㲻֪
׸ôʹأ
ͷϵ󤻢
ȫû춯Ȳ˺ףΣҲûиףκηӦ
ʱ
ĶŵЦЦСףβȥʱ£
˶ȻǽףȥؾۡϾ˻ӡˡ
ףȴ׹ǽȥѯǰ
򴽣ʦ㡣
鵽ף֪ܲ˻ӡһǼƺʦĹ͡
Ը⽫͵ȻΪʶеǰ
Լ˵˻ӡýˡ
յף괹롣
δףʦ
ʦң䵭ҹĿ߳Ժ
˼ףοȥףʦã
ԱߣȺԶЩĵطȥ
ףιɸϡ
ʦ㣬£ͣ½Ųףʵ
תӡ
ɵǣһһ¡
ؾһʢļڣۺ컨¡
ףοһۻƮºǡɴǰ¡
ǻסüĵ룬䣬ҪıǼ⣬˲ϢסĴ
˲䡣ףη֣ʦĴɫһɫЩ
Ϊÿ
ףβԾض˼Ϣ



148 дţ
̧֣ףεϣЩ
ףεĿⲻ,̫ԡ
þͼȥΣ˵Ҳ̫ױ
ףηȫʶԼж񣬵ȵӦ,ߴ괽ƿʱ,עֻصʦ㽫ԭˡ
ʦ㣿
ףλһ,漴ȴʦ˵
Ľ꣬żϢĿ,͸¶һѶϢ
˶٣˵£ףʦ,Ҫҵһʺ˻ӡ,ѡ
Ϲ,ÿγߣʷϼΪʿ߾
,ںܶʱͳһġ
ףβΪԼ˻ӡǰγ,ʦô˵,һĵ
ӦΪʶǰ飬ʦ֪ô
ףǴδµģҲпܴӼ֪
Ͼڵ,ĹϵΪС
,ȷδǰ,ԴΣ
ʦ㡭ĸܣ뷨
ףβʲô,Ϊǰ˵,ҪΪʦнΪһѽ,Ȼʹʲô,ʲôС
ʦȻʺ,һŬʹ
ףʵѾʶǰ
ϧǰڻûͼյʱǰʶ˵
ģװء
˻ӡʹãǰܽ˭أ
ҲԵʣŻ
ףҲֻܵǰˡȴ֮⣬һֱʶɧ
ʱַЩȥʶﲻϺǰǰǰ
һˡ
һףε鿴ȥͺڳ˼ʲô
ҲԷſա
ģɴ䲻ղŵĴ𸴡
ѾǲòôίӦ
򴽡
ԱҪ˵ףεĸʵ΢ġ˵ǰѸףκüλᣬףεķӦǼᶨġ
ôڣ͸ȥЩ
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С۴ӽĵطذա



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괽
ʦȡףԺԶȡ߼ΣΪҵΪˡ
ҲΪԽͷѪĵֻ࣬ǸɣףλΪ棬ͷѪͻСεΣͷѪҲôˡ
괹Ըңô
£ףЦݼʦ㡣
λԴʲôԣرġ
˵ʱҲײ긹¶ƺַϻҪ̡
ջ֣ͷͷ˿и
Ծַȥ
ڡףʦãҪϢ

֦ҹףϸƹϡ
ⲻ󡣡˵ȼҩգ˵ָܻˡ
һԣʵףʦõ״̬
ʦָķ棿֦
Ϊֹ꿴Ű˯ףΡ
ףʦЩôҲӣҿҽ顣֦͸˼ټζҩ
ڹ˼ҩʦõ֡
֦ëʣЦЦǴʦòصףʦöʱЩ¾ͺˡ
֣Ҳû˵
֦ܿˣǰʦãףʦñ𼱣ҲҵЩӣ𽫵һ˵š
š֦µҩҩģڹѰʦҩ
ⷬŵҩعʱףλ˯
ȷʵԼ˵˯˺ܺãҶû߿ӡ
ࡣ
˼Ϣףε˯ա
˼ɹ
ףʦãֻԼܺá
üʶԼκ˿ףʦ÷ŵ̬
ܿ콫뷨



152 
ףʦ֮䣬Ƿ񡭡̫ˡ
֦Ǹҽ,Ϊ˪صĵӣ걾ûҽҽ
Թεҩףεıȴӡ
˵
Ϊý¼Щʿһ߲
ʱ,˪ɵ˾ָ,ξյ챻ħ޹ƻʿǡ
֦Ϊҽ,Ȼ̸ģҽĺδ򡣡
ӳѩﲹ,Ӧýг´λδҪҵĳºӣֻˡ
η˵ߣǻᴫȾġ
֦Ǽٸʿ,ڵ˿߾൱ڴȾԴͷ,ʵ,ǴԾͻк쳣ⱳһбֶΡҲħļƻ,ɿǵ,ټЩĪ˿,ơ
ҪǻָѣĿǰҪֱˡЩ˿Ҫβȥһ,뿪ɿ,Ҫˡ
֦,ʦ,ʾ,ƻ˿Ҫ㹻ߵľ߸Ʒ׷,ʵ,ȷ˵û
ؾڲʿҲͽ,ҽؾǰʿЯƣû˴˸Ʒ׵ķ
ˡ
ʱô֦Сֹʵ
ʱˣڻɽУǱΪ̫ɽڽڣдеɽƣǿԵġ
˻ӡףʦ֦֪ףʦû޷á̫ˣϾʱʹ̫Ҳء
˵˻ӡʵƷ׻̫֮ϡ
Ҫ𸴣ע⵽
Ҳûʲô͸żֿ
ǲӦ
һȥʡʱ˴ʣұ㽫ҽݵĵַ
ô²⣬ǰû˳ףε˼
ңףҲ˽鵢µˣΪΪʱ״̬µףʦãԸ
ã֦ش˴֡
˵£ϵۿˣףʦã˵飬ھǸʾĿǰ˵ȷʵδʿϵҡ
Ϣ֪ʿףε⣬ϵ֮󣬼˵㣬ϲ˵ʿ׸
ףοȥ糣ͷвߵݣйϢҲˣʱûҲܺ
˵ݱ¶ЩʲôţҲǺ¡
ܲףϵʱûʲô䶯
šϵ̾˿鷳ЩʦͿԽ˴
һɢϲ飬ڴΪͲҪΪæµΪǵ÷ġ
ˮסֱۣϵʦ㣬ǴأҪΪ
ϵ۴ǽǳ°ɡ
СˮȻҲںúŬǸƬٹգҾ֪ˡ
ţϵۺȻһ񣬻ЦҼǵãƬǱôôˮоѽ
仰˵ע
ӳѩȥˮʦãȥˣ
ӡ̫ãԼţҪҿ㡣
Ǽ֦ҲϿɣ׽ˮҪӴ
β̣ҲЦ⣬ûлӳѩôࡣ
ˮ󿴿ҿΪ²ȥġ
ˮûôûأŪΣҪΪ˴£Ų
͵͵ףΡ
ףνյЦЦʦ㣬Σ
áˮͷұҪƬҪоģ˵δҳ˵ĻᣬҲ޷ֻȥ̫ʦϡ
ӳѩʵڼ䣬гѰô
ûСˮȷʦ㻹Ҫվʹ̫ʦ
ϵ޹ٴδˮҿˮʦã㱻ƭˡ
ʲô˼ˮɻ
һֱ̫ʦڡӳѩʲôѰ˵Ļᣬܲܵϣűְա
ˮȣȫԽƬңϾûѰˡ
ǰӳѩ̾ȻڲŷӦ
ΪʲôҪôֶŪˮ
ˮչ
ϵ۴ѽûܽǹİȥ
´ҪȥӳѩҪ㡣
ȻԸĨֺǺء
ףξ֣Ӷӣô񣬻ûȤ
ü˼¡
벻ʲôԵɣֻҽ¸á
֮лʦˮףλǷ˵ġ
ꡣ
ףθʦ˻ʹӦ˵Ǳͻ˻ʹ
ʵûзʹ˻ӡ*գ׼ٳһ
ҪܿʦС
صסĹڣףó˪һؼ޶ġ
Ȼؾܶණٵģ⹦ġ
⼸ջҪϢûĿĵȥˣΪ˲˷ʱ⣬;Ķ
ףν򿪣겢δͣҪߵӣʵʦ㣬Ҫȥʱ˵ô
һȥȴףν˵
Һʦһȥ
ף֪ܾΪҪһȥԴָȻصʹڡ
Ȼأڴ˴Ϣ
ףԤϣӦһãʦȥա
óʦȥʱԲ˻ӡ
ôţףĿҷŵⱾϣװҪרн
ʵעʦ㣬ȴ뿪
˺üϢ
Ӱȴǣûж
ףζЩɻˡ
Ҫһʣȴע⵽ʦ
ףξջߣרĿϵ顣
רģʱҪۿ۵ġ
ףʦáɽȪȪˮ
ף̧ͷȥʦ㻹к£
ΪԼװúܺã꿴ȴ©
⼸յףˣȻݵġ
죬ҪҪ뿪ףεͻ쳣Ҫһֱ뿪աһҪ뿪ãʲôʱܲЩ
ƽӦ˼ףʦǺһЩˣ
ϸ۲죬Ʒ²⣬Ļµġ
ںϣ뿪ʲô
ףһôģ
Ϊصúܺá
ףβƭʦ㣬
֣еĽȡƽ̧ͷ
ףԴʦ㡣
Ǻܿ٣ܹģ
뿪ʲôٴʵ
Ȼƽȴ͸ӣ·׿κλԡ
Ŀǲ˲ҿԭ򣬵ףδܽܡ
£ˣ㿪ߡ
ü壬Ǳ鰸ϡ
ʵδʲô䵽ľ鰸ʱǷžһ
ףһ
౻סԭ֣ڷࡣ
ᣬֹףƿĿĶ
ףЩסٴοʦ㣬Ŀ͸ɻ
ɻʶĶ׵
ʱûջأ⶯ش𡣡
²ĵףεȻףĻӦ룬Բ˻ӡ
ףαͲʦ֪£һʹǰˣǸЩĳԷʽһˡ
ƣᣬೢԼҲ޷
û˵
국û˵
ף飬룬סʦ㣬Ҵˡ
Ϊ˱ϴ̬ȣĺܽ
ףʦ֮䣬Ƿ񡭡̫ˡ˼



153 ӭ
Ķǻرܣӭϡ
ɿ,ٸףεա
˺֮ٽгԡ
ܾףҪ˻ӡ뷨Ͼ˻ӡܵףҲЩϵ
ףʦáעΪá
ҲҪΪ˼С
ʦĻ,ףһġʦɿԼ,Ҳջ,ٱʦ㡣
ŵľٶʵСʱ򣬳ֵ̫,ߴ˻
ǶǺСʱ,ף˵Ǽļ,Զĵס
ףγҩ,ȷʵһЩˣ,ӦԼľٶܲʡرǷʦϡ
ɻ,ԼΪʦǰ,ôŵÿء
ףΪʦԼĺѣΪһλڳǰ,ˮ,޷ô˳ľֹ
ףʱֻǰ,ˡ
ã,̧ͷ,ʦ㡣
üŵŮ,ճûʲô,ףμеô,Ҳ֮
ʦǼΪˣòκһ˿ëʥ࣬ˡͬʱǼΪǿʿ
ףͷͷѲɣʦ̫ɿ˵׵İĸУ
һᣬҲףλظ
һʱΪףʦòδ㣬룬һͬȥѰʱˡ
˿סͲˡ

ڵȻҲǵ֮ء
ףã鲻ΪֻʵпУףΣһ
ܾˣ꣬ڽؾ֮ǰƣûȥء
˶ѰʲˣûʲôͷȤͣڼףţҪһ
ֹΪףǰĿ֮Լľ
ףεȻսЦЦҪӦ¡
ʱ˶սܾ顣
ʱСǣղΪԶ
鲻꣬ԼսʧܺϰԲˬǺʱУ
˺áףλشˡ
ˣ̾˿ҪսáҲʤ֮䡣
һûֵףοڡ
ǰ·ʱʦס⸮ۡࡣ
˼ͻȻӦ
ԹԣȻ˵˺ü仰ģ
ŹϵӣڵĵǶǿǺƳġ
˪ɵԪƣڽڵĽҲܶ࣬Ϊǿ
˵ͬˣʱڣܶལڵӶǺܾġ
ţ͸ĺˣһʱ֮䣬鶼мָ
ô£ѲԼĳѾ꿴ĵزˣ
ֺأͷһۣͲףں괫
ͬΪڵʿȻף˵ʲôʱķܸܵ
˵ʲôء鱾룬Ҳûע
ּǴ˿ɿȻȻףڣ
ɴ۾Ϥ꣬Ϥʱ˰֪ˣĲʲô֫Ӵ
ʱ˵ãʱ˴ʱҲʲô̫׽ľٶ
ףҲ̫ˣ𾪡
һ߱־ȣһ߸ϸСĵ͵顣뿴ʲôӦ
꽫ڴף˳
鰵Եͷ
أǻѵһ𣿻Ҳ˵ʲôϾڻڱ˵ĵϡ
˼ţǺߣЩźܿˡ
ܿ죬ͼһ
ԼڣŪƽ
ѵˣô˴ˣ©ĺ
Ȼ󡭡
ƳףΡ
⵭Į룬ʱʦеһƴ
ѽףΣóȻӽ֮ӣǺ˵ġ
ܡסˡģ
ûʲô
ò©ˡ
ףοȥֺĵѣС̨ףҪġ
мɻ
ϾͻȻּ̨ףʿڵʿ˵ֻƽһ˿Ӱ졣
ãáջߣԼǴû˯ѣҪ˯Ǿ̫û˯ˣֻþˡ
Ȼôῴףһ֣Ҫץʱ
Ķǻرܣӭϣ
ûӭϣ
ԲΪԼģԾûп
֣ôףεķ˿ףץס䣡
Ϊ£
ֱʱʦ䵭ɤηѣʶĴ·Ѿ
ǰ漸վСԺǰʱˣߵǧ겻֮
Ŷ˿ģⷽҲǺġ
ΨС
תͷȥƣǷԼþˣû뵽һŷŴ˹
ѡףΣ۾ȥ԰գ
һӾͱע⣬㣬ô
ǵ˲ҪӰԡףεģʦѾӦǱˡ
Ϊмܴأ仰ʲôСôܻҪʦͬ⡣
ޡ׹ˣԭףδΪ¡
ǳ˳飬ףμۡ
ףɻ󣺡ѣ
ҡҡͷ룬ˡָһԺӮˣҪؾǰĻջء
ǰ˵ʮУҾ͵ûǱԣӮΪֹ
ҪָȴףЦЦЦʲôѲɾһӮ
ǡףεǰһֱ˵һڴڷ֮С
ģҪϵѧЩеûģᣬ껪ǻԶ㡣
Ե⡣
ʱۣ壬Ǳ򡣡
鱻ȽִĴָҲ𣬽ֵʳָֻ˵
ߡףߡ
˿߸ָ¡
ףμģһʱЩ棬ѣ˴򶷹УԷʼһģҲὫָô˵ĻĽ᲻ڵϣ
īߺڡ¶Ѿû˵ѶϢϵ֮ǰôɹȻҼ𽣣һ١
񣿡ףЦģǲġ
ߡһѾˣϵǼһҪȵˣҶҪһ١
ҪȥҺʵıص㡣
ٳһһСأʺϡ
ףκûе飬Сء
ߺʱ˵̸ʽʼ
̫նаôʱ˵̫ǲܾģҴӦ㡣
˵ǺֱˬģԵ;ʿˡ
л֦ҽе
ʱ䵭¶⣬֮ǰ㣬㻹עЩѣЩĽ治ֹΪϡ
ףġǰƲˣվ˵ʲôڣ㲹ˡ
ԽǿұԽڴսʮ͸ս⣬ҴӲΪһ䡣
ƽ䡣
˲̸ȥȴǷСʤ
ףΡʱ˵ǰԼսʤʦ㣬Ըڵʵһ
ʵںܶ˿˵ָ㣬ʱ˸òĴ
국Ȼء
ʱ΢ɻʣѾãףӮʦ㣿
⻹Ҫ˷ӡ
Ӯƽ㲻ؽԼڡ
ʱѵüë£˼ǣǽʵѹڣ򲻹ףΣ
˵̫̫ףء
ʱ΢΢¡ΪȻ



154 ˮ
ףʦõķ˿
Сռڡ
ףκһƬݵ,ʪ䣬вľҷ
ݵؿ,˺óһξ롣
ףַŵ䱦Ľ,ǡ
ָ,ѡ
˵󣬽˳,ʵһ˲䡣
ˣ
ѷٿ
ΪѾõӣ鲻ͻȻðͷףΣںʼ,⼸¼ۡ¼
ܶۡع,Իݽ,ףֱǴӱڳĵӡ
Ͼ˽֪,ѩ,ӻ˵,ʿʵȴףӲڵﴳͷ
ףκܿ͸ܵȣͬһƬĲҲѸٸɿ,ģ
˲,Ҫˡ
˴Ӷ׺˵,ȫɡ

˵Ľײһ
ӾͲȵףȽ,,ĿҪһףεˮ׼
ԭһ,,ռϷ硣һ˶ԾĴ,Ľܲ͸磬г佣ƶһǿռϷ磬ܶʱ򣬾һֱѹŶ
Ϊսǰڣͨ˫򶷵̫̽Ľ׶Σó׶Σöû˵
û뵽ǣףξȻֱ˪
ֽУڵʿ˵ÿʩչķѾ޴ķ˵ӮģǺʹʽȶֿ󣬾ոⷨ͸֧Ĳ˼
ͼĴôףϡüΪףλһûսǻ۵ˡ
ȷΪڵӣȻϳ˪һʽ
ˮڽӽѸٱð
һСףεʹЩ
üøһʮеĻֶʤʮڳ֣
̫棬̫Ʋ˰ɣ
ͷ⣬ȴûӰ侲ⳡԾ
һҪúýѵһ
ϵǸ˶ôƲԼףǺõ
ֽն͸ˮ׼ȷնףΡ
ףνȵ漴ٳһ
ڶС
֮β
˪ڶʽһ߾ս̫û·ˣСӴܣпһӣһҲƻط
ĽǰĻط﷭ףȡʤ
սʼʮϢʱ䡣׶ΣͨռϷˡ
һΣѹš
¡ضףΣʶɲ׾ͽĶ֣
С
С
Ѽʶһִգּʶ˷ٲ
ӦҲףתΪǿ
Χ׿ɿݵĲݣףεʽֱʪ͸ð
״ƺףϾҪӮˡ

ץס˻ᣡ
䣬Ϊʹ˪ĵһʽΪףʮڻ˵ⳡԣףӮ
˭ףƫƫѡķʽأҲ֪ɵ
ףεĶ֣ˣ˵׼ѱ¡ҲǴڵӣ츳׿֮ˣôûмˮ׼أ
ڱڣ׺͵ʿȻϰ˪׽
˪Ҳ̫齣
׽˪ŶҪԽڵУֻҪ츳㹻ѧϰ
ͬóвͬĽЧʱֱ̫齣ʽ
θ࣬һǬ
˲ʱ䣬䣬ͬ䣬ףȥ
ֲѹһϢΧľ˲ѣڵظ档
ֱӱȼˣ
ףˮ˲俾ɵ
ʽʱ鵭һȰ档
ȷʵƯףθ˪ʽƻδ֮ʡ
ףνٳķٲ浱УҪ
·ˮһ㣬ֻʣ¸ɺԡ
ʤҪһ̡
ףȻսʱһ飬ΪǼԼϵĶ
ЩƺҪû
üǵףλǾףɵվţϳ
ףηЩֹҲϳףҲϤðͷѲɣɵˣ
ôһеĻڵʿ˵ȷʵԻܲˡ
ֻд裬ҲףôصˣʽѳյĻء
ˣҲֻͷΡ˵ôȴһǸĻӣҲǼӰ
Ǻٸд裬ͳţ
ţȴûףƿսδʱġ
Ҳҿûƿע
Ȼ
ͼԼΪζˡ


һ޴ģˮɵĲ֡
Щˮȴʼ޷ƻ
·װһ㣬ˮڡ
εˮˮ׺һʱ֮䣬ݡ
ףξվˮ֮ϣֱֳնһ
ͬʱС

ˮף֮Ƽ㣬ֵ䣬Ϯ顣
ֻǿ֮ơ

һ˲
˾ͱײõ˳ȥ
ף֣ץס
ԾˮҲȻ˵ϡ
ˮȦɢΪأݵ֮ϡ
ҵϡ
˻֮С
ʤѷ֡
ף
Сжѡ
ֻʮеһ롣
޷ŻķһΪԼߵ꣬׽ܡ
ǣʿ¸һԲ𵤼Ҳ
ôһôģݽ
ǧɻļ䣬ӵؿףΣǿ

˴ӶСռȥصʱԱߡ
ʱ˿˿飬ʦˡ
˵ҲΪ棬ֻǱԾȻô죿
˴ӽȥһյ衣
ʱԾȻһյ
Ӯ飬ֻǣףҲô
ѹ֣ǰѶף֮ߡ
Ϊޣʱ˶ԱȶҲڽ޵ĺ£ֻΪǿС
ڵȻҲǣΪĻԼףεı֣ʱ˶΢˵ġ
Ĳʱףԣֻһս
ǡµĽԤϣ鵭Ȼһ󣬾ʹף뿪
ףθʦ
ȳ⸮ۡסףѸٴ˻ʹ֮ڡ
ףλûüأѽһƿҩȡ
ˣðȻʽǲô
ҩݹȥϢ
ףνӹûųԣֻǺʵʦ㷽Ŷˣ
ʦķ淢ʲôʦ֪Ҳ⡣
ôţף۾ʦ㣬ǲгˣ
һֱͺʦǰչʾɿһġ
ȥ֣ÿǿУʦӦԣҲ֪ʲôʱʦ㲢硣
ţܳɹóˮУ
ףҲûôˡ
Уףν˪ʽѪŵԴġ
֪ǼϰˮʽԼ֪Ҫ˵°͡
ɱѧһ׽̫̫ࡣ
Ŀ귽Ż˵۾䣬ȴ͸Щ䡣
ҩ
ףιɽҩ£ҩ
ȵ۾ʦûߵء
ףֲԾȥʦ㣬ʦ㡣
ڵҲˣ͸Щϲ꿴
¡ʵȴ֪𰸡
ȻҡҡͷֻЦţǣ䡣
׾ܶ㿪
ףλǳɹס䣬̽ʵʦ㣬ҾҺ˺ܶܶ࣬ɲԣһٲ˻ӡ
㷽Ӧңƺȫԡ국ѡ
ףſȥԴҪյȥˣʦ㣬취ҿЩòã
·˿ҪϣԿ꣬Ǻ޵Ļ
ûоòϲҲû롣
ףʦõķ˿
л˵
дһ㣬һ[][][][][][][]



155 
ᴥա
ףͷ,ڴʵʦ㣿
ܵģϵƣֻҪʦ,
꽫ǿѱֵ쾡¡ʦֲҽ,ʲô취ء
괹,鲢δ׹ȻǵȻģ
ƽʵ
ףεͷ,룡
ΪƵʱ䣬Ѿ˼ˣҲЩż
Ҫ귢ףεĿ,ѾʼԲ˻ӡˡ
ףѾӦ,ʦа취
Ȼʦ㲻ѯԼһʱ,Ϊڴϲִǣ,Ϊźߵ
ʦ㡣ףλ˻,Ҿ֪ʦҵġ
⻹ûдӦ,һ仰˦ˡмģ
ټģ˵⣬Ҳ㡣ϾǰÿܾףεĿʱ,ĴҲ͸¶һ˵˵,ҪϢ
ʱ̬,Ҳмơ
꽫ֳ,˼,ףʦú,Щ׽ľٶ,Ӧͻˡ
ƽף,֮£ȻҪ࣬żʱ򣬴󲿷ʱﻹǻ걣Щ룬׽
Ǵ󲿷ʱ밤ꡣ
͸˼ڷŵĳһϢƺƫʱףʦá
ܿͽ뷨ΣףʦȷʵҪ
ȷʵиӡ국˵ꡣ
ΪʲôкأΪĳǰ󣬾ЩԴѾֱˡ
ֻٴ̧ҪȦס
Ȼףô⼸еദҪĹˡ
˴㣬Ȼٸģ׼ףЩ롣
õģʦ㡣ףλӦԱߵϣڴʦ˵ա
Żܽ֫ഥʱȣһӾʧ˸ɾ
˿ԼԼյЩ΢Ҳɢ
̧ɨףΡ
ףμʦ㿴ԼæʾԼء
Դʦ㣬׼ˡ
˱ۣٴ󣬵Ȼƣ˳ҩ⣬һ취
ſĽƣ˵룬Ϊ̲޸ƣȳҩЧҪѺת࣬Ҳһξܽκá
ףһξκãǲǽٽгԲ˻ӡô
̫ˣ
ӻڣⷨƺɣʵϿ
겻ǶʿǷ˵ΪҪ𣬵
ſƣ˵Լڴ˫˵¡
вˡҲףδʱࡣ
ڵǿȻҪ߹ף࣬Ⲣζţףξ˲
Ϊףεʶڣףεĵ̣ףβϣ˼п˵ꡣ
ϾǿҲǴģҪúñ˵Ĵڡ
ʦ㡭ף˵㣬˵ΣգҲҪˡ
ѡҩȷʵ࣬Ҫʦðա
ƳΣաҿԷֳһڡ
ܾ಻꣬ǰȫġҪǵԼһҵʶ߻ʶԾʼӦУΪҵ꣬˵Լ
ʦĽͺף˿
Ρƽʵǳҩ
ף˵ֱѡ⣬Ҫ
۾ʦɡ
ûĻش𣬽ע*ףһһ˵ˡ
֮ҪףҪѹұʶܰռƻ
ףȻΪ˺ʦ㣬鲻Ϊ˵ģҪһģҪԼʶֻʦһ꣬Ҳ갡
ҪʦܰȻ˳
ףΰ˾ġ
ķԸɵ˴֮ϣ۾˯˹ȥ
ȻʶʱҪ·ףΣϴǰȻۣȥЬࡣ
ȼ˰㡣
ƣһƮ
㲻ͨİ㣬ҩЧⷽʧܣҽȹ񻯡
ʱҲƽȻйྯ˼
׼ϰ˯ŵףΡ
˯ҲһĹɡ
Ϣ
üŵİŮӣҲɵ˴ϣ۾

ףξͼţҪɣɣԲ˺ʦ㡣
һֱĬͷ
عǰһƬ硣ʶģ˵Ը
ףһǰѾΪ˪ɣʦͥԺ
ʦԺʯϣʯϻû豭
ףƣΧֻзĻݣûʦ㡣
룬Ҫգݲʦɣ
ֻôһ롣
ʯϵĲ촦Ȼðɫˮ
ףλݲĲ裬һһáݺúʦ㻹δ֡
ʱЩǷԼǱʶδƷſʦ޷ɳ˵ء
ôţףθӰʦ˵İ취ŬԼʶҪʦĽʦԼʶǰɡ
Ŭáףζмˡ
ڣ̧ͷʱʦ˶λϡ
ʦ㣿ףλһȷʦ㣬ͥԺˮһ㣬Լʦ㡣
ƹȥȻúܺá
һʦĿޣףʶ͸˵۾𣬵תʦôųԼǰ˵ֻǰοԼĻ
æʵʦ㣬ܵ˺ô
ȻԼԾסʦ㣬ʦ
δƳʯϵĶͬΪף˱衣
Ȼ費ʦݵģҲʵġףЦŶǳǳһڡ
һ۾𡣹ȻԼʶˮʲôζͻʲôζ
²ʦݵģǼеζǾͲ̫ࡣ
ףΰѲ豭ºʦ㺮ɽȪɤ
һֻ̣֣ͬʩ
ףվ߹ȥͬʱҲվ
꿿һļ
ףˣһǽϡ
ЩȣΧĻѾˣȻʦͥԺУȻﲻǷŵСԺӡ
ǡϤķ䲼֣ЩİļҾƷ
ףεɴ۾ѲɡʦԷ
ûʦķ䣬ʦ᷿ǺģⲼס᷿޶ٲ죬д˲²⡣
Ҳζţףȷʵſ˺ܶƣܹöԷʶڱ仯
ͷ
һ佫רĵעףιͷ
ƺĶλ
üĵ׺СɺŮ֣ᳶ򴦵ۣԼķ˴
ףα˳ӵؿȥ

Ķ䣬¶ȡ
˶ͷ֡
Ǽ޵ش
Ǻôףα۾Ծ롣
ܿ졭Ҳ˲ϱˡ
ůʣ˵ΧףվˣһΣͷͷ껳䡣
ԴڿŮӼǰȲա
ס
š
ᴥա
л˵
ʮСκˣ
ܣҲף[Ц][Ц][Ц][][][][̻][̻][̻]



156 ͬ
⻹һμʦ˯̬
ˬ
ףθʱľ״̬,Լﶼõòˣ겻ֹƺתܸо֮Ϊ׳ǿ
ҵʦúõл
,ף,˲侪סˡ
,·֪Լδһ㣬գգۡ
ٴۺ,ǰȴûκα仯
ھƵľ룬˯üŵŮӡ
ʦ㣿
ףεһʶ,סԼ,ⷢκ
ܿ,ʶԼ־Ȼʦϡ
ףζʱס,ֽŶ֪ô,·ⲻԼ塣
Ӳ,еԼͷ󺹵״̬Ȼûĳ
ôᡭ
ףλǵ˯ȥǰʦ,ʦƺơ
ˡʦʶ,Ҳ,˯š
ףСԼÿ,רעʦ,þʦ˯ߡ
⻹һμʦ˯̬
˯,ŮҲ,ʥ,Ȼɷ۾ƽƺýӽࡣ
ףβԾ˼ϢعҪĵشӴȥ
ٸӣҲҰռʦĴ
ףţԺ⼸죬ƺȫԼЩģһʱ䲻ɾȡ
ʦ̫֮ˡôţĴʦ󣬺ʦǸ
Ȼ˺ʶٶ϶ʦ˰ɡ
ף˴齣Լһ˲Զϣȴʦѡ
һóһŴϵĶ
˹˰ʱδʦļ
һʱ䣬ףγɻ⣬ҲЩǡô£
ѲǡʦŪˣ
һ뵽ףż׼ȥʦ
ʶ䵭ɤֹ
ް˯ѱá
/.
ףζǰεģѾվˣȻûзģôˣһʦơ
ǰȻĴʿҽޡףηĲ¡
ʱԼȫĵǰڲԼʦ㡣
ʶǰЦһСܴ󣬸ᡣ
һ͸ϵϣƺЩˡ
ףνʱǰ۵ģϣȻѾ֪ǰֻۣЩ΢ʱ̣ǰŻ¶ʡ
ûк£Щʦʱأ
ˡǰһ꣬θлա
գ
ףξüͷ͸
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ף߻صʦĴ齱ߡ
ǰʦܵʲôӰ죬ҿԽʦ껹ȥ𣿡
ǵʦ㡣
ء˵ްǰɣԼꡣ
ףεȴûȥҪſЩʦôὫһṩԼ
ʦԼá
˱ҪģƻʦֵǼ£Ϊʦʲôء
ʦǿ󣬴ﶼŵ㡣ףԽ룬Խã°Լȫʦ㣬Ҳȫرʦĺá
ǰƳ뷨ѵ£ǵ㡣С֪ͼǺ£ҪԼˡ
ʦ㣿ף룬ҲҪʦԸԸɡԼô
лǰԡ
λظǰûԻӦˡ
ףԭӦץǰװʱԼгԲ˻ӡ
£ҪȵʦŻᰲġ
ǡ
ʱ⵽۰Ͱ͵ؿԼ
ӴȻǰ˵ް
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ףſϣͷ꣬㻹𣿡
ƽȥҲڹ۲Է״̬
ӦǺˡȻ£˵Ѿ˹ˡ
жϺ¡
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ͷҪӴ齱վ
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ףδʱǶڴ齱Եλá
ĿⱻĶʦĽס
һӦǾúϸһƾסףζ࿴ۡʶʦǽʿֻǱԵúûʲôˡ
ʵʦɻ
ףʦáƽ𣬡ۡ
ףιɵر۾
ûзӦĿͣפλãƺЩò
ֻʦۣۡ

ʱѣ
֦ʱ˺󣬾ʹ֣ʾԼһӭԣ԰
ʱ˹ظܵ˿΢ǰŮӣĿƺ뽫ȥǹƵؿһ顣
Һ֦Ա߻ˣӳѩʦ㣬ʱѣлԸǰ
޷ʱ߹ȥ
֦ĿӰΣûзֿ˿
ʱĳᱻעĿţҲмֲˡ
Ϊ֦Ŀʵ̫.ˡ
Ҫӳѩ
֦˼֣Цݲãʱѣѡ˼λǰ׼ˣҪһܷն˿ߡ
⼸գоһЩЩ˿ߣʼ֮ǵĵܴӵﴦ˿նϣκˡ
ʱ֣ص̫⣬ǷŬݣʹ̫֮£Ҫﴦն޷֤˵ǵĵ
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ɽ˵һʱᱻħ޿ƵĵӣȻһĵӸΪá
ǰߵ̫ࡣ
Ȼʵˡ˵ǲʹĴۡ
ʱ˳Ϊ츳ΪߵʿǳԵġԼˣѣ޷뵽õķˣ
ץ˿ߵħޣһЩ⡣ץûҵˡ֦ʾΪº͵ķӽ˿߱Ƴܱĸ
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ʱѡ֦Ȳնڵ˿ߣն¶˿ߣҿЧΡ
ĵڣףˡ
ʱƼףΣ˻ӡ͹ϡ
ûö֮¶棬ȻǷڽ֮С
ʱѡףμԼʵɷһ̫⣿
áʱҲ³Ϊ˶꣬ǰͼˡ
ʱûףܲ˻ӡܸýΪΪɽѡеˣΪʹȷѶȡ
ĿǰҲ޷߶̫ܹ̫ƽѡ
ȥҽڵĳ䣬סһ˿ߵʿ
֦ιһŵҩܿ죬Щ˿ߣ¶˳ܱ׿
ʱѣ롣
ʱǰķ̫
춯ܲ
һ˲ʱ
磬޿ƥа㣬ֱֱնʿ
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һ
Щۻа꣬¶ʿ˿ϡ
ɹˣ
֦Щϲܿ죬ü
ֻ䣬ʿֲð˿ߡ
ҪնԴͷС֦ܿжϣ½ʿŪԡ
˳ȥ䣬¡
աʱ˵Ѱˣնϵڵ˿ߡ
׶䡣ԥ˾ϡ
֦Ȼܾãһ׼ʱٴǰ
ʱת꣬ǽƼˡ
š鵭Ȼ
˵һֻǲѡʱ˲ǿͣ¸Щá
֮ʱ˾ֱ뿪
ףλһֻ쳣ط
ڵԼףް취ˮҲᱻն顣
˻ӡףĿǰץסĻᡣ

սصޡ



157 
Ϳʦ㲻ġ
ϵۺȻŹ,뼸ȥָۡ
˵鷿ⲽټ͸ࡣ
ʦ㡣ףʵѲ鵽ʲôô
ϵüţףʦ,¹㡣
ңףɻ
⼸춼ڻʹ,ոմ,ûüھЩʲô
˻ӡϢѾڲʿﴫˡϵ۵ܶҵ㡣
ףʣңȡ˻ӡ
ǡ󲿷ֲǡϵ۵֪˭ڴ,˵ֻг˻ӡЩа˿ߣ㣬æа
Щ,ҲӴ,Լѱа,ֻǻδ
༸ˣ鶼Գ
˵׼ʿӳѩ,µ,ЩֻΪΪŽ˵,ǰտûϢ
뻹ˡϵ۵Ӧ˽ϵֶΣڶ뽫ףʦҵþǡ
׽֪,ףλ޷ʹ˻ӡ˲֪
Ǹָϵ۵ףʦܰа,Ը˵һЩϢ
ף¶˼,˻ӡ,䲻ʲô,ôͱ֪,˵˵һ͡
˵Ҫ,,ң
Σ
ˮ۾Σץסһؼ㣬Ƭڣ˻ЩףΣԽҳ
ˡӳѩףʦȥһǣҲδɡڣʲôΣա˵֣ͽɱɴ˴
֦ЩıģעЩ˵״а˿ߣδʱǺģܷˣơ
˵ûСô֣վһͬӳѩ²⣬ǷŻǣԴףʦá
˻ӡ޷սռ䣬ֻЯ˽˻ӡԣҵףʦãҵ˻ӡ
֡ϵ۵ؾʿΪٸߣҲᱻڽڣʦýǽʿҲǣҲΪʦԼҵı£ףʦ˻ӡ
ô˻ӡģ
ףκȻ뵽ʦ㣬ǻǵҵʿôͻȻеĽΪһŽ𵤡˵ˣм
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ˮǣĻףξͱˣΣա
ףҡͷҲȥǣҲ뷨ŵġ
Ӧǣ߹涨ص㣬Ͼͻ
ô˵ϵ룬ʾͬ㽫˴ʲ
Ѿص˪ɣһ˯ɢʿˡ
˷׷׿꣬ȴ⡣
ƽУݵ֪ĸɣ
ϵŶһԣ
˪ֻڣĸҲнʿﻹʱڣʲôУҲˡ
ǻôӳѩľǵЩŲԸ˪£ɼעǾϵ
ʦòõġϵЦЦѻصϣṩ˵ϢĸкβԸġʱĳ֣˭ɱԷⳡӮҡ
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ˡϵ۸ŴţѾЩʿʱܼףΡ
֦оа˿ߣˮߡӳѩˡ
ףκֻ꣬ص˻ʹ
ջȥйŮ룬˵ҪףΡ
ȵڵĹУףҪ񣬾䵭߹Ůӵûѧ˻ӡڵĲл˺ܶࡣ
ףȽĶ꣬ŵº⣬ǰڽңֻС޶ۣδѧᡣ
ҡҡͷұ˽
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ףλشѾףɤ
֮е֮࣡
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һһУδʹΪףȻܵѹðϸܺ顣
ףֱͦΪѹ¶֮⣬ȻǰҪƭҡ
βҪǰվ
Щ࣬ڣλ΢΢ͷףΡ
Ϊľ޴࣬ףǰ缤ﱻƮҶ
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˵Ŀ⣬ܺʦڿǹϵܺúܺúܺˣͿʦ㲻ġ
ףһţһ߲֣豭Ʒһڡ
ףʦá˻ӡ鲻żΪԤʱ䣬ڡ
ףգգۣиԼʱ䣬֮ǰ
ҲԺ󣬲Żʹ˻ӡ
ףףã֪ˣʦ㡣
վˣ뿪һˡѲˣЩЪϢ
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뿪ףεǿʼ
һֱδȥɧǰ·ѾЪʹ˻ӡ˼
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Ǳá
ףʶǰ
һδ˵ǰ䵭ɤ糣ûĽ㡣
ףεͷ֪ˡ
ֲ˵ˡ
ǰֹѲСģ
áףεǰ㲻ʹ˻ӡһɡԸĻң϶ã㲻ԸҲûа취
ǰһôоСΪء
ףЦЦǰΪǾ˰ɡ
ߡ
ǰĬãٴοڣǧĸӣһ˻ӡ޸ĻˡԺˮϸƼδ
С縡ƼףεƼˮƼҲΪڱη꣬С
һᶨ
ǰҡ



158 ԨԴ
Ϊ˻ӡµĳߡ
պ
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ʮˣͷߡ
ףѡͷԳţ塣˻ӡ,ҵа
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ףβ֦,֦ףȷЩʿȷʵа˿ߵĴڡ
ʶ,Ǻݣ֪٣ףٴο壬ƽʵ
Ϊ,ף,㽫ҵκú,һ֪޲ԡ
ûʱȥˡϵۿڣһһ,ٲ˴,֪ʲôʱһࡣǽ׻ǿ,ҪЩ
ףףʦԣλѰ,Ƚ
Լ˻ཻ,,ǻף,Լҵȡ
ϻӳѩ䵭˪ɻڲԼ
˻һ,ǼʮȺƺðЩ,ֱܿѹȥ
⼸ɵӶݡؾǰ,ҵ,ŵЩôһЩ飬ǴӦҪһͬؾȡĳɹ֣ҲΥҪ󡣡
ؾǰͿʼףʵǸŵʦ֪²Ǳƻ󣬶δ֣
ͷʱ֮⡣Щ͵ĵѾţʦ֪顣
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ףβԹȥӣ˷սǻȡڿչ
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ǸÿջҼˣ⸱ФҾ¡
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ף˵Цˣǽ¹¶档Լ߽أҲδɣ
Ǽ˷׷׵ͷǡ

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幰񣬡ףѳ֡
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ףַ䣬˻ӡӽҶ䵽
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ף̧֣ӡġ
ͬʱϢø߹ţϲɷ֮䣬·Ψ
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ܹɹ˻ӡˣ
һϲŲǰɫ԰ףܻһͣ¡
ƵĪԽ
屻ȵͷ
𡣡
ݵɤ
֮ԣΪ
˲ʱ䣬Ǽʮ˵ʹƬ̣ѪŸڵء
õѪЩˡ
Ща˿߻һ
ףҪ
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ΪԤϵбʷԾֱʼӦС
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ף˼Ȼ߶˻ӡĲС޷һʹ˻ӡ£˶ԵС
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ŭƽ߲Ťϵ۱ܹһúÿԼڵģĺŤ
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Ϊˮ⽫Ѱ˹ȥ,δףμ˲롣
û뵽סԺ,ףξп,ˡ
ɾһ񣬡Ҫ,ҾһҪݼһ֮ǰ,ʶȵڡ
Ǽǰ,ףȥʱ,;ֳǣϵꡣʱ,屻,ɥʧ
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ʱҲ֣,ǰδʽлɾ֮,˷,ɾʲôҪ,Ҫ֪Ҷˡ
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ǡ͵ǰڸԺѧɽΪѧɽԺŹˡ
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Եףû뵽ԼͬʽʶѣԼΪ˵Ľ㣬ԺΪˡ
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Щǽ㡣
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ʱڼףβûпУʱϣʱ¸ˡ
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ô˵ţתͷˮ𣬡ʲôȤˮѣúң



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ԭˡףЦЦǼҲѧƼ˴˴鼮࣬ҲֵȤ֡
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ڿףԾ˺ߵ᷿ʱ֦ɴ۾ֵĶ˵㡣
ӳѩƺһûʦ㣬񡣡
ŶŶ֦Ĭ̲ˣ̧һָǣǣ
㿴ûУ
֦󣬾ַ֣ʦôǰǻϲʦõġ
˵ˣͷСĬĬ롣
ģӳѩ˶úЦҡҡͷ᷿ۣջߡ
ĸζܿ죬ɢˡ
ӳѩΪһ¡
ʦӲȱ˵ȱ٣ףŬ߿ˡ

ףλûӦԼʦ᷿
ڼӿ죬գպ󡭡
ҲЩ
պҪˡ
ףʦá
ɽȪɤףδһ״̬оѡ
̧ͷѸٵؿʦ㣬ͬʱԼʦױȫӵλá
ɿѵ
ɿ
ףβ֪ʦ˵ʲôûסʲô
͸Щã
ֱֹסƣʳָн
ףεͷʳָӡ
һ㣬Ҫҧˡ
ֲصȥлʦ㡣
ıˣָ£ǰ꣬Ȼģһʤ
ⲢǶʱ˵ӣǳʵĵ
ףβʦĻǡǡ
ǰôˡ
ףѾһʵЩδ֪ԼĲҽ޷ƽʱ侲
ҪΣ˵ػš
ףЩҧһҧָˣǿжסϼЦݣţ
꿴
Ϣ֣֮
ף߽
Ļһ̺ķףָһĨ
˿ڣôʧˡ
ףȻ֪ʦƷҪлл
ʦ㣿
Ǹܵںڷ˿գ㣬֮Ƿ֡
ףζ鲻İ
ʦĻ
Ҫ¡ʦǰ䣬纮ɽȪƳɽɽѩڻ۵ˮ
ڴʱȴȻͬأ͸¶˵
굥Ȧסףεһֻ֣Ժظ
ףʦãóԸ



162 Ĺ
üŵİŮӣû
ףѽ˼顣
ˮʿͬµ,λʱ˵ľսУ
ˮκСԾ飬漰Σô᲻أ
Ψһ״ӣ϶һ,츳ѵǧ
ףβΪˮΣ,һһ˱,ˮǣסȫڲ֡
ǣƴʿĳ˴,ֻжɽʿ
ɽʿһ֮Ƕɽڵħûĸɽʿһ֡
Щħȷʵ걩¶,л,ԲŹ
ؾоħ޵ֱʡ
ħǲδ,ܱߣŻ,Ǽпܡ
Ϊʱսһս
Ҳ,ˮԼĴʿ˼ɾ,һھսصĿȷûⷢҲκ˸С֮ս
ʦ㡣
ףεŵ,ʦӮ
ȫԵһ㡣
ʱҲѾнΪ,ʦʵɲ,ʱ˸Ͼȡ
ʱ̫Ĵ,ʹ̫,ףҲΪӮʦ㡣
ҵħ޻ᵷҡףεʦ,ܲܡ
Ȼͷ,սᷢ,ǲأھʦʦ㻤ͻ˪ɣʦǷܰȫأ
ǱصΣѵͻʧ𣿻˵ʱͻûз
ףߵԼ촽ϡ
ʦڲ֪ΣʱԸܾԼսѾӦսʱܾԵĶӣսͷ䵽ʦϡ
ʦ˼ǰڡ¡
ɿףΣ˺ῴףһۣףʦãգչصϢ״̬
ףʦ˼죬ˡʦˡ
á
ͷգһǰȥս
ףκҪʦȥǳսȻǳ˻ӡʱ˵ҪսĶȻꡣ
޷ıġȺעҪһս
ףĦʱսջ񡣡

ף뿪᷿;ͥӳѩ֦
ףʦá
֦ʰԼ룬ǱΣɴ㣿
ǰףһףɲݸףΣףҪоо
ףڵѪǺףԼ
£顣ףεҲҪص˪ɣиϡ
ף붫΢ѪΪܸǧɽˮѶϢ
ؾ΢ҲǺ֪¡΢̫СȺةԼ΢λ󣬲ܸףδ𸴡
á֦ż˵ȲоףΣܳסʱǼף鲻ͷ˻ͣ
ôŲ̫ˡЦЦѲɣʦìˣ
ӳѩףΣʦìܡ
ʦ˵ʲôףζӦȥɡ
ʦ㡣ףʣʦģһ
ӳѩȷʵ֪ʦϰ˵£ƺЩԺĿγ̣ȥѧ
ʦţҾȥ
ףףԱߣŴȴʱȥ
˼ģ֦ͻӳѩ˰
ϵۺˮʱľˡ
Ƕ˶һ£Ǹʲô³̡
ˮҲλȥȻ֨Բ۾תתȥơ
ӳѩƳһۡ
ʦ㶯ˣˮϲ
֦ʧЦˮʦãûľͷ˵Ϸ
ˮͷŶ
Ρϵɢϣôɫأڲʦúʱ˵Լս
ӳѩĿһҪô
ԭˡ֦ˣףʦ£˵ô⸱ģ
ЦЦǲôġ
˶¶Щ̬Ȼġ
֮ʦʱ֮Ͳʵߵ͵ˡӳѩ
ϲӮʵϳʿӳѩΪǲκʿܴʦԾʦǰġ
ˮصͷȭʦ
ףαĿӼλͬתʹ
ǰͬʦʦǣҲˣİɡ
ջȴʦѶ
ҡҪѶص˪ɡ
ǰԼʦǳʱ²ʦʶѹһʱ䡣˵ʦ㳯Ϧദõʦˡ
ףеѹ£ҪΨУֹ·
һ˵ǲԵġ
֪һ㣬ҪڽһС

籩ǰóƣܲ
ܿ졣
֮ѵ
ԺĹȡ
Ĺȵգһλʿڴ˵ؿħط
ʣЩʱ򣬻ħʿͻĹѰԵҲλһ㣬ħþ
ϧ˶ħʧܵİ࣬вħĹȡö֮ĹȾû˻ˡ
ʱ˽ս֮ѡڴ˴Ƿд꣬սʤħ֮⣬Ͳö֪ˡ
Ĺ֮ǹȣȻɽ֮䡣
ˮ˼һߣΪС
ԣҲżʿΪԹ۴ս
սصû˵֪ľֻ˪뽣ڵȼˡ
ˮ󷨣ڲʱսʱĺۼ޹ʿ
Ĺȵס
ʱ˽ִ佣ϣϣ¶أѣ벻ߴͽ̡
šƽӦˣδ˵ʲôǫǡ
˶ѽ𵤣ʵǻٻƬɽͷĹڣȴⵣǡ˵ȷʵ졣
滮ʣⰲȵ׶ܱ
˶ʲô໰ӣʱ˵ǻ֮󣬱սֵĿʼ
һʱ֮䡣
۶׽˵ĶۼʿҲֻǿ
ֽ뽣׷ɡ
ʱ룬ȻΪʦʱ˵뷨䵽ʵ
ͬΪڣڡǿϣȻࡣǲʱǰõġ
ʱȴδռϷ硣
еȭ棬ȭͷ˽ˮ֮УҲˮж㣬ж
һս
ʱ΢΢üԼĲôô
ǰŮüĵĵ룬ʱɫ
ʱ˺΢£ԳЦѲɣƴӣ
ܣ
ʱ˵Ľ˲䷢˱仯Ƶ̫ڴʱȻ˼ָ߹ţɲϢ·ǰɽ̫
ܵƻԳЩ
Ȼʱ״̬ʱ˵ס
ⲻǼ򵥵ص̫⡣Ǵĳ˵ʱĽ̫
룬ڵף˻ӡȻɱ˱ʱڵ塣ôڵʱɽֻε
국ȻȥҧʳָָѪΪīΪֽ
̫Сˣ
¡
췣ľ¡
ʱ˻ӳһǽȻʱ׵ķɣױȵľԪӤʿһҪȫӦԡ
ʱĹܻԪӤʿȷʵܹ˵ԪӤʿҲ˵
ɫ׵͵ػĹȵס
ɫһָĶ˲仯
ûٻɱ
紵ۣͷƺܲգڿɽϣĳӰ
ʱȻòԣꣿ
ɫ׵磬콣⣬һ˲䣬üŵİŮӣû



163 ֮
ƽһΣ꣬˿֮⡣
Ĺȡ
ɫ׵طƬɽȼ,ֲѹͬйһȫ㵹ɽȼվŵһˡ
ңϪľ,ƺеﶼΪ췣ս
,׵,ûжֺ
ƽĻ֪ԼǱĹȵ䵱С
ⳡ,ӦλĹȿħõ
ʿУΪ,˳Ӧأ
Ůӵڴ˵,δжô,ȴ͸˺¡׵֮Ķ
ûлش
ŮҲ,ԹԵŷ⡣
ú,̧,ꡣ
㲻ǴˡŮϸϸ
ǵһΣ˶ǿ
,ûпڡ
Ͽ緱ǰĳԡŮӵʱ䳤,ˮڲϢ,Ӳᵹ鷢,Ǽȶƫƫ,Щ˽ܲʧܵĲʹ,ͶȡɡŶ,Ӧô˵
Ůչѵ,ȴ൱Ц£Ŭñұ͡飬ļλء
ֻǣ㣬Щˡ
׵Ȼڽ£мŶξ룬ңңţ׵֮С
ڣϢ
߹ȴܡüĺ룬Դ͸µ䡣
Щ˶ڱһƳ£ãƼ㣬Ҳмң룬Ϊ
ǵŮӻ˵ţżвȴѡ
ڣǸûᡣ
ЦЦ΢΢̧ͷǽ췣Ĳ񷡣
˵ҲһϢĻᡣ
ЩǰĳУǻҲӦ˵һĻŮٴο꣬
ΣܹԶϢ
ʱ䳤ӣʱ䲻ıǼȶʵ
ΪӦʿҵ˰취ݡ
֮ݣҳƾֻ֮ǣʱЩݣ뼸ˣʮ٣ء
ϣÿݣȫ롣
Ӧٶ֮ˣˡ
ӳԣݲ浽ʵĴڡʱ䳤ӣĴڣʱ䱻Ū
ݵĴӣٵķձӼޡΪĵ꣬ܵӰ
ڵĳһΣҲвȥͬ˿߱ѣйſڵء
ҺڴŮӵѡ񡣡
ƽע飬Ҳܵ׷
ں˵飬ȴŮӷԺɡ
飿ĻҪȻһ
ص飬Ϲʱڵˡ
ŶʶŮӲδȣֻǵ᳢ԷУԿܷеĳ
ףܷüϺۼصһݡ
ʹ᣿ŮӼ΢΢Ц£Ȼ߹󣬿Ҳ޷ʹ𡣡
국Ȼ
֮Уұһ𡣡
Ůڼ׵ΧϣδŪۣ˺ˡ
һΣѡϢ͸Ȼʧɾ㳾ΣʦȥѪȾʦšٺһλΪ»Ůӣɱħˣ֮Ҳȥ
󣬱ƲˡԵֽΪȫڣˣ޷ݡ
ƽˣ˼Ϣʵпһλףεꡣ
ףΡŮ֣ɫֹһԺˡ
˵գ΢΢Ц𣬹ѵպȻԵޱĻֳ޾ķɡ
ȻҲˡ

ʦ㣿
ףεĺɬƺǺ̫ã̫˱仯
ưܵĹĴѰӰ

ڷţ걻׵̫ͬʱСӦԣȴͻȻһ㣬վԭأӲһ
ˮȻ˲ԣһʱҪȥ¹˼ȴס
˵ط˱仯ƭؾǹСһޣû뵽Ȼõֵز
˼˵ţ׷䵽ɽȼˮҲҪ֣ƭ˵ط˵ǶܵӰ졣
ʱ˻ɽڣӰȴʧˡ
ԡݵĽѲɽϢķ̫ɻ󣬡Ѹղʱ䶯󷨣ˣΪ󷨣һᱻɱ
˼ʱ˵ļ磬񣬱ǻһ˷䣬ʱˡ
λʧܵŲδ֮Уʱ˳ŽҪһȻǱЩ˽֮Ūط
ˮ̧ͷü
ףСȻȲֱɽ
ˮһӣó˽ס
ҵʦ㣡ףμеʦ꣬ҵ
ʦʦԽնң֮ʵıʣĹȵʱ϶С
仰˵꣬ӲŸոӽǡ
ˮüͷø֣
ʱ϶˼ˣΪȻˣȻǱƽʱ϶֮ˣȻΪ´˵طŤҲѰСġ
С鶼ãȻ֪ʱ϶Ϊ͵һ澵һС飬ͬӳ˵ӰС龵Ƭȴ龵ӵӳͬģ˶Ĵڡ
˵ʿҲʱͲʱշ϶䣬һӳĹȷ飬ʱ϶ˣĳһСʱڣʱ϶ӳճʵռϣ·Ƭػؾ֮У˽ʱ϶
УֻҪʱ϶ӳﻹʵϵʱ˻ʵУݡڣȻǱµĽСѴʱ޷ͨʽʵһԶС
ں˼͵ĹУףһ㶼û˷ʱ䣬ǽˮĳضԷʦնһ
˴Ϊ֪Ҫﵽ»˵֮ʣвͻɱôˮüš֣껹ûһٽɱˣɹʱ϶̫ãҲҴȥĸ
ףβܲˣʦң
һڶ˲ˡ
ǻˡˮҧҧ»һ䡣
ͳ취ⲻɱС֮£˶
ˮϵѾεѸٱŪмֲ֪ˡ
ӳѩʱȭ䵽ϣͷ񣬡ʦӦףʦС
絶һʧʦҪɱʦֶ֮ΪʦȻǿʦ
ԼǸͽܡ
ʱΨлӳѩʺ˵⻰ϵۼˮĹϵϡ
ףҲȥʦʣ
ˮҲ֪Ҫ벻뵱ϡ
³һսϴ⡣
һף֮
ҲꡭҲһҪعˮЩѪ
ʿĽһףķֽһ㱻״ƣƤҲô
ףĿںϿҵллʦ
࣬ףѪŵ˻ӡ
ףΣһ

ʦ㣿
ףνʱ϶֮к˳ǣưĹȣȴ*ʼδܿʦӰ
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ʦ㣡
ףһ߼Ѱʦ㣬һĿڵĸʹҲܸܵǵʹ
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ʦ㣡
ףˣȴΣնˡ
ǿ׳ʱ϶֮УһЩʱ϶ڲĹ顣
ԵĻЩ˽ףΣһ󲹡
ǱҪʳףΡ
ʦ㡪
ףþʦ㡣
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ſ죬ҪʳףΡ
ףζʶνȴ˸ա
㣬ԼĽûС
ҵʦ㡣ף˵һ䡣
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Щ㲻ܣ볯Ľҧһڡ
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˭Ҳֹҵʦ㣡
ҹ
ͬЩʱͣЪǱꡣ
ȵȥٳԣҲС
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ףν䶪ȥԼǷݲѪ⣬˭óҾ͸ԣ
żҲûʧǣ֪ܱƭ
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ףҲһ룬Ϊ𡣡
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ˮ͵ڵϣ۾ȫˣӯ顣ϵ۵ϥߣͷ
ˮĬؿŵϵ꣬ڽϡ
ڵΪǾ䣬鲻ʱͶȥߣɬǰòɻԼ꣬ôһ¾ء
ʱ򴽣עףε״̬𡭡
Ƕϣ겻Ҫ
֦Ѿӻףɢʱ䡣

֪زѾ޷ˣŬţóطԹףΡ
޲
ͣ¡ˮ֦ľٶǿӲֹ֦Ҫ˺Լˣ㽫ȫ͹ȥҲһ
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ףʦá
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֮£ǰꡭ
Ҫ
л˵
˫һֱ룬[][][]
ĺžͲٸСʹǣϼ[][][]



164 Ľ֮
Ը
Ĺ˵עףϡ
ؿһ,ѪʪۣϲѪһϢ
ѪȾĸɾ£ǻ,ȻС
ףָᶯ,Ҫסʦ,ʵ
ʦ㣬ҽ㡭ˡ
þ,˵仰ҲŲס˳õĻԵС
ʱ϶,ףεܵ,ǰǴγԲ˻ӡ˵,ֱ޷Ტۡ
꣬¶ˡ
ףʱ϶ҵ,ûйȥ,ʱ˵,ûɺˡ
꽫ףεֻս̧ͷüļĺ뱻ףĿѪմȾ,ڡ
ףʦòǰƽ,ȴδй,ᶫ΢,ûжףʦ֮Լ,ڶ΢ס֮ǰ,ףʦûڡ
仰Ƕˮ˵,Ϊʿ,þֶλ˴ݻص˪ɣһվͿɡ
ô˵˵õЩͷ֮
ˮ걧Ƴۺ˼˭ĹֶΣҲ֪ص˭й¶˳ȥĲ顣
˼üȻ뻳ɽԼʦֶǣҪ˵й¶˪ɲҲм֪ô
ʱףΣڵϦ˼ȥˮùͷ
顣˼
ҲǷܣȻˣΪԼŵףҲҪȲ˵
˼Աۡ
ʱĿ䵽ϣѣԲס
֪˵̫Ʈھͳȥҽɣȥ˪ɡ
ˮѾףγˣ˵ӰʧĹڡ
뿪ķƺףε¶ȡ
ȵĸдʱԵذס
ָ֮УûʱˣֻϵǵҲἴ̻ڡ
겻ԼˮףλȥٶȣҲϵǵԼʱ䡣
ϵ۵Ȼףʦã㾡ȥ˴á
֦¶˼Ȼ
ףʦõһϢ²ֻǺĹ͡
ǰԹףʦùȫףʦŵٶȣײȫȻĴƿˮˮձһ˲ȫ˳ȥ
㺣ΪмΪǿҲסʹáο֦ˮᵽһͷС

ˮףֱĶкյţ֪ЩȻü˿
λͬʱҲ֦ʦΪ
Ҳ˲ˮ˵͵Ϻ󣬾ͿʼҽΡ
ˡգȴҪơ
üĽȹ꣬²Ѿһغˡ
ڵûд
ˮ֮ͥԣǸأͥûпúǡ
ˮʦĴ
ףΣ͸Ż㱣ֵ֣ǡ
ˮʦ㣬ʲôû

еǣڵʱͻص˪ɡ
˵˪·;ңԶǷۼҲֹʱ䡣
һڣôϻ
ǺӰաѾµˡ
̾ϢֿοСʱΣգֻǻš
֪ȥֱĶ䣬ܡԼιСε꣬ˣҲвۡ
ȥѰҩģǱҲʹҩĹڵĿ滹֧ŵµҩĸϵᵢСεơ
˵ţȥ飬̾꣬ʦٿԼĺˡ
ӽΥʦ߹ȥʦͽ䡣
ҪȵȶףƣźýףʶڵʱԼףεĿա
Уףλͻ˪ɲϰȫ
޷ֻö꣬С̫أԼȥֲվǲͬģֻٵֲЩ𣿡
ͬҶݳĲ裬һһ㵹ǵȥĲˮԭȲˮķǲҶζ̫أһˮζڣͬƻ
Ҳ֪СԣǲˣҲأô
Ų֪ľ仰Ȱסܹ꣬ĺĻˡ
ֹ˼ա
˪ɵӷţʱףλδ
ˮǸȥʱ޷̽ףΡ
ΪΣ
ˮżˣϵڲ⣬۰Ͱ͵ؿ᷿
޲ھŽȥףģ
˵ǲΣˣδѣһֱѲζŲԻڷǳصĽ׶Ρ
ʦֶڡĽͣʦֶǾȥףʦֶˡ
仰˶Ұסڲ⡣
ڲڡ
ףε֣ۡ
ʿʶľҪλãʿ޷ֿȻƴ赲˵Ľ롣
ÿףεʶȴޱɡףһ㣬޷
̫Ƶˡ䵭ɤ𣬡ز㹻޸ףε꣬ܿͻѹƲסϵĽơ
ʱԻˣȻ۵Ĳл꣬ףεǰˡ
ףεʶڣûΣƽص㲻ɢףʦòϣΪ˾ʧ
ǰάסףε꣬ǿףʶڵȴǲлѣãɵǾ޴ġ
ǰЦһֻһƲл꣬ɢζˣȥ
ѳ˻ӡļߡ䵭ɤƮ죬Ҳﲻʲôˡ
л꣬͸˵ﻹĲл꣬Сȥұǣֻߣ˵ֳֻ˯ǿ˴ڣɽڣлͻʶѡ
һ仰ǰɤϼЦ⣬Գ̫еºͣСȥ

ѩ֦Ϻһʱ˪ɽ壬͸Ÿɽ⡣
һգˣɽº紺ʱⰻȻ
ףʦã
ϵۼ糣̽ףΣǸһƿţͿŴͷŴѩ
ϵ۾˹ȥƣû֣һ֣ףξֵȥˡ
ףɫ̴԰ף£ͷѩˡ
󣬿ѩʵЩȡ
Ϊǰٰ£ѩ
Լ˯ˡꣿ
ˮ̲סˣ᲻׹ףΣҺ£
ϪҲȦ͸ףСΣ˯̫ˡ
˾ͺá֦Цðãõ£
ȥʦӳѩҪߡ
ףΰ֣˼áʦ㣬Ҫȥʦ㡣
֪ʦģӳѩͷЩɻ
ףЦЦš
ʦ˵ġ
ڣȣʶףҲûʶأϸʶףζԻˡ
˵ǵһףˡ
֣ôô󲡳ףȥҲûжԴ˷Щͬ
ʦȥϵʵ
ףҡҡͷƺȫˣܹ
Ǻõģһ¾ͺȫˡ֮ꡣ
˹۲һᣬףȷʵδǿЩ
ףȵ뿪˻ӣЩ档
ʦףȥʲôأϣҪ̫ãˮ룬Ҳףᡣ
Ҳ֪ĬĬؽ߷ŵ˻ӳѩϡ
֪ӳѩǼףΣϤġ
ӳѩǳ£֪
Ҫϵüۣ۾Ǹȥһƣ
ˮ۾һرȤ
Ϫ֣ðð
ǡӳѩάǣȻʦֻףȥ˵˵˽£ȥ̽
˽¡ϵ˻һѲɡ
˲䶼뵽ʲô
ߣȥƣ
ʦò뱻֪һὫǸߵģûиǡ

һߡ
ףʦԼס塣
ǻʦСͥԺǵڵǴ
ףңңŵľ׼ȵʦȥݼš
߽ݴҰǶ죬ѩƬأ󷨵İ£ﻹǻŽأһͽףߡ
ףδƬشж˼顣
ȻȥɹԸ
ʦû⣬Ȼš
뵽ףϴЦ⡣
˰ʹ࣬ɣԱĺý˵ֵһᡣ
ףνŲأЩȸԾЦݼ
ʶмǺʦ㣬Ҫˡ
ףκܿ͵ʦ˵ĵط
һɽ£Ƭٲʱѩٲᣬγı쾰
ٲСˮҲɱ
ߣһŮӣڱѩɫƺЩˣǣȻռشɡ
ƺŲŮתףΡ
ףεߴʦüĵƣЦţһʦ㡣
ףȻվԭĿȴһֱףϣֱ߽Ҳû˿Ҫƿļ
ףκش⴦һδ
˼Ϣųףʦá
ңǲǵʱҼ㡣
ףע⣬ͷǰɵˣʦǵãʶʱʮˣ
ʦ㵱ʱ˵㲻ǵáССί
ףĿϣǣˣᡭΣ
ģףξϲӴսЩҵȻǸѽʦ㣬ʱҲأҶʮˡԣʮˣʶʮˣ
ǲǿԸʦдţ
ֽ׳۰Ͱ͵ʦ㣬ʮأرˡ
ף룬ʦԣһ϶Ƿǳõˣ
Σܲپܾ˰ɣ
΢΢࿪ܿ죬ƻ¿ףΣҪ˵¡
ۣףζʱΪ˷ܣԴ̲ס˼¡Ŭסʦ˵
Ծס䡣
괹ƣָףֱϣ˳ţס
֪Ĵϡ
ûᣬʩ˸
ܿ죬˵رѩڣٲˮйںˮ֪ԣЩΡ
ƻչ⣬ϡ
ףοǺ֪ԵΡ
ףʦá
ʦȥЦʦ˵ա
š
Ӧһ
֮ףסˡʲô
ƽȻ꣬˲䣬Ⱦ΢΢ΣڣףʦðĽ֮ģ֪
ףΣȻƶԸ
ף۾




л˵
[][][][]СʹǾõ
̫æˣ½ǧֲһ[][][]
Ҳдİˣ[̻][Ц][]



165 
괽ǳǳ𡣡
ûĻ
ףԭ,ʦѾ͸͡
˼άǱסǱеУ˼ܡ
,һЩ
Ůľ
Ϊ˸Լ͸Ļ,ף˹ȥ,һͿ˺üλѡ
ˤѩİϪϵۺٺЦ
Ǹ,Ϫ
ϵ۵ͷǼ⣡,Ǿ,ھߡ
,ǻɣף룬һ˼ʱ䡣
ǻȲ,Ǽ˹ߡ
ߵʱ,ϵ⵽ףε,üŪۣףʦã˲ã
Ϫ,,,顪û,ǵÿ
ˮ͵Ц,ſϪ,ףգգ,ף
߰ףμֱֽͨͨ¡
ϧ,⼸˸ûпףδʱã״̬˵ףⲻǵóԸ
ϲ£ϲ¡ջʦĻӦ˫ϲţ
ϲˣףΡ
ףʦá
ɽȪɤ
ʱף̫ҿʦ㡣֪ʦΪλᣬоᡣ
ȴҪᡣ
ףβʦܵѿ
ʦΪԼĽףΪʱӦ¡
ǡҪӦ£ǲ͡˳¡Ϊ¡
ףһʣ
δ뵽ʦȥǸԼʲô
ԼȬˣǲ̫أֻþˣ
˵ʵǻþ˭Ц
ЦҲ̫ˣ
ɲףΣԴܾûתˡ
ʲô
ףβʦָԼᶯ˶ǰԵĸ
룬ʵ𣿡ף鲻Խʵ
ҿʦ㣬±¶Щʲôֻܼװľɫ
ƻչҫںϣٲңȷʵһ
ʵڵģͲĵΪڵȷҪˡ
Ѿָ糣ģע꣬ɤŷƽʵǻþҲԵң⡣

ºˣףεĶ䶼˸ճȪƵأֺ졣
ףʦáϸΪΣ
⡭⡭⡭
ףβҪӦ¡Ȼ뵽
ҴӦⲢǸεΪ˵£ʦĹϵͱøΪ׽븴ӡһûãʦʧô죿
ף֪¼ˣǿкܶӡ
Ŵ΢΢ü
ǡʵкιǣ
ף͵͵ʦ㣬ʦ糣飬ɵҵģԺ󣬻бʡ
͸Щ˼ףʦָ鰮䣿
ףεͷ
ᡣȻƽȴն
ʵҲȷʵˡףεĳ֣δ˼鰮һ¡
ȻףΣףʦԺԵİ֮ˡ
껰һ룬ͣ
ף˾޴Ļ֮УȻ˺棬ʦ㣬㡢㣬Σ
ʦĻһ£Ҳƽֿ
Ͼǿʦ㡣ĻֳʲôĹעˡ
ףû뵽Լһ˼⡣ԼʦΪºֱģ
Լô
ףΪǲᷢġ»תƣպöһЩ˼ʱ䡣
ֻҪһ£Ĭ˳ӴӦ취ܾ
ܾʦ㣿
ף侲侲ֻԹȥһԼķʽԾ
С
ʦĻظʱף£ֱֱʦ㣬û壬
국ظĻᡣ
ף΢š⡭⡭
ֳ
ףʦáٿһЩ
ܽľ£ףαǼᵽǳЩ
Ҫǿô
ʦôʣԥ£ͷ
겢δ͸飬ţáΣ
ף˵ãʱ㣬Ѿʦίˡ
Լ氮Ľʦͺˣⲻظʦ˼Ǽء
лʦ㡣ףӦ¡
ʵǸⷽˮˣʱϵǵ֪ϲԼף̾ȥյöԷٶ˷˼Լϡ
գǻκף˵ⷬףεĴ𸴶١Ϊɴľܾίľܾ
ǡǣʦ㡣
ףξȫʧţ֪ô¡
ݾΪǴӦǾܾп˺ʦ㣬ԥ
ףλ˿죬ʱǡ
ʱע⵽Լúÿ죬Լˡ
ףλϢָƽ״̬
Ȼʦ㡣
ҲˣףûдޱȾ޵һĻ
üŵİŮӣžգƽδӰķɣʱףη֣ԭ˻
ݷֻ֣괽ǳǳ¶һʮǳЦݡ
ףסٴβܿ
һϢʦĻݲܿƣټ˸ǰ׺Ϊܿơ
ףʦãҲЩȲǰɿףε󣬡ˣ;֪ң𣿡
ɿ֮ʣʦᰲԵظڲļ
ףԼס괥ʦıӰȥ*ã
һǰһûҲû߹ݷҰžǰ
ˣףԼҪȥݼŲС
߽ȥųڵСԺӡ
֮ͥϣιųķ㡣
Ȼ֪ǹˡΪʿǷֳĶҲ֪֮ڡ
źغӵ˽ˡ
ʱȵ߹֮ͥʢʳ룬ᣬСΣꡣ
ףεǺܾòˣ¶Цݣŵʾ£߽
ָӣԼԴ
Կţδš
ʮѽСΡջ֣ض꣬ѾŵԷȥˣǵûȥϲϲ
ףվֱлּʦ
ʱݽΪʦ󣬽ͶҪǰԼ
лţҿ϶ϲġףݼܲس̾˿Ҳ֪ʦû׼ңþòˡ
̫ӲԣŲסЦ⣬ôǲΡͿٺ»
⡣ףθæ֣һ£ǲ˰ɡʦһֱҲҪʯš
ֺõػһ
ʧЦãСεġ
ף·ӦڶŪԼˣЦЦ͸Źɡ
͵ꡣ
ʦ㣬СʱǲҲŶ
ʮꡭźȻ߶£ʮͶСأǲ
ףκ棬ʲô
ǹ𣬡˪ţҪȷ£䡣
ͻᣬЩ꣬Ҳ޷
ףû뵽Ҳⷽ飬˫סӦţţš
ǰϵǵӣƳԼ⣬׽ˣûھ¡
ʲôǴӺʱģ
ףź
ֱǣסŲ
ĺ¶˳ʦ㡣
š˵꣬ŵʦףʦþòߣȴؾ
Цݼȥɡ
Լǰ˺þڣСҲҪᶯ
ŶҲҪ䣿
ףָʦ㣬СͥԺȥ
֪֣ʦڡԼᡣ
ǰͲˡǰҪףԼȥϸϸ֣ζڣʦ̬ࡣ
ף͵͵ְĿڡ
áԼرϲʦڵģ
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ллСʹǵĵףӪҺ[][]



166 
ҵ֣ҡ
صʦͥԺ,ף֧֧ص𣬡ʦ㣬Ȼء
Σ˵,һ˶,˼
ʦյʱ,ʦ˵ҲЩȲףѴվþ,ʦظ
šЩСĿ·
ȫԤף,ܻԷ,ͷ
ٶ,ѧ·ƵأЩŤ
Ŀף뿪
ƻҫ,⡣
,ףδʱͷ˿,֣ᷢҲǱԭ͸
ףεֱͻ
ʦ㷢ˡ
ϧףβһͷ,һֻЩ,ϡ

ףγҹδ,Ҳû
,,,ڱֲͬĶ,˼¡
ֱҹ,΢䡣
ף۾ֲԾĿڡ
˾ϡ
ʱɫ̫磬ףβʱȥʦ㣬ƿţ׼
˰꣬ͣãҲսĥ֮ǰ״̬
߳ţͿһֻ׺е⴦Ժë
׺ƼףΣɢһ
׽㡣ףЦЦ߹ȥþò
׺صֱһڣҧֱߡ
ף˳ӵظţСʣ׽Ҫȥģ
׺ҧ˵˻ֻһζ
ûһᣬ֪ͼˣҪȥʦ㡣
ףβðΣҲܣҪѰʦ㡣
ֻǷ㡣
ڼȻ׺״ȥô֤ʦʱпա
һһһСĹ򣬾͵ͥԺС
ףƼʦݲ衣
ԾЦЦʯϣþòʦĲˡ
ӣ¶һذ󣬶ΪĿΪף衣
һΣֹΪףε˲裬ҲΪԼһ
ףζŲ豭۾ʦ㣬뿪ڡ
Ѱףʦù˵ˣֳһʯ˹ȥ뽫ﻹ㡣
ףεͷķ棬ΰֿѡ
ȻǵⱾ顣ҶʦģԭʦΪѡ
ϧףʱδüͱʦսˡ
ƷҪúðϧףνⱾЦЦãлʦ㱣ܡ
꿴ʵж
ףγʵҡͷ
Ǳ㿴ɡƽпɡ
ףŶһӦ£á
ȥٿͬʱ˳ŰϪ飬Ҳһ鿴ˡ
δ뵽ʦֵƷ飬׵
˼ǣڿôףɻ󣬵Ӧ£ɷ
ǲ飬棬Ķ
дܶ취ں֮˳ΪԼֿѡ
ףԽԽãд治͸ǰҪʦΪѣҪʲôΪʦҪʦĻ
鿴һݺȻЩԾ
üëɻ̧¡
ֿѼǣֺܺӵҲܺǣǡ
ΪҪ
ףβˣʱ£¿
ŹЩֿѼ䣬ȷʵյġȻͣǣҲΪ档
šΪ桭
ףεɴ۾ԣ
ֿѼģⱾϹߵİɣ
ԺͻȻһ£Сʦ㣬ּΪСʣʦ㡭ƹⱾ𣿡
국һ
ưˣףָס棬Щ·˼֡
˵ʦôءԭԼġ
ףλҶʦĻϰ˵ⱾʺŮཻ
ʺϡŮཻ
ϰ壡϶һҲЩʲôᣡ
ף飬̧ͷ֮С
Ҫˡ
ʦѣֻæ豭
ףһˮȫˡ
ûн豭£ʵǾúΪ顣
ԼǰȻʦ˵ʦԼɡҪסˣ
ף˶̵ġ
˼ϢݶԼĲ豭һڡ
ѽ㡣ףʦҪ£¾Ϳȥæˡ
²豭ô˵
ʦרԼΪ˻ѽף̧ͷشʦ㡣
ѽʦȻԼʱ䣬ĻߴԼ
ףηŻ˲Ϊʦ֪𰸣뷨
վҪطˡ
ףæվҪʦ¡
ʦȴת᷿ߣף
֡
ףοʦֵķǳԼնûж㿪ǲ֪ΪΣŵؽ۾ˡ
һΪЦ
ˡ
ף۾ӦʦΪ·λá
ʦջ֣ԼףתҪߡ
ףνʶסʦ
ţͣ½Ųٴתݿףʦãǻ£
ףμȻ˾Ȼٸġ
ͷ
㰲Ȼע˵ա
ڡ֮¡
ףĺܽţЩȣôˡ
Ҫһ˵
ʦȴģһȡ
ףαֹסͷʦ㡣
ע⵽ʦ㴹ڵס
ףһ̣Ȼˡ
ʦ㡭ڵ𰸡
ܵʲôءʦ㲻Լ񶨵Ĵ𰸡
ף͸ЩѹֻһҹԼҲʦ㵣һҹ
ʦ㡣һ
̧ţ˵ɡ
ңһŬģ
ףθһᶨ
Ȼ仰˼ȷʣŬʲô
ףβҶ࿴ʦ𷽲Ǳݡ
Բԣ˿ǡ
һѽʦ㱧ڻ
ӵʧΪһ÷
Ŭһõ¡ףαס䣬ȴΪ档
ʦ㡣ᡣ
ΪյĴ𸴣ףʵҪ˵ĻϾֻҪӦͺá
Ȼޱ֣ص˵·ʦڵظڿʦİ
߼Ĳ࣬ν
˰ģַףࡣ
á
۾
дδ˷ӿ˽ĻУƽϢ
ξԼӡ
Ϊ
ǰһҲյףʦãʵ
ǲףʦ֤ݵʱȴΪĹߡ׾ĿĴɡ

ϱӣҲʱľٶ
ɿףε
ףԴ겱̧͸ɻö
ôˣ
ס֣һֻסգƺķ
ף⡣
ֱ
꿿˹һֱΪÿĴףա
Ӧû˵
ףԺǲһ仰
ҵ֣ҡ
л˵
ϲձ
Сκʦ̸ˣ[][][][̻][̻][̻]
һ̸ףѼĽչˣ[ʺƨ][ʺƨ][ʺƨ]
[][][]Сʹȫһڣ[][][]



167 ò
ʦôôòˡ

ףԴκ,عԼһ᷿
ʦ᷿
ףεһ飬ͦøֱҿ
Լôġ
Ѱʦ㡣
ʵҲ,ٴľ,,дʲô
ףθսͶȥ
ףʦá겢δͣдֵĶ촽ᶯ,
ĳٻ꣬ȻѸپ˹ȥ

ףκĶ棬мŲİ
ûҿдʲô,ʦϡ
,,ʵܿͱĴǱʢһɫҪΪÿĴ,š
ףεסǲ
ͷȥ,ҿˡҿͻ,ͻӶǸղŵĸܡ
̧һۡ
֮Ҫ£ôʵ
ףҡҡͷԭЩտ,ϰ
Ӧǽд,ͣ±,ּϢ,ʸõʼϡ
,ף,,Щʲô
ףŬ,ʦ㣬ܷ˵˵˵궼ʲô
ԭ㼱ʦЩûҪ˵ʦͻ뿪
ȻЩʦڽʶʱᵽΪ˲˼ӰʦֻʱἰһЩɵ顣
磬ʱԼҽɣûףóϪʱȤɴ®˪ɣһֱϪơ
УϪˮĳһЩСⷨƳɽܻӭڶ˪ɲĲҵ
һֻȻҵ˪ָҪ֦ȴڿ֦Ϊӳѩ󣬿뿪ˣ޺ţԭҲΨһʿ
Դ˻ӳѩķӦǣָ
飬궼һһתףΡ
ףЩԼĺء˻ʦ⣬ʦ˵ϵܣϸؽϢתһĹעˡ
̲סЦ
껹ûشףأͿ۾ǰҪϺܶࡣ
Ϊοġ͸Щ˼
ǡףǻȶûŵ鰸ϣ΢ס°ַʦررá
΢΢£漴Ҳѧڰϣĳڣסǡѧ˵û
ʦȻѧԼΪɵĶףв룬ʦΪº󣬲ܿʦһ
ףر治ţÿɰ
գЦס
⶯һϢ֮䣬ףκܿͻشʦ⣬ǡʵһ㶼ûпš
ƵĶ鰸ľӡ
Ϣ֮󣬶͸˵ףƿߣĿŵ鰸İϣëմīˮıʼ⡣
ʦǰдһžķԺеļ临գףûӦֱ˵˳ȥ
˵ʶԼʦ㣬ǰΪ
ǰȫף룬ʱջصʮ꣬۾Ϳʦ㣬ƲסӵʦԼ顣ʦԵ޹ʱİ˽Ȼòʡ
ţȷд¡ûϡ
ףεϢûкַŵʦȥˡ
ȻȻȷʵΪʦһ㶼ûʦ㣬ʱŪ˼ҹŻһžķ
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ףβ֪Ϊ塣
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ŶףԴȥ
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ף̧Դ۾ؿ
Ҫͷ𡣡֣Դղţδףʦᱡ㣬ȷЩԡ
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ţòС춼֪̹ٴˡ
УԼǷ´󻰣ҪŬʦµģ
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ףΣȫ϶Ϫ͵鼫Ҳ鰮֮йء
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ףŰ취žء
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Ǹ
ףβͷɻʦкҪҵǸ
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ǰΪ㡣ʱĻϲҴ㡭䵭˷һƬ⡣
ʦĻףҲˣǴΪʦ˸㣬˳Ҷʦ͵顣鱻սˣʦԼûȥˣһ㶼ûƷ
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Ϊ
ʱһʦš׹ˡ
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ˣʦ㻹ûƷھȥŪ
ףεҪ⴦ͥԺȻδ𣬵ȷʵгĴڡ
֪ģĴӦûӦʳġʳбʷ¹ãҲá
Ҫõģ
ֱ뵽ҪȥףεҪվ
ǣסֹ֣ĶҲء
ףʧ䡣
ʦ˵ҳġ

ףζʱɻˣʲôʱ򣿡
ô֪ʦ㲻ںƭʦ㲻ǻ˵ѻˣ˴ŵСѣҲȥʹá
ȴˣֻԭϢգ̸¡ףʦ㷽±˵
תƻ⣡
ף͵Ц£ָʦ軭˼£~
ҲôһϢܿɫؿʦ㣬ʦ֪
갲Եֺ󣬽Լ˻ȥƽ˵£ɻǵãʱЩ˽а˿ߣ
ףεͷǵá
Щǣ֮
ףεһʡ
ԼǸΪӧˣҲڷ֮ᵽĽѣⷽء
Щ֮ʳ˽硣



168 
ףʦáᷴڴӦԼ𣿡
ʦ㡣
ף΢΢ü,֮ⷽָʲôǲ˽磿ģ
ǵʦ˵ϹʱڣػΪ硣Ͻ˵ɽ,˽,硣
,ɽ˽ݣȴ˽ʿ,ͨ˥ܣдĲֲ˽硣
ַΪβ׺ͳ½,˽ĳ,Ϊ,ڰ״̬ռ˽ĺףͨ˪ɵĽ,Щ׽ˡ
Ķ,ռݲ,˵ڴ˷аЩѾ㲻ˣʼ˽緢չ
ףκȻһ뷨,ʵѲ,ʥŮһ붫΢ǵ˽,Щ֮ﺦģ
Ҳǡ͵ʱ,رܵر䶯ĳ,޷,λֲʱ,֮,˲ء
ǡɽҪ˽ݣλعɽ磬kڡֻʣ˽
ԭȣkʩ·ƣ֮ǲ֮У˽硣ȥ̫ãǽɶòӧ˳˽磬Щ
λָȻǣβ׺λ鶼سɣڴ顣
ףû뵽ؾеȻǣ֮ءüͷøҼǵħҲؾ֮ڣѲ뷽֮ﹴᣬ÷֮˽磿
ħĲΪ˶ȡ˻ӡؾ֮СȻûеóѵġ
ħ뷽֮ĳ֣Ȼһġ
δ֪ԣħ뷽֮գĲȷʵ뷽֮
˵ĻȻмġȻȻ޵ķʸ
ħڲǺΣһ֪޷Ƿ֮ħǱԵĵˡ
ףεͷڵ֮便ûкҪҲôҪǺϲҪ
ֻǱȻΪ鷳
ףβɻ롣ǰ˪ΣǷ뷽֮йأ
׷ɱʿ½ΣڵϦȻûб¶ԼݡһħҲ֮
ħҪܹлɱĻزأֻģȫɽ˶¡
֮ɽ籾ûݣֺξ屻ʶĿأ
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ħޣǷ֮ǵʵֳ̡ħδѰ壬֮ұƽȹԣڣд䡣
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ꡣףλ룬Ҳȷʵڡ±Ҳ󣬲ŷġ
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ͬʱʱУҪԪӤڲܹó
ڵʿȻǿߣֻǶͨ˵˪ڣ뵱ĳĳ϶ԪӤϵΪ
ףڡҪڽԪӤڣʵΪԼˡ
Ƕʮꡣ
һΪĿԪƣҲʮ󣬲ŽԪӤڡ
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Ŀ꼫Ϊޡףβǳ롣
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ף˻ӡټʦȻָΪǿ
ף˼ţ͸档
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ף꣬ˣŲʦ㣬ԼֻĪʦ¡
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169 
ʦսָЩۡ
ףνЩæµ
Ǽʦ,üΣĶӻԼСԺϰûʱǾˡ
ŴִּһΣѰ˼ʱӦǡ,òףεĺȻҪѰ,úһ
ףСΡϪսϢȥ˺,ҲϼգС߾ͻˡ
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ˮչȥ,ϪȲ˵Щ
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ףοǽأ
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170 ֪ʶ
һҹףѧһЩǰȫ֪ʶ
Ȼ󡭡
ףαҪһЩ,Ÿ߳һͷľ룬΢ͷȥ
ʦ˼ǣ֮Ҫʲô
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ףŲ۾¶ЩֽĬĬ
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һҹףѧһЩǰȫ֪ʶ
˭ǰҲй£ⷽȫǲ⣬ĵ״̬һĶϡ
ǻԵɺϣ˵ҲǼʮ궼ῪϣҲЩ鰮֮¸е档

ա
ףδ˯ȻŵΡ
Լ𴲺ˮԼϡ
ߴ׺׵
ףѰȥ׺˴ų䵽ϡ


׽㣿ˮףعЦʣ𣿡
׺׵ԴڳʾףθԼ
ڵǺˣ׺ֱӵףξɣ̬òˡ
ףαڰ׺һһ׵Ĵ
˴ʽ͵ĵص㡣ΪŲϲˣʹõƵβߡ
ףҲֻһΣŰ׺߽ȥ̧ףȻϷŵš
Ŀȱվŵʦ
ף¶˸ЦݣƳһۡ
šȹ񣬡кѰӹ
֮ͥͽСתһ˲˼ܿЦЦ°գûʲô¡
ףαڲλ£Ŀ͵͵۲ʦ㡣
աӦɢʦ鵹ǿʲô仯
ЩҪ뱾̸żװûע⵽˼񽻻˵£ǰĵӣգƺСཻãұдգ̽
ףæҡͷţ黹ǽʦɡʦʶ磬Ϊˡ
ҹַȥãΪղʦǷֵԵɣԼڰûеô취
Ҫ⡣ȷʵദ˭á
ŶȷʵҲҪѰϵЩЦ⣬ʵϵһչ˲ܣϵһͬСβԸô
ףβ֪ôŽͣЩ鲻볤֪ͷЩܾĲѡˮҲʶϵ
ǱˡȻҲΪɣһϵ۾ͽˡ
ףԥ֮£
˽ദףҲܱ֮ǲ̣֮ô
ȴļ϶Уȥ۲ʦ顣
ʦ̸δʲôףô
̸ֻ֪ص顣
ûá
ϵ۱֮С
ǰƳףΣһʱɸ֣ôҲ壬ǻô
ţСա
һһ˴кѣɡףѣҲˡ
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̸ŵ֪֮Ϥ˪ɸһ׷ͻصȥ
ףʱ㵡
ô£ΪͻȻҪץǰ
ҫ۵ĵӣھ͵˻ΪЯӡ
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ǰ佫Ϊӵӣһ׷͵ɱ׷ϲǿ˶úúõġ
ɴʱǰ˪ɵĿľȻҪץסɣΪͻȻĻ̬ȣǶǰЩʲô
﷢ʲô
ףɻ󣬵˰ûдռ̸
ĽҪ׼ŵ⼸գСѾס˪ɰգѰͬ㡣
ȻӦ£лСм
̧ͷĿ⵽ףε飬ţףʶѾã֪ɷͣ
һ£ϵס͡
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ֳϾܾգöԷѿ
ףβ˺ա
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ῴһۣЦЦãףΣ⼸վϵһ飬ͬСѡ
ϵ۸ףһร
ҹﲻôһ棬ʦ֪󣬾ˮʦöʦõЩ⡣
⼸ദ֪ء
Ҳǡѵá
ϵ⿴꣬ʱɹλʦǲʦżôӽ߶Ūʦ¶ʲô
ڣϵȷˣʦȷʵǸˡ
ҲҲΪĳˣ䶯
ϵЦһ£Щˡ
ٳʱ򣬾ͱףΣϵա
ߣãȥסԺ䡣ϵ۵
סȻ塣Ϊ壬е˺ܶĹá
Ǵ;ӵԺϵҪЩʲôյϵ۽㣬ܷرһЩ˽ף˵
ϵԴڷ·оը죬һʱ̧һʱ£⡭
ΪףʦãȥˣЦƤʲôѽýˣ~
ףȴֶߣʦ㣬ȥѰط˯һᡣ
ϵǣðգǱˡ
ͷˡ
ףΡſףΣҴ᯳ǰйӴִӰʦǣ֪ԶɺкøС
᯳ϱյʦáĵӡ
Ҫ㣬ɣһҪһʱʦʵǿĳȡ
ףʵΪΣ
¹غɻܣ֪ȴ޷ֳһŸֽ޻Է٣Ӧ֪ɴ͵ߵһСӡ
ףεͷȷʵ֪ŴδǷӡá
ӡѲɣ˻ӡйأ
ףҽոյ֪ǷӡǷ˻ӡõϾ˻ӡʱϡ
׸ңɺܿɱᱦҶСЩ



171 
ʦ㡣
ƾ,ףβŶǰɱԼȡ˻ӡպѣӦ¡
дᡣʱδɣҲ޷ʹ¶˵ʲô
ףֻʵΪιʦͻȻԶǰ´ж,Ϊ˻ӡô
յͷ,͸Щ˼,ҲԵԵɣײ֪ҡ
¶ЩǸ,ڻᣬ޷֪֮ףһҪ,Զɸе׽,Ϊ˺,ҲҪ˽ദ
Ҫ˻ӡ,,ҪѾ㱣ֵ,൱Σաûʲôߣӳʱ͵Ϯʦ𡣡
˵,,ɵʦԴӶź,ħ,ȥػɽ,Ϊܵ˼ΪصӰ졣ʦ,ɲһʶԵ,мСġ
еĸʹ,Ҳ˵Ļ˵ˡ
ףβûв£Ҳ˿˪ɣףβ֮˻߲˻ӡᡣ
˷ӦղЦһ£ԭΪҲᷴҡ
ңضԵ޹ʾҲҲҲҲء
ףκЦ˼˵ֵҵһᣬȥʦѰ
΢Щʧ䣬ףٶദһᣬ֪Է˼Ҳ档
ףá
ϵ͵ȵ÷ȥˣ˯ţȫǶꡣ
Һֻദһӣףξˡ
ϵϣ˫ֻǰףʦãӲΣǽ֮ѽ
һףΣЦ֪Ϊ£ˡ
㲻ֱ˵ϵѹֻʣõʱ*Ҿ͸ʦýɵ¡
ףȷʵ˼飬ûͷͻȻ˵һ䣬ʦĹϵ仯Ҳ̫յĸˡ
ʦ㣬á
˭ʦϵѹȥֺԴ֪ʦжذͺá
һᣬȥѰգһ
ֱ磬ͷҪ䵽ɽȥףβŻصסͥԺС
ûеһʱصԼǲԺӣʦȥ뿴ʦʱڲڶС
ףκܿߵˣվԺʯſڣӣԴ̽ȥ
СԺȻûпʦӰʦнΪڣڷУȻܸ֪Լˡ
ʦԼȥԴ
ףĵһᣬûж
Ѳɡǻæµûлô
˼ţ̧ϸʦ᷿
дֽڣףƲ澿ûˡ
ȵ̫ҲʧԲʵ߹ҹգףʦԺſڵżϡ
˾Եмֿ
ֱ׺һԶɻأ䵽Ϻִҡڵ߹

׽㡣ףξϲʦѰҵô
׺ʮԻЦһ˸߰˵ë
ƺڳЦף飬롣
֡
ףκһѸײڶ֮˫֣
ó˱ʦԴҪҵҰ׺׷ë
׺״һ¡
ŭˣ
ˣǰôڶ·ˣ
׺׺׹׺һףֱϣ
˻
ʹף׺úҧԼʱҲ֪ǳģǳίȻػˣ
ȻûΪҲûû÷
ֻСƵأҧңŪë죬Ūë
˷һһ״ԺſڴԺ棬һʱ֮䣬ֲ˭ռϷ硣
ҵľ棬ĳλüŵİŮӳԼԺſڡ
ףʦá
ʱףѾڵ׺˴ȫǳУ֪Ϊˡ
Ȼѣ̧ͷʦ㡣
ͷңбĹĺֺۣܿ
ö
ʱѾˣǰرʦ㿴Լȿ׵һ档
ǰԼ֪һգʦ㿴Լ׺״ڵϷǡӦþԼܻҵΰɡ
ףδӵվæԼһԼڸɾ
׺׺ݺڣڳɵԣʮίչ¶ԼŪҵëص˼
ףεɴ۾
㷽ſɲʦǰ״ĺף
ѿڶʦ㣬Ҳˣ
˵֮󣬷Ӧ
ףζ׵ȥסԼ
ڸЩʲôôԽԽȥˡСʱ򶼲ϡ
ףκòУԴȥеˡ
ǳݸԳ
߹ȥס֣ӵǣ
׺ûбᣬ𾪵վںͷ

ŭض
ڿĨȥףǵĺӡӺ󣬰׺Ťͷȥצأ뿪
Լˡ
ܲǵӡӵÿƵÿ죬㣬ˣ
ףʦãΪѰң
뿪ףεգ糣ʵ
ûоǰ˵Щʲôף˿
ҪʦΪʲôҪ׺״ǲý͡һʱ
ףûʦȥ֣סʦ󣬼ĸԼϡ
͸Щ¾ͲѰʦô
ָ΢£ûпܣԸϡ
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ףξϲܹȥʦ᷿
ڡôҪ󣬡𣿡
ס
սһ㣬תǣʦ㣬첽ʦ᷿ȥ
ߵſڣףοʦ㣬ڵõɺƿš
ףҲǵһνˣϴαʦպĪ֮ʾ͸ʦ᷿
ѣ˼󣬾ͣ½ŲûԶĴϿ
ʦ㡭
ףػһ䡣
ţ
꿴⸱ģʵﲻˣ
ҹףβףˣ
ж˺ü飬ˣ
ףҪΪյǸἰ£ƻڵĺгǢ
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ףԴչȥöͷʦĶͷ˿Щ졣
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꿴΢΢ƽʵȷ
ϴʦ㡭ףָԼ
ǵú׼ʮ׼ȷذ촽ĵطǵ¸顣
ͬʦѭѭһ㣬ףʦΣ
ҡ
ýţҪɤð
ףΣ
ûע⵽⸱ϾҪµ̬ȻվԭأĿϣ͸һĵȻ
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ԼǷǷˡ
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ڵȴָ
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ͬ񶯳Ľë󣬺˫
ףκܿ׹ǴӦѶš
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л˵
[][][]
Сʱ֮ǰѼһ֣˯[][][]



172 

ܿ,ףƫͷԴϣ۾͸Щˮ󣬺Ϊдڸ,Ų,˴ļϡ
ʪȡ
᲻̫ûϢˣףβ롣
ҹǼͼ˵,ڵǲ򵥻Ķи࡭
͸,æֹסɢ˼άЩĻ档
ףθеʦ֣ḧԺ,ڰ滺,ǿο
ز˲ʦĲ,ȥ
䣬СİЩ,ҲŲ˲겱ϵļ
һ˲,˿Щ,覵졣
ףԴʧȥɵ̧ͷ˫ۿʦ,͸޹,ﻹˮ
ףʦá,ҹ,Ի᷿Ϣˡ
ף۾
աһ¼,ʦߵĻ,вɻ,Լˣ
òã
ȻΪʦżԼ뿪
ףοɲҹ֮ᷴ,ʦ뿪ʱѡ׷ʵʦ㣬ҷûô
˵ţѾ˹ȥ³ǰ
ƺǲõ𰸲ˡ
괹ʱûпףΡ
ţʶףʦõͻ㼰ڣһ˽պףʦã
겻ỳԼµľÿǵǣʱ⡣
úܺá
ʦô˵ףθɻˣסʦ֣Ϊʦߣѵʦںƭң
֪ʦǲ˵ѻˣǼΪ΢˴ŵСѡɾΪأ
ܹܵϵȱҪԼѡ
ḧףڲࡣ
ⰲԵĶףεżʱסδȥ
ҹѧϰĳЧƺѣеܣҪȥЩӡ
ͣ¼񣬲Ҳɡ
ô˵
ʵҪմĿģǸüףⷽ̽궼ûʶʱڵһ¡
ףζ鰮֪֮ԽԼʵϲʦ㣬ξеϲ
Ҫʱףε׽һ޶ȣٶˡ
ǰ´Ӳհǰ˺󣬹ףǡ̫ˡ
Ȼǿǣ˼ЩǣԴʱοǲܡ
ףλǷԼֲѣ˵Ժ󲻱е¼񡭡
⴫Ѷţ̫΢ˡ
ףס΢ţֱϣҧ´
ֱ챻ˮʪûѼǻСѼӡ
㶵ԭطվһᣬѹϮͷɬ
۾ˮ󶼿컯Ϊʵˡ
ףƫͷȥɤɬʦ㣬ҲᣬĲãɲԽ̽ҡ
ᣬֱӲ
̫ˡ
ʦ㣬ʲôԣʲôõʦ㣬ʱףҲѹЩ
ǵģ֪ԼҲΪʦֹⷬܲܲ£
˵ĵ¶̵ġףСᣬ룬ҹôдġ
˵ţ͵һ꣬ƿߣСֹʦţӦҪ˶Լĵ¸аģ
ȻȻ
Ȼʲôأ
ףμ˼Ż
ίѹҪʦ㽲ó˵ɣȥҲ벻ʲô˵ƹˤýң
ãԽ˵Խֱ׳ˡ
óףΰԼľ͵ʦһۣʱһ̣ò
˵˼ά뷨һϡ
ףǵҪʦĵ£Ծյ˲õѶţѹҲûзȻŷʦ׽
꿼ǵøΪ븴ӣιϵıʵϵߣΪʲô֪ΪͶ
ҪɵĿ꣬벻ףܵ˺˼άڽвģڣֳǰδеСء
ţ˳ףΣʲôŽǣǰǳֹ
ıؼ䶼⣬֪ôףʦݽŸĵ¹ϵ֮䣬Ҳа¡ףʦԺûĽҲ޷뿪ߡ
Ĭ֮䡣
ףη˵໰ʦظһʱ֮䣬ͷŵذ壬Ŵ
ƺһ̾
ףʦã
ʦ㺮ɽȪ
ףνżһתԼҲƢˣʱ
ֻʦķ򿿽ûȥ
ôãףҪӵġ
ֻ˼ýֻǿҲֻʣ߾롣
Ľӽ˵ľ֣ףκϣϣ˳ḧߵı
һΣöͷףεĶ䡣
˵ıӴַ롣
Ҳܽ㡣
ᡣ
ףƲ죬ҪŤͷȥʦ㡣
ձס޷뿪
ͬӿˮ۵µУ͸ķΣա
ףûп
ֻʦɤ㣬Լѧ
ףθίˣѧѽȻͱʦ˵еµˡ
ء
ظء
١ϰΪ£Ӧ㡣
ǵģӦ
˿ЩףΣ̸¡£鰮֮£ղţúܺá
ظǰۡ
ףȴЩɣʦ㡭
ִƶӲһ·䣬ڵ½ϡ
֪סĪ
ʦ졣
ԭǷ׺״򶷼·ŪˣףЩʦл
ܿ죬ٴαŪңŪ塣
ס죬ø

ͬĴףεĴϡ
λǰףʱһ¡
ףʦá
˿ʱڣԼõ׺òˡ
Ժ󣬾ⷨӣΣ
ӵ˽վռϷ磬ֻǿҲλ



173 
ûû
չ˼վʹ˪뿪,̻š
ǰվ˪ɵɽ£ףμ˵
ɽˮټ
ֿף,ǰ˵,һϡ
ԭ⼸,˪ŵףͬϵ۸֪,ףձѡ˸ˮͬ
ףӦ£ض,ġ
֪,ף,ǺܺõѡܳΪ£ҲȻǼõĵ¡
ֻ,ףվûԵ֡Եֲǿ,ףѽɵ,Ǹףθе
ֺܹγһλֵýύĺء
ϵóӣչȣûж¶֮ͬ,ΪҪ
޵֮,м鰮֮,ʿ,붼Ͷڴˡ
˵,ԶǸߵѡرǶЩ˵,õյ׷
ڳɳ·,Щδ,δõӦУָ䣬Źɢȥ
˳죬´μ㡣ϵЦЦҪ׷Ͻľ硣
۾΢΢𣬡λҲǣ
ͣԵķۡ
ҽ㣡ˮ֣´μ
ףĿͷȥһ£ˮС߿쵽ˡ
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ϵ۶С߲Ϥֻ֪Ǻĵӣûд
ɽߡ
Сߣѡˮߺ󣬡ҲŲҪء
仰ϵЩʲôӣ͵Цһǵãˮʦǰһѣˣɻ
ôõôõӣϵʦ㾻˵ЩġˮƲ죬ǵãҲǵˡ
ףΰ궼ڻжȹ֪Ϸʲôʵ˵ôˮ𣿡
ûСˮ벻⣬ȵʿΪҪңֲѡ
⻰жٿڲģֻ֪ˡ
ϵˮȷ磬ǼǼˮʦ⣬ǿʦֻˮʦýѵķݣʲôʲôˮʦ÷ۡ
񻰱ЩĵĹӣ
ˮö䶼ˣϵʦ㣡̫ˣ
ȭͷϵ۸첲ϣЦң֡
ף΢죬ڣˮôʦıˡ
ǰˮֻͱɱΣСèβ͸߸βͼִȥ˵֣׽
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ˮҲѽףĪп
ǹҪڡ
˵ˣױء
Ϊɤ𣬴˶˾һ
۾ϸŰɫ˿ľɫпڱ֮ϣǴǰĨףԼڲ԰׵գΪͻĲ
ˮ۾Բܾһ㡣
ϵ֮˼ԼȻûвĵȻ;ʿԼϢиķţΪΪѾ߹Լ
ǺЦȴЩꡣԼﲻԪƵĸ߶ȣһǿĲֹʦʱˡ
ףοʵôڴˣ
˪ɣͻȻȵˣһʱЩ⡣
Ҳȵ˻
ʦѡͣΪӣʦҡ
ʦȹ𸴣˸Ϊȡ
Ϊ֮ײ뿪ţһ뿪ȻҪ¡
˵ȵĹˡ˪Ϊʲô
һʱ֮伸²⣬ΪԣΪһЩܣ
֪ڴˡϵۺӣûԼģ·竵Ϸһ㣬ЦʣѲѰ
ϳڣ˼Ϣŵң
ףʦ㣬֪Ĵ
ЦֵСȷʵѰ㡣

ͬʱ
ǰϵ۱ʾ΢ȦˮǾȡ
Цɤǵ漫ΪЦѣ߶䷢
Ц⣬Ц֮طϡ
ϵ˿Ǿͺãҿɲ뱻ⲷԵʿš
׾ͱ˵ʲôӡ÷ڵĻ
ˮƲ⿴
Ѱ̬ǣףѡ
ףα
ףѡʦѰȥ߰ա
ȹҪףβɻ
µ£ûгɾȥ
ף뿪ϵˮ°ͣˮʦãشա
ˮŶһͷð
ϵۿЦЦΪˮʦûʧء
ΪҪʧ䣿ˮֵʲôҲûѽ
ϵЦʦϲֺӣ붺㣬ǻŮ˰
ˮܴˮβͺˣԴǽźŪء
ϵ۾ɰָèƵģ°ͣˮء
ߺߡĳֻСβԽԽߣԴҡΣ͸⣬붺ŪˮˮȴͰ͸˪ɣôȵʿѰףء
ǿͣÿ˼ҵĵȥѰ˵ġֲûԵĵˡ
ϵüëһľˣŶˮʦþȻһ㣬ʿգʦĿ࿴
ˮҡͷԣòУ˵ˣˮܴգ
ϵҡͷʧЦ
ôˮû뵽һֿء
᲻㷢ǵѰףεġ
ϾֱӸ֪鲢Լ˼µӡ
ϵǺûû

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ףƽƽظԡ
ڵʿ̤գףλ൱Ľġ
ڣڲԶˡ
ףεԤ֮ʱأٴ˼;޻ڵ״̬ɽ𵤡
˽ڣʿĵ;ѼٸģԷϽ𵤣¿ʼԳĳЩӲҩߺľǿڵʿ⣬˶֮غʿĸ߶ȡ
Сţףɵ¡
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⻰˵Ե˵ЩףҲǵͷ
ȷʵѽҲ벻
ףѡͷҸ㣬ΪһѣʱΣô
ףһüĺܿ𣬡Ǻ⣿ܷ
ҡͷϷԣףѲطϣ֮
ϣˡףüδɿ·һнԼ
ԼΪвʦĴڡ
䵽壬ž⡣
ĿĵΪ֤ǰ˵ʦǰ֮ﵹҲԡ
ף֪ھסͥԺͣҪôЩ׽СҪôˡ
˽ȥȥųڵĳǰ
ףǿʦ㣬ûüкȡ
ѵʦǡ
Ů֮ϣκһ˿©ʧֻǷɫڲ԰ף͸ŲϢ
ףڸݣֳǡ
Ƿλǰһ顣
ͷȵʿȫǲѽ



174 
ޣƵĽ
ףС,ּˡ
ǰ΢ǷӣƷŲ΢ЦſףΡ
ףһȻ󰤵վ,ѯʦ,Ǹʲô,ôˡ
˳ָʦָ
ףԼ־úЦ,ϰڿʱѧӣҪԱߵͬһ֡
ֵûʦ,
ԼֺһС,Ҫƿ,õʦ㡣
նϢ΢΢̧,ɵ۽ףεֵں档
Լ,ָףεֱ
ף,⳯ʦȥʦ鲢ޱ仯ǴǰǸƽ顣
СΡЦЦսѰ,ҵΪ㲷һԡ
üȩ̈,κ̬,һɡ
ףολȹ,,ɻ,ΪΣ
ͻȻĴǰΪ,Ҫ
˲,Žȹ˪ɣ͸¶ѶϢףβ΢΢
ǾŻǵַʲô֪Σ飬Ż˾ٶ
֮ͥȴʦ˼
ʦףɻˡ
Զǧ֮⣬ǰףأҲδ̽
ףβǶԴ˸еģȻæµļǹҵӵĽⶣΪȡ
Ϊأ
ĿǰЩûнԭ˼
ףβǸӲҪٸʵ׵ˣʦţ˺
еֱǣס
ȥ֪ʦ㡣ף£ʦڵͻеô
ǲġףλʦ㣬Ӧ¡
ðЩ棬Ҫβԣ
ǰλ˿ɽһ;϶ʿһԣǼΪѵõľ
ܿͻ֪ˡǺǳЦףСѣҡ
òףԼϣ̾ŹĻͶ˹ȥ
۾˿̷·Ǻ쳣ֺƷߣľ˲
ףȫ񶼱˹ȥ޷ѣҲûʶȥѡ
֪˶ãüֺ֣񲻹һϢ
ˡ
ףͬ˯ͻȻʶԼһ㣬ѹ
˼Ϣȫع鵽ƽ״̬
Сѡ΢΢ͷָüĴסҳȥ
΢΢ʦ𣿡
¡ЦЦ˪ɵ˽ܣȥǡ
ǡӦ£ףһͬӴ˴߳ȥ
ߵͥԺŴյУһ໨ݡ
ᣬʵףѲ棿ʦΪ㲷ԣΣ֪ô
Ȼ档ףεܱ֪ºźʦҵġ
ǣõǼ򵥡
⻰Ǿ伥ףû⣬ѡ˭ֻԸøӡ
еѡ˪δᷢЩ飬ףҲֻͨӣÿÿʱͬȥջ
ڵݷ˪ø߹󣬱ϾǽΨһӡ
ϴΣףѰ˿ȥҶʦ㣬ΪʱڳЩ˽ﶼƺףΪٷ
*Ǹ׽ִЦĴţͬʱҲ͸¶Ƕףε̬ȣǻƵġ
Ĵǰʮ껹ȣȷʵһһ¡ԸѡҲųɾŶѡǰߡ
ף˵Щʦ㼴ЩĥѴĶôеѡԸš

˳ȥϣΪ˷ֹ͵ô˴һ״̬ʱ޷ע
գգۣһѪۿӯ˳ЦЦͥ»Ƿˡ
ŹеҪЩ鷳ȥ»㣬㿴ʲô󣿡
ǰ꣬񣬱ʱ俴עЩͬĴǳЦڣ˱仯ףС˼
ǰ֮ʱȥĳ֪ڻعȺѰ裬˵һΪˡ
֪˵˾ףΡ֮ǰ֪֪ΪټףΣһԣ軹΢΢һ¡
ǰһڵףСϡͷǵЦݴЩЩעЩעĴھһӰ졣
üЩʧˣ͸ѵõ⡣
꣬͸밮꣬޷Щעᷢ
ҡͷʦ޷
ͬĴ֮ͥ΢£ЦЦֳЩˡ
꣬ĺӣЩõı仯
ͥݸȱһ˵ģЩ鷳ء
֮ͥʶĺѣϵǲӸλֹͬţȻڡ
֪֮ͥжమĺӣΪˡϧķѰԼԶ޷ͻɽڵĿܡ
ݺ֮ͥ»ֵ֮زҪء
˶֪Ǻεŵᵽ˪ɣ뵽˵һλһǽ֮ѡˮһҫ۵꣬˻ţǲλ˪ŵ
Ƕˣ˪ɽţɱŶλ֮ͥϹʱڷ
֮ͥһ츳֮ڽϵ츳Ӳ·磬ĳ̶ֳ˵Ҫ߳һ
֮ͥȴطͻɽڵĿܣֻΪĺӣѯһ⡣
̾»˭㽫⺢Ӵţ˰ͥء
֮£ˡ
֮ͥĳΪʦĸ׵һ̣ĺѡѾȷˡ
֮ͥף㣬

˵貢˪£֪ͥһҪȥռЩ
겻ҪЩʧ䣬㣬ǧء
ЦģˣŪԼˡ
ֵǺӣ˪ɡһ٣⿪ѵ
ȻӦʱҲģס¾ǡ
ˡ֣֮ͥͥˡ֮»һһɱۡ
һᡣ
Цٶ֮䣬Ȼʧ

֪ʦ뿪Լ˪ɺЦ΢
ꡣʱգҪչ˺Ϲӣҿܣ㲻Ҫҡ
Ƴһۣû
òظİ̾ףѣչҰգʦúġ
˵ţסףε֡
һΣ꽫䣬ȥס
ףһȥ컹ûôʦ˵ء
꣬㻹ǹҡп꣬ɣЩ强˵
ףͣ½ŲԼ񲻷ȥˡ
ЦЦףѣ㲻ò˶ãͽʦ㣬Ӧǵˣһᾡ콫»㡣
ף΢ЩȣӦ£á
ȵ굽ĳ;ʱ
һϣǺЦ꣬ӣȷʵó鰮֮¡
ƽ
״̬չա˿⣬һ㣬ףζ㣬û.
ǿ֮ԣ.ޣƵϣĽ
糣Ȼеġ



175 ׽
ҹͬߣ
ЦЦ,Ҳ֪ǰλĵ꣬Ҫʱסɡ
ѹЩ,Ϣ,ܷԸСɡ
Ƴһ,Ϊƽᣬֱʱ,ȴ֮ң
ƽһ仰üŵİŮת뿪
֮,Ǿݸ
˭˵û,ⲻô
,һʮûˣȻΪԼ鰮֮£
,Ϊû뵽,ȻΪԼۡ
Ц,
̫˼ˡʱס˪ɣٲӡ
Ц̧֮,޵شǰ˿ԺĽᡣ
ʦ˵,Ľټ,вͻ
ûʲôµ뷨,ֻܻ,ȷʵҲûҪ
֮,˪֮,ء
˭أ
Ժл˪ʶ,Щųˣʵɽ٣ֺ뵽˪
ֲȱЩʿ
֣˿ƮȻ£û˰ʰƬ˿䵽Լϡ
ûۣȻ
Ȳ֮£ռǽˮĵѣλЩͬҲн١
˼ţָڰ˿ϣ˿񲻱ϸ塣
ѰᣬϸһԡǴģҲ룬ֻһЩ潻ˡ
ս˪ɲκλοʦ𱾾˪ʶǼ̳ʦ־ˡ
ţ̧֣½˿ϵϣס˫볣˵
ǹһЦ
˪˼ܶ࣬ĵġ

ȵףٴμʱھסͥԺС
ΪʦǰѾף᷿ȴʦ
ϣһۡĶۡ
ۡϢԴһȻϵϢһȫȷģ໹ݡ
ף濴ʱ˵ϢڵĽѾڳʹûɽ̫
˵ǰиԼʱҽܹưϪףξͽɲݽʱˡ
ԼףһʱѾˡǾʦʶϢŵɣõȵף֮
˵ʱ˵ãСҲѾܹˡ
ף΢΢ЦЦּԼСޣȥҪȥ̽
뵽֮֮ؾɿȥݷСޣ˳ʱд衣
ȻҪȵףҲѾ˵ȻҪʱѹԣףβ
ԪӤڣף֪ʱ˻ʦ㶼׶ͣꡣ
ٹգС߾ͻᵽ˪ˡϧ
ףһһ֮Ҫ飬֣ΪҪ⣬һ¡
գЩȻʦ˵ǳԣףλҪΪ׵һЩ
дģҲһȫáף֪ʱܶдӣ߻ͼˣҲûо飬ֻԼ鹹Ϲ롣
֪ʶףҲдЩɡ
ˡ
ǡ߸ûѡ
ף˼ȥϤ׽ĳûе£ߵĺҲûе¡
ʱ䣬ҲûаµĺۼףδǰҲδʹм俪ʼֻ
̾˿Կա
׸أ
ҪҪȥʡʦ㣿
ףԺ︡ϵƵЦ˦˦Դ
ǲˡ
ټһʿеµģף룬Ҫȥһ
ע⵽űƿʱȽЩ˼׵ԺЦݣʦ㣬
߽Ӧ磬ϡ
ףʦá
ߵףڵ鰸ǰ
ףѾվȻ֪¼仹ô֪ġ
ӭ˹ȥǣסʦ֣΢̧սɿ
Լ֣Ŀϣס˪ʱӴ
ףεͷȴӦʵʦ㣬ΪΣ
ԼݣЩʱܿܣҲԼͷͣ˰Ϣֵί
ףʦ˵ʲôʱ۾ѾӰȥ
»вȷ¼Ҫձ¡
ƺʦˣ˵ⷬҲڣףθհȥʦѾ˵Եˡ
ϴʣϪƵ飬չпɣδڿο㡣
ףǵͷԴѹϣ°͸ȥˣͷʱڸзǳ
ַסվס
ʦ㣬áףЦ˫ֻرʦԴ˲䡣
ûлظ
˼Ϣףʦƽɤ𣿡
ףǵͷõˣ
Ϊ˱ʾԼ˵Դ̧꿴صͷ
Ȼףʦ˵Һãô
꿴գ׽
ף΢ѸٺһûøóЩʲô
ûɿҵϰվһ㣬ףֲʱԵӡ
šḧڲ࣬ףʦã
ףζ
ʦȻˡǲϴ֮󣬶ڵȴµĳأ
ĻԼվ̫ˡ
ףŬãѹԺеļ䡣
¡¼ҪЩ
ʦ㣡ҹͬߣ
ףʳȥס죬۾
˵Щʲô
Ȼ£߷İ¶˯ͬһŴϣףǰҲ˿Ů˼һŴ
ڣףλǺܰգ볷Լ˵Ļ
ܿҪ˯ֻԼʦǲҪ˯ߵġ
ף˿ʦ㵱û˵
Ҳɡ΢΢ƿߣòߣҹһͬ˯



176 
Щ
ʦʦӦˡ
ףʵǰҲʦͬһŴϴ,ʱǰֱ֪ŷ
ͻȻ֪ԣԼõ
ѽףҪڷ㶼뱧ԴһȦʾĵĲˡ
ݴ,Ӧ˹ʦ㻹ûһ,ֱԼ
ףĿͰ͵ؿȥ
д,
ףοһСᣬʦ,㾲ĳ᷿
ȥ᷿һϢձʵͣ٣˿

һ,ף뿪ʦ᷿,Ժ,óѵ
һÿձرĹ,һ,ҲƽһЩ,ϵˡ
˷ֱæԼֱƻⶼʾҹɫ١
ףȻʶ,Ҫʦͬ,ɲܼԼɾˡ
뵽,ҽ
ͥԺȻԡ֮,һС,Ȫˮ,зڳص,óˮ˸ɾ,¶ȣȪǰ㡣
ףǰС裬֮ǰס൱ڽסûô
ʿճܹԼ־Եĸɾˣʱϰϴ裬Լˮϴ
ڡף룬ҪҪȥһݣԼŪɾɾأ
ҲЧһ顣
ɡǲһ
뵽ףȥʦ᷿ţƿţ¶Դ۾ˮؿ꣬ʦ㡭
̧¡
롣ףһеΪʦĹϵѾһ
һֻЩ飬ȥԡô
С΢ģһǳش顣
ü¡
У
ףʧ䣬ʦ˵ףʦãҵĵ¡
ף죬ͷǡ
֮䡣С²ʣ𡣡
ֵͥԺԵӵеĶ㶼ѯҡ
ףٴεͷЩģҵҲǣ
ȻûʲôֵǮĶӵе˻ӡ
֮ǰʦˮǳԷõʦʯ
סʦͥԺС
ôһ룬ףξԼڳʦ
ףӦˣȥա
շܣףιȥˡ
ĳ¼˵Ӧʦ㣬Ҫʦ㿪ġ
ǰһúܵλһѶȡ
ףμٿʦЦݡҹʦЦһЦô
ԼԼ
Ȼ󣬱˺Ժ
ˮ¶죬ʱðףȥۺ˽ȥ˸λ¡
׼һᣬٽϸܵϴ貽衣
ҪԼŪġ
ףĪЦЩ˼
Լգľġ
ƽϢûһᣬףκȻ뵽ʦӦҲˮ衭

ȻˮУסԼĶ䡣
׼ˣ

ĳ껨˺һ󣬲ŻϸɾŲմذص᷿С
ͷЩʪҪ÷ͷŪɣͼ곯֡
ף߹ȥʦ㣿
¡
߹ȥָʾһϣǰױ̨ϰһͭصӳģ
ף뵽ʦӲʩ죬ˮܽأǾɫ
ߵ󣬸ױȡһľᡣ
ʦҪΪͷ
ףΰţֽ
̫òΪˡ֮⣬ɬ͡
ľķ˿䣬ףκţĬȻһ㶼ûдʦƿ
ʦϸǽڷɫ״һ㣬ֱϿɼɫ磬죬ͬΪʱһĿ
ƽС£Ҳ
ףѾںϧϧؿܿ죬쵽Ĳᣬͣ˶
ˡ꽫󣬷Żԭʩףεķ˿ʪ
ףתԴʦ㡪
Щ
ţͷˡ
㷽ͷףεʱ׾ͻͷʦһᡣ
΢Ϣͻָ糣ַŵףͷḧһᡣ
ףʦԸ⣬˵˵׵Ĺ¡
ףνԴϣĸܶ鶼̫ǵˣͼǵرңᣬܴΪСľ
˵⣬ýԼȥѡľģȻԼɵģر˲𣡻СľϿҵ֣ͲѵŪ죡
ף˵꣬ʶСľ˵쳣һľʦ˵׵õĶ
˵ľˣǽ彣ӵС
һʱ䣬Щ֪ʦķӦˡǡǡʦ㲻⵱һ£ɣô죿
ףλѹġΪ漰Լס
ţ˲𡣡꺮ɽȪɤ糣𣬡ףʦõףǺ䣿
ףεȻǵãʱͺСף裬ǰд֡
ĸ̵úܺá긩ָףգϴΣδͬףʦ֮̽лᣬȥ
ʦһ㶼ûɣԺҪȥס
ףκǾϲղģã
Ǵ˻ϻӡ
ʦʦ㣬ֻ֪ҵСľ֣Ǻö඼ȥģҵСľ֣رĽ~
ߴߴߴ
ҹףαƽҪ˵ˮǼˣҪһ
ƽף䲻˵˵ܶʱ򶼱Ļȫûͣ˼
ֱϢϢףβδͣ
ǰߵҲһᡣ
ףɵϣ˼ӣЩȲʦ˵
Ҳ֪ļҲûãٴλص᷿
ףʦ㷽Ҳȥԡˣ˿΢ˮ
ףʦá
Ҳ˴齣ţԼˡ
ףδʱӷŵ״̬ˣֽ
áá
˵
ףһŽ
ڣȥֳӲұ¶ǶԻؼˣװԼҪ棬ֱ˹۴ޡ
Ǹ˵Աңڶ˯֮װűҵϲ
ףԴʲô롣
ǼᵽʦϵζǳҪһ㣬ͬĺš
ϣӣסǵסڱǣʦ㣬ǡϢɣ
괹ʣǻˣףʦòԸ˵ˣ
ףεҡͷȻǣ
ҲáҲɣףεıЩԺ˵һʱ
ʦ˼ǣԺҲԸ߶
ãף룬ҲɹսЩʦ㣬ɲԣһ˵һ
Ϊƴסףʱ̫Сˣ񣬼סʵ࣬ս˵˵վ˵ˡ
Ҳ룬ʦദ
ףףʦԡ
ףҪȥʦˡ
뵽ҪڴϣֶЩɬ
ԣףֻʦ֣ղġ
ʦ㡣ʦ֣䵽ϣ˯
ڣָһףʦã㷽˵˯ǰʱͷףߡ
ʦĺףθΪˣԴ
ֱס
ףοʦݿ覵գüĵĺ붼ڻӽԼ
ıһӦ١
ף۾
ܿ죬΢΢ʪĴͣ
뿪ʦףʦãߡ
ףαۣûпǳЦݡ



177 û
˯һĹϵ
ףα۾,ȴûкܿ˯š
˵Щ˯š
ᵽ˸еĵ㣬ƺҪΧˡ
ķΧ£Ӧܹ,ףΡ
֪Ϊ,ĪЩֲֲָ֡ʲô,е˷ܡ
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Сؿʦ㡣,ʦѾȻ˯ˡ
ףοʦĲҹ˾ʱ,·ܿĶ
,ʦĶС,ź֪᲻ĺ
ףβ,ԼԼĶͷ,ȷԼĲ²,Ӧġ
ֱ磬ʦ촽촽Ա,촽ԱԺ񡣰ףͻȻ,ʦ촽΢̡״Ĵ,ǸЦ,ʦ㲻ǡ
ףڲʶ,ʦԭ״ЦĴ,ֻǡʦ㶼Ц
ԺҪʦЦЦЦɺÿˡ
ףһ,ŻСѾ֪Ϊ,˼ɵ촽ͣ
ȴԼҲˣ˵Ŀжױ֪
ףεȵ˺һᣬŽߴʦĴƿصʦüĵССϡ
ǰͺϲź롣Ϊ˷۲죬ɴӣ΢Դ
ʦĺɫƫڸвΪı־ۡȻܹӡ̻񣬵ҪǻѵĴЩۡΪ˷Ȼѡӡ̷ʽ
Զʿ˵ɽеĴ˶ǿۡϵ棬
ף΢΢£ʦСǺܱ׼С룬ԲСɣ׺軭Ƶء
ô붼ôÿ
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ףԼһĪЦΪ˼æסԼ죬嵹˴ϡ
΢΢𶯡
⣡
ףæȥ۲ʦ飬Щ½ʦ㳳ˡ
ҺҺãʦ㻹˯ŵģûб仯
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Ҫĵһ䡣
ഫЩ֮Լֱס
ףκ£潫ʦ㳳˰գ
СȥƳʱϢ
һŷŴľճѲɡ
ôôףα߻߸п߷Ϊʦ㲢ûֻתӡ
ףʦ֡
ǣֺż۾
һΣף˯ˡ

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Щ
ףŤŤͷǷ˿Щ⡣
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ϸ
ףԺʱӯӯһա
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ˡջ֣ӣʵԺףʦҲ˯ڴ˴
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˵Сߡɣɽףμʶֵ潫ףΪϴŮִ˪ɡ
ϴϴ󣡡
·ۣףΣС߾ͻ˹ֻõСƵء
ȿȡϪѣأСߣôûǵ𣿡
СߵȻǵˣ㻹ûϰ
ꡣˮЦ
֪Сߵ˼ʶʱС߽ϪΪԵȶԷȡ֮ѡ
СˮһۣҲڡ
ֿڳĵĸˣСЩȦ*òˣϴϴΪʲôҲ
ܲİɣС˼ѧãѾЩʶˡݻŵӴ
ߺߣʦ㣬͵ְɡϪװԻرС֮
СҡͷҲ͵֣ҿ֣ھͺܿ֡
Ϫ㿪ľͺá
ŶллҺܿġСűЦһ£ȻܽӲ
ˮסϪֱۣϪ㣬סε
ףοЦһᣬС֣صλҵʦ㡣
ΪףΣСûϴ˵Щ֪ķϻͬʱޱӦ£ǣϴϴ󣡡
ףʦ㣬ٴοСߣʦҵĵ£Գƺ
˵⣬ʦ㣬ѯʣˮһʦ㣿
ס
˶СߣڵӦ
СüַŶͷ
С⣬ϪĪҪһﾪ˰ɣ
Щڴˡ̽ʵСߣʲô
롣Сʲô˼
ΰäϪǳ˳飬ڴˣֽ͵Ƿİ£ɻ˾ޣ𣿡
С˼Ŷǡ˯һӵĹϵ
ˣʱԼؿڣףκˣҪǿףΣϴģĺһչ˵ģһƴȥԣܶܶкܶܶġι
ͱϪһѶסĻߴ˵ˡ
ˮֱˣ㣬㡭
ˮѾСäŪȦ˰ɡϪ롣
ֹ㣡ˮճȭҲŻأһ׬ööʯףءұǿء
Ϫһֶһ죬ڸֻ⼸ˣȻٶ༸ûˣ
ȥʦ飬ֻܳףͶȥ
ȾȣȾȡСȻäЩɵЩ
˵ɰˮˮ̫С£ʦ죡
Ҫǵ
Ҫģ
ףδˣ΢ţӲתͷȥʦ㡣
ʦ㡭ܿСϹ˵
ûУСŬѰϪ֣ᶨһϴĺӣϴϴ󣬲ʦ㣬Ҳšġ
ҲûУˮҲҪӡɿء
ˣĹˡףѾûʦˡ
صͷ­
ϵ̧ͷ
л˵
ӣЦ
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178 
ʦĴ
ףѵ,ֵʦ㱻Сߵ֮ð
뽫ºʦǸʱ̸۴£֪СҪ˵ʲô֮
ף糣,л
ףԴ̧һЩ,û뵽ʦȻƽƽӦ
ȻûʦΪ,Ҳû뵽ʦƽ,ԵǸ̬̫̫С
ף۾ָ¶ߣ,ֵףʦ,ȴСȥסա
,ˮͷͻȻϪִԼ촽ƿ,ڰڣʦ㡭Сߡ
˵,Сһۡ
ˮʶʦþúþ,ûʦƺˮءС߸ôܱ٣ȵȡ
ԡ
ˮһش飡
ʦƺף,Ȼףʦã
ô,Ѿǵô
ˮԶָ,ͷ̧ͷ,İ,ˮ,ˮҲ뱻ʦˮףο϶룡
˵,æף,۾죬˵ѽףΡ
ƺһ¡ףǰû⣬ϰ߽ʦ㣬Ҳϰʦףʦá
Ǻƽĳƺеرһ
ףνִϷ
ʦƺӳѩʦ㣬ӳѩءˮ͵͵ףδ
ڳ䴫ȴֹףΣΪһ󾳽ꡣ
ȴСȥסףȴûоǻصʦ㷽˵Ļϡ
һͬȥ塣
ڿסˣף⣬ϪټСߡ
岢δֻһɽͷ˪ɽһְֳ֣ܹĿ;Ӵ
ʿд䣬кǷ㣬Сֲ㽲ˣȥ˪ṩСԺӣΪ᷿ʲôˣ趯ô䡣
СתһȦƺЩ⡣
ϪƣѲһں̫ˣǰ϶˯á
ϡС߸ĿڣףΣסҲȥ㷿𣿾ǰ
Ƥһء
ƤɣɽʱףǰСһµȡµģСߺƤף᷿˯
ûˮףκʦģ
֪ףʱ˯ͬһ᷿֪ףסͥԺС
ȻˮҲϰСˡ˭гʶʱС˺ˮʱίء
Ϫע⵽ˮС⣬͵ʦĳƺˡһ㲻˺
ŶС㲻ʧȥԺ˯ҿ˯ϡ
ϪСʲôëúõĴ˯Ϲˡ
СƳһۣû֨
ʲô˼Ϫ۾ûƨ˳
С˼£˵᲻ˡ
һﻹÿǱ˵ĸˣϪο˵գҲ᲻ĵġ
С߾˵ˣûë㲻Ҫϴҹ˴ţӰʦ㡭
ף׼ݿضסСߵ졣
ͣͣ˿΢ЦСߣε˪ȥɽ³Щ㰮Ե⣬ϢϢѰ㡣
ΪϴСһ㶼ûصͷӦ¡
ǣӦ
ʦ㻹Щ£ҪߡףεϪˮ㡣
˰Ϫһ񡣰ϪȻͷ
Ϫ֪ףúý̽Сߣʦǰ˵Щð֮
ˮ̧°ͣˮǰæ֮г
мɣ
СƳһۣɻȥæҲҪ㡣
ߡˮŤͷСߡ
ףεǵؿ˿ǣҺʦˡ
ȷʵ¡
ǰӦʦ㣬ʦоڵѪ¸õڵõ˺ǱߵĻӦ
֦Ȳˣڵõ󣬾ഫףؽվҪȥ
ʦ㣬ҪµĻȥæףٳ׼塣
ȥ
ʦ͵ĻɹȥҪʡʱˣףȻܾ½ҵĽ֮С
ףЦЦҪʦл⣬ʦţˮʦ̸۵飬к뷨
ǲʦˮĳƺˣǰʦǳƺˮΪʦá
ףεȻ̾ͷӦʦʣǷҪıԼĳƺ
룬̽Խ˻ȥʦأ
ףԭȫģˮǾ仰΢ı뷨
ѽʦƺʦ׽ǰôлʦһء
ȻʦȷʵʦǺܽĹϵڡʦӦ׽ɣ
ףβ֪ʱͷ΢ĸܽԴס
СΡ
ţ
ףֻʦ㷽˵ʲô
üŵĳŮӣ֣ףͷ˿ϣЩû𣿡
ȻˡףǲܿƵ𡣺ѹѽ
Ц¶ݣ۾û
⸱ģҲЩãΪһ¿ġԺ仰Ҫ䶯ˡ
õĴ֮ʮ꣬Ҫࡣ
ҲҲҪ䶯껹ǺΪһ¿ġֻÿʱŶףйء
ǰ꣬ܡɰ
СΡ
ٻһ䣬մսȥ
ףգգۣʶ۾
ʦöͷͷ
ȵʦ˿ףٴۣﲻԾеź
Ŀʦһ껹Ҫÿ۵촽ͣ
Ϊʦ
ףζ͵ۣźҲ֮Щ
ʦ촽׹ʱ򡭡
ûз񣬡أҪλҡ
ʦ촽ڿϺϡ
ףûôȥ
ʦ˵ʲôء
ˡ
Ϊ£Ҫ¸һسԡʦҲ˵ģԡ
ԣʦǲԼġ
ףδսȥ۾ꡣ
촽ʦ㴽ഥһϢ
ףκȻ顣
ǰһʦˣȻΪҪʦĴ
л˵
ףСҲaȥ[Ц]
ףΣʦߴ˵ʲôأһ˵[ʺƨ]



179 ҧ
ǣǸʪˡ
󡭡
ףܵ,΢΢ʶҪЩ
һϢֲԣæϡ
һһ֮,ҧ´ϡ
ĵˡ
Ѫζð˳
ף۾,˿,ʦˣ˵ô
ȴס
û˵κλֻ,סףεָڲࡣ
ⰲԵĶףͣ˿Ķ
룬ôء
ף̽,ʦ촽ϵСС˿ڡ
Ѫ,̳ԽԼĿǻڡ,Ҳ˸С
ǣǸʪˡ
ף洦ʦ˿,ȴ˺
ԼġҲʦܲסһᴭϢ
·֮,ڸ
ЩʦӶʪԵֿףδʱ,ǱʶҪࡣ
ףεʦĺָ˳ϣ,ż
˭Ȳ࿪ͷ
ףֻǵ,ԼԴʦ㲱,ʱ,ʦϸĲ,ɫѪ,΢΢¡
һĻ,Ī˿,ҪҧĶ
ⲻԡףĬĬ촽Ѿҧʦ㣬Ϊʱҧʦ㣿
ʦ۵ġףǴԼ
Ȼæ̧ͷȥʦơ
û룬˳ʦ㻳ҪʦĴǰȴʦĸǡ
߱ڱΣһƬڡ
ʦ㣿
ףûɻʵ
ͬɵİŮӣʱȾű죬һ´һСС˿ڣðѪղű˸ɾ˿δϣѪɫ˿ڴȾССһȦĴɫ
ݸı䣬ͬʱϵĺһ㣬ԭӣƱմȾ˵ζ
̧ﲨδȫƽϢףΣĿڶԷĴͣһ
Ա˵ĴףεĴֻǶЩˮŹ
ǹ¶ȣΪȣ̵ߣܿƿˡ
ףʦáð׺ȥ塣

ףЩʧ䣬ʦ㲻Ҫҹȥô
Уʦֽ֮ǰĳƺǲϰߣŽʦҧʹˣʦͲԸСˣ
뵽ֿܣףζʱˡɲУ
ʦ㡭ػһ
ϧ۾סˣȻףεԳĿ
ϢʦĻظǱ㻹ȥ
Үףζʱֿסʦʵʦ㣬ڿҿ𣿡
ȵ˿϶ĻشףʦŲǰڱʧ߻ָ
һʱͿʦ´ʱͿСС˿ڡ
ףκΣʦ㶼ң´βôСˡ
ҪսЩϸơ
ʦȴס
ͬ󣬷ʱ͸¶˼ǲҪ뿪ǲҪ
ףͬ˽Ųͣ£ɵȴȻʦ촽ϡ
ʿĿֻǸ˺ܽľ룬ף²սҲܽʦ˿ڿ
˵˿ڶʿԣʵ̫΢Ա𡣹˰ӣͻøɾ
ףȴۣʦ㣬Ҫȥ壬ʦΪ㿪ҩһ
ƽһۣƿߣأ߰գȥ塣
֣ʩչ
ܿ죬ףǰ仯ֲĶľ塣
ǵĿĵؾ֦Ķ
ףǻˣǸصһ˲䣬һֻޡһֻʦ˹ףΡ
ףʦã
֦Ц¶żݡ
ףλӳЦǣˡ
֦ɲЩеûģǿֳעкͼæףʦúʦö
֦֮Ķ֦ЩģеûģֱӴǶȥоҽһڡ
ףθ߽ȥżҩζ͸¶ſ⡣
֦Ҫףκ£ת֮ʣ۾ڷЩʲô
Ŀ촽ϣһȴ֨

֦ǿעƿĬѪѪʱͬϪʯһ۷Ź⣬Ҳ˲
Ὣ䵽ףϣʦ㣬Щķ顣
֦Ķ۵ףð׺ףιǲ⸱̬֦Ƽ
ףǰ㷴Ӧûа취
ܾ
ǻǹ꣬Ҳвڣ˳Ҵʱֻ֦
ġ֦ڴӦףʦÿʦãҲ˺~
ִ궯ѾǼΪȲˡ
ֻ⣬֦ǿһңȻͽףϣ˳ȡһЩѪ
㲻ٿڣ׼ףΡ
Ȼüᶯ
Ѿˣ˵
֦ǶǶ죬ʦôˣ
ͷҲ̧
ǡѰңŴ£Ҫơͽףʦãʱ㣬ȻҾ㡣
ţ
֦ףζλǡ
ȻţԷЦţǼգʦô뿪ǡ
Ŀ䵽һԵϣЩɻԼͽôͷ̧ꡣ
곢һε顣
û뵽ʦԼ촽δɢ֮ǰ
ףοʦ㣬ԭЩɻģ궼ţýԺܿٴοʦ˿ڡ
ɲǼ䣬˹
ʱɫ죬ææֿĿİؿڣţʦ㡢ʦڲ
˹ŹУﲻʦ⣬ơ
ŶˣȻҲķߡ
⡢⣡
ˡ
ףμˣʱҪУվλȥط
Ҫֱۡ
̧ͷʦ𲻱صңȻˡ
£Ƽ촽ϵ˿ڡ
ʱͣ½Ų
ԵĳĬ䶴ڳ֡
ȻعƿĿ⣬ʦãͻȻȥƣ²˳٣߰ա
ŶŶŶŶúúãߣʦ㣬ǿȥֿɺÿˡӦš
֦С죬ʲôÿģĶǣֵûݺÿ
󵨿ͽһۣ˵û㵱ưͣ
λͣ̾뿪˶
ֱߵ䣬Ӽ䣬Ц
ʦ㣬û뵽ῴ⸱ģ̾
ֺγأЦЩο
꣬ĺӣҲֻһѽ
еĸûõʵ̫ϲڵص󣬾Ȼĵýµֶϵ
ⷽء
Źûþյ˽ĻѶ
ڣҴӲһ㡣
΢΢ס
ʦǱĵ
ţظСεĹͣʲôҲû
ЩУЩյĻظ
Ǵˣͥû㣬Ͳڡ



180 Ϣ
򡭡ҧʦ㡣
֦²ؽף,ʱֱҹɫ٣Ϊף뿪
ǰ,ҪЩѽ,ףʦã
ףʧЦӦ,ʦһͬ塣
ʦ㣬,տҪ£
ףȥæԼ飬˵ء
һֱءף̲סЦһ¡
Сèһذȥļ,֮վֱ
޷,ֻҪˡȻȥϢ
˵ʱ,ֲףΡ
ףαס󣬡á
˲֪Ӻʱ,ϲȦסԷ,ǣֲ̫
糣ʩչ,سɴ磬ܿͻص塣
ͥԺſѾȺһˣǰŰ˿äʿ,
ףοȥ,Ƚַſ
ӦҪʦ̸,ֳ,Ͳʦ׽ˡ
,ûֹ,ֻճḧڲࡣ
֮,ֲŷֿ
ӦƲ,˵ķ΢΢´λҡ
ףⷽ棬ƤұţЩкһͬͥԺʦ㣬ұȻطˡ
ǺЦֹ£ףѻһá
ˡƳһۣףΣϢΣ
͸ѯʣǿףĻ
ףεͷá
һͬͥԺĻ¡
Цʣ꣬趼һôĴ֮
ݲաףνϴˮݺ˲裬һһһ
꿴ƽŲ豭
ˮðָڲϻƶҪ˵¡
˼
֪ǲЩˣ꿴Щԥɣ˵ҪȲ裬һЩӵĽڡ
ףβ˽ԲδֻǰԼλϣǡ
¡˵ӣȴֲ˵
豭һڣЦףε㣬ףݵһֺò衣
ףԼ֪ݲǳԵļѹ㲻ʲôá˻ֺգ˵ǰȿһ䡣
òЦЦ˵
һۣûпڡ
ССһᣬ²豭ûٵ飬µˮ͵йء
ף¸Ϊרע׷ʵˮˣѸ֪¡
ʦǰҶ˪߶ʿύʦΥΪӣӦʦףѣ˵Ҳǣ
ôˣףεˮأٵͷǡ
˵գ
ɴصǰΪΪʦҪΪʦ֮ףĹڣȱıʦ
ǣ˪ڣȥݷ˳صǰףѣΪҲԣ
ףǵͷ룬ôôԭΪಷԵ;ʿֻ˵ʱЩأû뵽˵ƽҲҪ
ص㣬ǰѽ
ףĬĬ΢Ц
صǰ磬ͽҲ磬ӶвΪƽڴڡǰĹŵӣҲǼˮӴҡ
˵豭ٴһڡ
ǿȥѰ͵ѣǻԵɺϡϵĶ
²豭ףζ̲סҪڵʱڼ˵͵Լңȥұ͡
ǣҲһЩż
żףκȻǰͼҸˮţˮƺôЩš
ָס豭ĳżϣҸܵˡһЩͬѰϢ
Ǻ⣿ףζԺѵ൱ģѻΪҽɡ
λԵ;ʿ˵
ȴҡͷ޷Ψһ˵ǱǴ¶Լ͵˵Ϊ֮ס
ףüЩǣʵѣˮԼطἰ£
޷֪͵ѣڳط룬ǵȵ
ӣ꣬΢Ц۾˵طա
ʦ۾ףҲſȥЩ档ʦ۾кôǰδš
ʡǲ뵣ǣˮʦǣ
˵⣬Լ䣬߽С
ǳЦţһ
л֪վһᴦ
Ҳվǿɿš
ЦţףΣףѣҲΪա
˵գֱͣ뿪
ʦ㡣ףεȻסˣھȥˮ
һ߰ա
˵ȥ˴壬ҹɫˮڵȻƻͨ
ףκˮͷףΣʦ㣬ôң
͵Ц£յ飬֦֦ʦûи˵ҵĿڡ
ֱǴ˵
ףνŲһ١
Щ졣ˮָȻʦ촽ҧƵ飬뵽Ծٿ˿ʦ´
ʱѾȫۼˡףһðһЩź
ʶ󣬾Լ֡
ҧʦ㡣
ֹ촽



181 
ҲЩʲôǹˣǵþܾ
ףѹֵ뷨,ű㽫עתƵˮϡ
ֵص֪൱Ѱܿǣ浽Σա
ΣջС
ˮףθˮ֪ѣ֮,̸֮㲻ٿ,ֱʵ˸ţ
ţˮֹǿɲ,ˮڿĽߣдҰæ,ˮŶյˡ
˵ţٺЦһǽԺӡ
ףҲЦЦ,δŪȥ,,Σ
ˮеɻ󣬵Ѿʼȥ,ߴﹾ˵ΪҪҵţףЩ,ѵ˽һˮⲻ̫ðɡˮҲСܵġ
ף,΢΢üܿ
ЦЦСܱ֪ô죿
֪˾͡ˮҳһż,,ͷףˮһ,,̫,ҳʮθ㣡
ϲؽǶȫף,ƿ,ˮҪóԵĸ,ҪŴŴڼҪ𣬵̫̫ˮᵣݻ
ףνЩżڵһԵĿϣֱˮ濪ʼãӦ㡣
ȴ³
ȻˮԸʹа⣬ʱףθеһЩԾ
ˮżǻԼˮΪԳƣ˵ʱʹõƵʲߣԽΪ׽ĹϵõĴ࣬ߵȫˮԳơ
ԲͬѰ״̬ټԤףκѲΪ뽹
֪޷ʹֱˮʣҪЩżʱ˼˳ҲЩżû
ף󣬷Щżϸ*
ʦ㡣ˮЩž룬ûи𤵽ϣҲѽ
仰ף̧ͷ͸Ǹ⣬ʦ㣬ҡ
Ȼݼʦ˵һ䡣
޷Ȼ⣬ףԵλȥˮʦò⣬Ҳ뿴Щż
ˮ£ʦҲ뿴ҵţ
𣿡͸Щ˼
ˮȻû뵽ʦȻˮȤˮÿģʦ뿴
ǳŷСɢ⡣
ף̲סȤôʦΪЩżķã
ߡˮӣףΰˣʦҲˣ㶮
ףǹ𣬡úúá
ٶȽϿ죬ȴֽز鿴Щż
ʦͬﰲ˺ܶࡣ
ᵽʦ۾Ȼףλûüѯʦ۾к⣬ĵ׾ͶʦΡ
ȻⲢָףһҪʦ㽫ҳǣʦܲҳڣʦ㡣
żĺܶ࣬Ҳͬˮ˵ܶ඼дˮƷ
ʦƷͻܵʿ׷ˮܹԽΪƷ׵ʦɽ纱ֹֻǼ
ڣĻڳɳڵʦΪԼƷԺɾû˰
˱˼׷˪ɼż
ЩżѾǰϪɸѡһ֣Щ̫ʣž͸ʯֻεżϪͨͨ˳ȥ
ףεٶȲ⼸ʮһһ꣬ȷʵδ쳣żݡ
ʦ㣬ѯʡ
ҡͷ
ǾͲЩżˣףҲί񣬡ˮأóҿ
ôšˮͷȻˮǺܻӭֲʦǰôżѾ㹻ˣף㶮
ףվҪȥ᷿ˡ
֪ˮķģ˵ֱӿʼˮ᷿ȥ
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㣬ףôô
ˮżˣȥʦ㻹أһʦ㲻ϲأҪںԼ󣬲顣
ףλͷʦ㿴ȥ
ˮ˿ҵ˽ȵķӡ
ʦ㡣ףʵ᲻ϲô
ˮɴ۾ףξȻ㲻Ҫ߲ѽ
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182 ȡ
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˵ţ֣ḧףε°ͣﲻĻˡ
ףηעֻصŵϣûѿʦ֣˳ƣղʦġ
ͷ˵ƺҪ˼һЩ롣
ףȵúܣ
ʦ׽һЩ
ңҡҲǵµ
һõ£Ҫ
ţ㣬Լ˵ֱ׳
׳˵ӣʦ󣬷Ź˲
ף֣ǣסʦ䣬ҡҡֻʦ㡭
֪̬ģڡȡꡣ
ڣٴαܿףε
ȴסףεḧߵڲࡣ
ٵȵȡ
ʦףζ롭йԺ󡣡
ʮ֮
ףһ룬Ҳûࡣ
ЩˣЦݣЩôˣǣǡ
Ϣû˵̧׼ףΡ
ݴս꿴Ŀյɿ˺һڡ
һ¡
˵Ҫ죬ôôء
ףγһЩʦ㣬ִսʦһڡ

һһƽ
ӦǱֹⷬŪãƽؿףΣ΢졣
ⷽ棬ףƺˣúߣ˼ȥȻȻȷʵ˲١
Ͼڷš
͵ʦĲ˵ۣѩʢĺ÷
׹ˣʲô
Բԣ
ףԽԽе뵽Ļ˵ʦ㣬ǡɲԴϣ͡أ
ķӦȲ
ϵĺмƣ뵽ʲô
ָ۽ףεָ죬ףʮָۣһ
ףʦá
һ䡣
ףܸܵʦսҲйʱֻ̣Сѣʦ㣬㶼Сˡ
ȻǻЩߣʦôԼ
ģ͸¶ȫȻ˵ףΣŽ
սĶʱͣ£ڣʱûǰĳƺ𣿡
ףιɵͷ֪ΪΣʦ˵ʲôʲô
㡣ʵЩʲô

Ȼ⣿
ףȫָֻ״̬˶ȵòУЩŵĵȫûˡ
͡ʦ׽Щ
С˵š
û뵽ȴûʦ⣬Ϊʦ׷ʵ׽
⡢Ϊ鰡
ʦ֮󣬻Լ
Ҫʦ˵Щ
ףκü尾ҿǲҿʦ㡣
ֱеʦٴЩ
תӣԴͷȥȫڵԼݣŻشʦ㡣
㡭
˿µĶ쵽ҪѪֱš
ͷֻ㣿
ֻУ
ףβԴ¶۾𣿡
ѧϰģ
ףλϪĻԼЩͼȷʵֻЩѽ
֪ϪѰЩ߶˵鼮ܹ˿ϣֲ̫ˡ
ЩҲǳֹûиϸ֪ʶ
ϾʱףĹϵλ
ףΪѧϰ룬ϧ̲Ľ̵Ĳѽ
͸ãȻǵ治֪ν
Ϣףʦ΢ĺ
ֻмһ
ףزԣֲ֪ˡ
սЩʦ㣿
ҪֺõССؽӽȥץ½ǡ
ҡ̫𣿡
꿴ҡͷ
̹ʵˡ
ͲôһЩͻףʦðĽһ㣬ΪףʦѾ˸
ãһΣǰˡ
Ρ
ܹ顭վеġ
ͬ
֣ף뻳Уԡ
ԣף̾׹ʦǴӦˣ۾ʦ㣬á
ʦա
ףʦôʱȻΪԼĵô
ĿƽȴսףθΪʵıڻ
ߡý
ףκ޲



187 ҽ
ףСѾȫʦȻˣ
ףκþòôڴԼˡ
һ,ʱһʱ⡣ÿ׾ͻΪ׼һЩԹ
ֳδ֪飬ʮ,ٶȳףļ䡣
֮ǰ,ף,ԼҪú׼һ
ʦӦԼ󣬵ʦķӦ,ԼҲЩǲ̫׵ġʦ׽ķ档
ףζԴ˵˽ԴڰϪ
һ²ȻҲףβ֪ȥ˭,ȥ˰Ϫ
Ϫæ,Ҫ˪Ĳҵ,֮⣬Ҫ,Լ塣
ҽ˪ɵϢδ͸¶ȥ,ʱ,ҽֻڸϪһˡ
ǲ徻λʿ
ǰ
Ϥҽ̾˿,òŮ,ֹ,ҪΪϪ,ûջشʡ
ǰǳ̾Ϣ̾Ϣ֦ǰ,С˷ô
˷,ҽϸɴ,ڵס˴,¶·ǧأּ֤׺ɣ
һ˫йµ۾
ʱҽ͸Σĵӣ˪иˡ
Ըʵ֣¸ֶҪһ䡣
Ϫڲϣ¶Ե¡
ΪһϸĹڣǲܹǵġ
Ȼ°ϪҽҲûĴڣҵȵȣΪϪ
֦Ŷһһԡ
ϪźôͲ˵ء
ֵݳȥ
ҽҪΪ϶һͣüͷ΢΢£ܿɿ⣬ô֡
ôһ仰ҽ⴦®⣬ٶֳһˡ
֦ȥЦѾ¶˳ףʦã֪Ȼ㶼ˣٸҼѪա
ףνŲһ٣ѰϪģû뻹ײʦˡ
֦Ļ¶飬á
ҽɽĿŵʿϡ
ףСΣϪЦпˣ
ףÿջʦ⣬ҲԼ飬ûȥС߻ͲסӣȥףεԺϣףΡ
С߱ϪҪϴÿ۾һᣬԼܵ
ףδ΢е㲻Ӧϰߡ
ף֮£˶ţڸ׼
㡣
ҲףεĿҲǴưϪ˼
Ȼ֮ǰʦ˽ԼҲץ˽գϪпӡ
ףСѡ
ҽɺȻ˵֮䣬߽ףΣʵҿɷΪһ
֦Ȥǰףʦþλӡ
֪ҽɱΪҽɣȻ֮ƳףѪ
Щ˽ĻҪ
ףû뵽Լ̽ˣҲҪ
һ㶺ûоܾ˳ӵ֣ǰ㡣
֦ԵʣףѾʼԼᱻҽڵʵˡ
ҽ£ɴס˴ݣڳļ˶Ʋ顣
˫µʱ΢΢
ҽΪףΰҪ󣬡СѣѪܷȡһΣ

ôЩҽޣҪѪ
ףɻ󣬵Ѫ⣬Ǳֻ֦ͬоҪǸܾ
û뵽ҽȡ룬ʳָָ⣬ƳһѪҺ
ʱ΢ʹףüǰ
ܾҽޣǰλҽΪϪĴм˿ףβδֻ뽫Եɵ
𼱣һѪѣܾҽɿǵѪƯϣѪܿʧˡ
ʧǰ·ɢΪ˱Ѫһ㡣
ʱҽٴοףΣСѡ
ǰ
ɽȪڴ˵ء
ҽ΢΢Ц£һֻֽ׻ûΣնͣܳ
ʦ㣿ףβ֪ʦΪˡ
Щϲʶ۾ԺʶԼҰϪһĿġ
ҰϪѰҸĻӻ߻ģʱײʦ㣬δЩ顣
ŶϪסԼ죬ۺؿ⼸ˡȻ֪ʲôоܿҪʲô
ʵǸԵСŮѽ
֦ЩɻˣֻѰҽ֣̽̽ײˡ
ҡ̾һᵱʦõ棬ĺ˼ȡףʦõѪ
һʦûУǲǲô졣
ҪúûţΪԼҽܶ
ָᰴסԼ䣬ҽɣƽǰʦУ̡
ҽףΪϪ󣬾ȥ
㽫Ŀ⿴ףΣָ˿ڣȥסߵָ
ľһζ
ףָϵСС˿ڱҲƲˣЦлʦ㡣
Ȼʦ㲻ΪƣҲӾܺתףﻹ񱻷۽ݹһ㣬÷
ϪûϢı飬ӴӴӴع䡣
ڣ̫ҡ
ֻҪȥ˶ӣԼ˿̵顣
ǿҽɣϪ̾ͽĿƿˣҽλǰ֡
ôһƳ˼İϪȻ׽ҽɵԾ
ƽҽƺЩ
ΪΣ
Ϫţ֦ߡ
üŪۡ
֦һЦͣ
ڶźˣ
Ϫϲ֮£ֱӵףСѾȫʦȻˣ
Ѿڰ޷԰ѽ
һͬϪԼĬ
εصԴ
⣬̫ò˽Уʧȥˮ׼
ףѸٺϪ㣬㲻Ҫ
˵
ԭ˵ϪϹ˵뵽񡭡ʵû̫
ĬĬ졣
Ṵ¡



188 ٺ
ʦ㡭׽ʱܡ
ȵҽΪϪ,ҽƹ󣬼˾ͷֿˡ
֦ҽҽԼдҽҽǰȥš

ףϪһͬ뿪,˰Ϫȥ,δͰϪȥ
Ϫ,ȻΪ޷УˮΪ˷,ܹмԦ·ġ
ԭΪŵʧЩΪףСδʱ׷Ϊˡɱڡ
һ,ϪףεЩ֡
Ҫ˵Щʲôһֱ˵
϶й
Ϫ۾˲ͬʯ,ײײף,ʲôأ츸ĸ׽,ʲô˵ãſڲ˵,ˡ
˵ѽ,˵ѽ
ףЩͣ½Ųҿ
ģ,ǲ˰ϪΪ,Ҳ,ûû,˵ɣ
ףС,ˣ
ףȻġǰ,Ϫĳ,ֶ׵һ˵Ĳݴ֮С
֮ٴ,ȷӰڰϪĿףſ졭
Ϫ۾

ף
Ϫ̣ûдߴ١
Ϣףٴ
Ϫ
һ
Ϫ̲ˣ
֪԰ðԵ˵ж𣬻쵰ϪԼȭͷв˵ȻСһȭ
ŵһȭͷˣСʦͲϲӴ
ʲôŻӵķʽ
ףεס侲Ϫ
Ϫһ㶣漴ЦֵñסӣЦףСΰףСΡ
ͽйң
һȭȥ˵ˣԼֱ۵ȹ۰ɣ
ϪЦһᣬЩٴףΣˣ˵գףСΣԥˡ
ףεͷҪڡ
ĿһԶ
񿴹ȥǴԲ΢£һ¨Ůվ΢ЩΣұߵģû͵̸
ֻߵʱֳ˶ˡ
˵ֲ˽Уڵĵ̣ףοûʲôԵϰԣЦЦҪ˵ʱȻ˳
λʦ㣬ʦ㣿
ףʦþȻǵҡЩȣЦЦ겻ףʦѲ괦߷ɡ
ףڸսʱ棬ԭҲǴŽŵĵӣоڵֲǼ꣬һЩĵӳЦ
ףθʱܵЩ飬뽭Ĵơ
ʱףʱ˽֮⣬滹ο
λܺõʦ㡣
Щ䣬ףЦŴӵվʦ㣬Լĵ·ϣξ岻ѡ
òһ£Ǳŵ¨ŵСͷʾŽȻоֲ
Ϫվżֺش棬ð
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ܹ֮ǲϤģ˵˼仰󣬽ʶȤ𣬡һеҪæ
ףȴԼ˽ʦ㣬Ϫʱߣʦڴ˵æԼġ
˵գٳϰϪܿ뿪
ͷǵӰС
¶׵ȥԼ顣

Ͽкףڲٵʱ䣬мǽԼ˵˳
Ϫſͣ˲˷
ǼǼѸٸ㲹أ
Ϊˣǲְ
Ϫףεת򣬡ߣȥҴȥǼӣ
˵ЦԺ㲻ԥԥѰңȥǡ
Ц
ףζʱȴֲǰΪˡ
ֻţҪѧϰ࣬ʦ㡭׽ʱܡ
Ϫϴߴ٣ףμټټ٣
ûþ͵˪µĳУǣϪشףڴСҹգĳƫһЩĽֵһòС
ӶСţҲûڳЩʲô˵ļƣȥֻһλŮڹ̨֮ڡ
Ƽ˽Ůɨۣ˵׻㿴ƣǵ򵥡
üܣףοϪ֪Ӻδ֡
˻ϪϪҲûô
ҰɡԼȥ㡣
ףεͷһܶȥ
̨Ůӳߵ̫Ůģܲסȥ
ָ˷򣬡⴦Ļʺ㡣
ףεȻǸȰˣŲתȥӦƹָʾĵط
Ϫվ⣬䵱ȻҲˡ
û
ϪϺȻ¶㻵Ц
ֵ˵ûףηֻ֣ҲЩȥҲ㣬ףСΡ
ףȻܾ
һ˶ѡ꣬ףνʱӹϪļлˡ
˭˭ѽϪЦ
ףƿĿЦݺȻЩٺ
л̫翩
ҲãЩֶΣףСѧѧûء
ףμһѭֱϪ
Ϫ򣬡صԶŬ
øףСεϵʲôˡ
١ٺ٣



189 ռ
ʱ̣ϸ΢ʹ
ҹɫʱ,ףνûȥʦ᷿ȴԼԷ֮С
Ӵзҳչ飬
Լ,ףųһ,Ķ,оʲô⡣
ʱڻҫµףѾ,촽΢΢
۾Ǿȡ
ԭԭҪ
ͬĴڴ˿չַ·ף׹,֮ǰĳЩʱԼЩ˵Ŀ
ףҧס´
ĿԷſյط̯ҳϡ
ֹܵĳ,Сɱ˼,Լʦ˼
ôʦ,ʲôĴڣ
ľű,ǴƵ,ף˼飬͵ػ񣬿š
ףʦá
⴫
Ƶұץ,ףλ,ȥЩ,ȴС̨,ѵһ
ףηӦʱ,סЩ,ûбյ,ֻ̨ˤ䵽,ʵ̫࣬һķѿͬͽ俪ҲͬΪ˺üС硣
⡣
ףæϻˮҪЩĨȥ
ٿȻ
ֱס
ף̧ȥꡣ
ʦӦЩȲӦƿ˽
üĺۼʧɫؿ˿ⷿڵĳᶯЩȫȻʧ̨ͬƬҲһͬӰ
ûʵҲκڰ⣬ķ
ףηҲһʱ˳֣ȼˣû룬žȻֱܽ򷭡
Լִѿ΢죬ֱʦ㣬ƿʣʦѰˣ
ֱŷŵĶڿϢŻ˻
ʿķڿɣסս֡
ʲôһ㣬ȫĻظ
ף뵽Լղʲôм顣
Ӳҿʦ㣬Ա*˶㣬ңʲôҲûǣǿ˵顭
Ȼ󡭡˼ңҪԼ롣
ףԴȫǹʦ㣬ԼЩйġԽ˼
Ǻףʦԣȫû취ȥס
ʦ㡣ףεҹԼУͲȥ߶ˡ
ü¡
ȵĴϸ΢ʹԵΣ
ô˵ѽףȫ˵ΪңҪһ롣
Ͼʦ㿴ǺʵİĽʦŶԣȻΪҪʦΪ¡
Ǳʦ֪ˡףһļ£Ǿµļ䡣
һᱻʦġ
ʹƭһռʦµλá
ףɫ˵㡣
꽫ı龡۵ף֪ҽ뿪ףʦȥЩʲôʲôԴʱףʦõķӦСֲ֪롣
Ϊ
Ҳô
ףʼûп꣬߿۾ףδеĶ֮⡣

ʧûеţǵζ˵һС
Խ
ǰסףε֣ſļ䣬ָµӡۣ˶ûп
áӦ£Ƚľףβò
ʦӦף˿ҲЩ
˵һ£ףҪ΢߳һЩһͷľ롣
ʦڿһʱ٣ұ۾
˰Ϣʦֻǵöͷ˵Ķͷδκľֹ
ףʦá
ʦɤᴫʦʣҹΡ
Σ
ףλ룬Ȼ𷽲ſĻݣǾҹΣεЩص顣
ʱ
ô
ֽδɣС
ףαʦĻעʦ˺ģʲôΣ
Ĭ˼ϢָȦף
һЩ̫õġ
ǲجô
ףεס֣żֹеʦĪ£ζٵģЩᷢģ
ָɿ˵ɽһ𣬲˿̱Ϊףǣ
šף޷
꿴ףΣִݵҹ㲻ڣұ㲻˯ˡ
ʦ˼ǣ˯Ͳج
Ҫ˵ǷҲȷǸӡ
Ͼʦʿ˵ͲҪ˯Ϣˡ
ǡ
ף򴽣ʦ㣬㣬Щ𣿡
ʳ־ԼԼ̫أǰҲԼŵôʦ㻹جˡ
뵽ףһȻδ֡
ḧŰ
ᡣƶҡҪߡ
ף۾΢仰Ӧ仰˼߬ʹһ˲
ңҡ
ִףҹףʦˣȻط
ôǴأ
ףνʦסеҽʦǡ
峺ɼʱЩѹ
꽫ķӦףʦòˣԭȵĴǡ
ףѸҡͷԴ˦˹Ƶġ
±궪£ɴ˶˹ȥʦֱۣӲش˸ǷѽϢʦ㡭ò
ζ
ڡ
ףǱˡ
Ժ󡭡
Ҫ֪ףʦϷ¡

ףβ֪ʦµľֻ糣ɵԼλϡ
ţʦ˯˼ž顣
ҹʦмֲһ
ƺȻûἰǵٶ겢δƽƽţǲӣףΡ
ףεĿʦϸĺ󲱾ںڵķ˿䣬ڰڣг״ɰļ֮С
ʦ㣿
ףỽһȥִʦ䣬ñ̬걧˻ΣҶʦԡ
ЩʲôجΣ뿪ʦ㣡
ۡ
ȫȻδج֮£Ѱ˵ǲֵһС¡
ûбϡ
ܵů
ףʦҧϵĴС
󲿷ʱȮݣŵ񡣴Ūʱ궼ģƲסʱŻ
ʱ̣ϸ΢ʹ

ףʦõҧѪ⵱ô
΢

Լڴ¡
ߡϣףʦҧϣףʦáռС
ǣȫ



190 
ʧȥһˡ
һҹ,ʲôҲûкף
չףεԽˡ
СΡ⽫Ѱʦʱ޷,Ϊ׼һ,õ,Ǵյת
ʦΪ
ףεľԶ׼Ͼ̫æµʦ֮,Ӱδ
ǴΪദʦͽ˰ա
ȻףζԴ˺ԹԣڸǾϲ,û뵽ʦȻڰæ֮,Լ顣
۾,ǾͰŵٸҺˡ
ϾȻʦ׼ʲô,ǵ˵
ʽС
һЦ,ףεĻظ,̧֣ꡭٹЩӣ֮,Ӧûˡ
ףεģ,Ȼػ,,,ɳ,Сεȴһֱδı䡣
ĺܸɾ,¸ײɫ,֮⣬Щ˵ĺƷȱΪǣСβ
޳ڱϣҲѽ˸ı䣬ܹң˲ףڼ֮⣬Ŵ⡣
żϵĶףԴ
ٳЩ֪òЩˡ΢΢ꡣ
ףͷ˳Ŷ
̬͸Щ죬ǺܣǱ˳ëС
ջֹ֣ѯףνҪףȥæԼ£ȻƳм־ԥ
⣬ЩȤζˡ
ǸʮˣⲢûһЩ˼
żЦ⣬СλʲôҪ˵ô
ףε黹ھᡣ
ѵҲСεĳˣü͸Щˡ
ףλôϹ̾͵Ȼˣ
˪ɽ磬У˽ǰֵֻˡ
΢ЦСξ˵˵ܰæء
ҡ˵ףδͷɥյʦЩ
˵ǲô
Ȼʦʲôδ˵ȻǧãףȻʦͬ
Լûر׽ˡ
ЩȻҹͬһŴ齣Ƶʲθߣʦ㾭ҪæҾһͬϢʦ㡭Ҳͬˡ
뵽ףȻˣǵ᲻ǡ
ϲˣ
ͬиڲһһۡ
ûн˵ڣᡣ
ףֻʣţҸЩʲôʦЩأ
ţԼϣǰףΣĿգΪεĳϸҲΪǡ
ȴЩݸ
Ϊףεδ֮ԣŸã޻̸֮
סҪ̵ԸգڴǰһϢɿ󣬿ſյףΣȻӣСѽ
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ӦΪ˽ʦ˰ɣȻʦ㻹Ҫ˽⡣
ϾԽʦ㸧
ҾΪ⡣Щ͵Ц棬ƽĸΪӽɻ󣬡ټ꣬
Ϊ˳ʵʩλ˪ţڵʿȻʩչ˸󷨣ȷ˵̸ᱻ֪
ףʵ̫˲̫ˣҾô
Σŵ΢΢ܵ򣬵תһ룬ȷʵǸĺð취ЦţĿף뿪
ûһᣬˡ
꣬ѵֱߵĴ̣㳤Щôꣿ
ͽ˴Ժ󣬿Ŀƽ͸˼
ŸΪ飬Ϊʦɲͽǰ¶ӣ˵һģ
пɣбء޲ֵֻʦ𷽲ףʦöЩʲô
Ȼظʲôᡣ

ͽ֮£ű˾ԵĴݡ
ƿĿ⣬ųЩƷָ죬ܷʵ㣬ʦ𡣡
һЩ
ſ꣬͸ޱȵᣬʦء
ĺӣƺ⡣

δǰֳɵһ棬ǰʡĵĺӣЩӻֵû
ģӲ͸¶ţã
ΪʦΪ޷ﺢӽѻеܣǡԼĺӡ
ϣ޷ȥȥĴĺʱʱΰأ
겻ԥ͸˼ҺʧȥһˣֹһЩǡ¡
Ȼţĵص˵ꡣ
꿴ʦ֪ʵܷԶҡ
Ӧ⡣ز˵仰ʱƶ
ԡҲ϶ش꣬㵱Ȼԡ
ظƺ£ǻȼΪ΢·Ǵһ㡣
ȷʵܵϲá
»ЩֶΡ껰΢΢̣ҲǺģʦ𣿡
ܹؼ
ŶѶϢԼͽ
üĵĵʥ࣬Ⱦ
⳾ְУ
ЩֶΡ仰ζ͸ΣգҲ·𲻸ʵ
ŵ΢΢սǴ̣ظǡ
ĺҪһЩο壬һЩв˵ĵôе
ʲôضƼˣҪ֣ҪԹ
꣬ĺӣóԸ



191 Ȫ

ҹ,ף˳ʦ㣬˿
˰취µľǽʦҪȥæµͥԺ
ʦ㣡
ףεЩϲá
ͣ½Ų,,ƺЩɻ
Ȼ,ûʲôģҲƽģ,ףԼţԼʦ㶨Ϊɻ
ôţֺһ,ЦݸΪá
ܺáʵǷʲô£
ףμ߹,֮ľ뼸ɸɾ
Էķ,״飬ɢĹâ,¹⡣
Էмյ,Ҳɵ
ףηڷеȴʱ,ֻͽһյ귽ͣλò
ף߽ƺҲ˹
Ŷƺ,Զ˹ⷨһ,ܸʹƶ
ףξ͵Ц,ʦ,Ҿá
,ͻȻˡ
ݹͷ,ţ
ף˫,סϸ֫,һܴһ̬ԡСҪԼ껳ȥҾʦررÿɳ࿴һ۶Ҫε
˵˵ţʼ󣬺ԽԽС͸ˡ
ȻףǾԲŵģ˴˿̣ҲⷨӡĻô
ʦ㣬þ֮ʡ
ףκֱ׵سޱˣЧãȥѯ˰Ϫʦǵ
Ĭ
ףԴʹתЩʦ˵ò̫׵ĴҲһ˳ȥʦӣֻϼ䵽ֱҵңҪûʦĻҵѽѽѽȫʧȥ˴ڵļֵ
ǰߴںѾ׷
ףε׷죬ָһЩǺȫ̧ͷʦˡ
Դʦ㲱һ˿һ̧
ʦ㡭һҹǷʲôë
ЩԼô˵ڵģ
ŵ˼ӦףԽԽ޲ڸضȥ
շ̣겱״ɰļϣ¶ȣ궼ܹ
ͷȻǿףε飬ֻ֣ḧףεķ˿ϣʣףʦã˵ĿΪ棿
ʦ׷ʡ
ף̲סԴĶϧѾ޿
ǶֻĴѹ꼡ϣȥĺܿ죬Ȼһǡ
ָ£֮󣬸ףԺַƣŵ˺ߵĺ󲱾
طǴġèȥšĺ󲱾ٸ߰ɥ룬Ҳʵ
ףʶֺ̬ܿչֻҪشʦ⡣
ȻŴ˵Ļǡ̫׵ϸףεԴģ
ʾȫȫ˵Ļ
Ȼ
ףξͱձüŵס
ӵоգ޷ױʾʦ㣬ݴݿ
ףμʱ̡
ʱʦ㿿ͷ֡
ף۾
ô˵ŵİ취Ч
ʦĸһЩԸԼ׽ˣ
۾
ʦɤףûн˼ˡ
ϣǰڰ
ģ΢ʪ󡭡
ףÿ죬Ӧ
ʦ㲻öͷĶͷǡ

ԭʦЧôá
һ㶼ûкŪ
ͬΣֺƳ̵ıҡ
ףͶ˽ȥ˸Ŀ

ٹЩӡ
ףεҪˣա
ĵطԼǽš
Ϊ֮ǰʦգ顣
ڵףεѲհˣͨЩ鼮ȫˣ¼񾿾ҪС
ԴǻŵķӺףγɹʦָǰԴʱ̬ȡ
һжܺã˳
ףλǸš
ΪԼʦ㡭ӦǣĽġ
ȵͨؽںףλȻ
ǰԼôܲĽʦ㣿
ÿʱỵ̈뿿ʦ㣬ֹϲʦ֮Щ׽Ǵʦߣʦģúø˺øˣϲϲ
ⷬ춯صķ֣ףȴҲκһߡ
Ϊ볤ΪͰĽʦ㣬Ƕǵ£ȥ˵ԼǻȻ־ϲ顣
˵ʦˡ
ǡȵףȷϴºȴЩѹ
ôЩδʦ̻¶⡣
Ǻϸĵأ
ףξҪ죬֣صؽ
ԣ
ڽշݵЩŵȫףļ䡣
Щʱ䣬ԼĲãֻܹ˳С
ȵæãҹɫٺףϢһ˳ȴʦ
׺ڳ򣬲֪Ƥؼңëմۡ
ףƼˣЩϡ棬׽㣬Ū㣬ܴˣ
ƺǽҺ׶̣úûˡ
׺׺ݺݵһڣŭڳͥԺɡ
G
ףϳ׺׵ķǳͥԺȪӶȥǡ
׽㣬ֽ׻ѽ
Ҫһˮ¶ȵȪˮỵô
ףżæ׷ȥ
ڵΪȻû׷ϰ׺ףֻǸȪС
Щʶ壬ףν׷Ű׺ףûעȪط
ۼŰ׺׾ҪһͷȪˮףθæ˹ȥۼֿҪ׺
׺ƫͷһգҧףֱ۵
һһ׻κƵġ
Ȼһ
׺ʧ˴˵أףûܼʱס

ĳ䵽ȪУǱȰ׺׸Ϊرˡ
ȪˮðԴҪصȥ
ȴڴʱ纮ɽȪ
ףʦã



192 ҹɫ
ֻǣҪʦ㡣
ףεһӦ,ͷ
ɤ˶죬Ȼʦ㡣
Ѿʶ͸,۾,ΪҪʦˡ

ڵ,֮УԼɼ˴ԼŮӡ
ף΢,ԭأӲơ
ǴδüӦ˵һƳķ⣬һ,ƺ͡
ůȪ,ףθеֱš
͵صסڱ,ϢٴԽȪˮС
һ,ף˺촽,˼ˮ
Ҫˮһ,Ȫˮ֮С
ˤˮкףεĶ͸һ㣬ʲô,ˮĴ,ٽ
˼ȫת,ԺȫǷǰϢ￴Ļ档
ˮ,ףξ,ԭ,ŮӵȻ
Ѳʦʱ
һֻϸ״ɰϸ,,Ȫз
ףν۾˫ڵԼԲʦ㣡Ҳǹⴳģ
æ󣬻ŵȴʦû룬ʦѾصͥԺֻеȪԡ
׽ֻףôȪأ
ף߷ߵţ̻𷽲žһƳµķ⡣
ûϢĿڣҲҲǺܻ
׽ëˣΪɾĺúףȻҪԼŪɾڵ׽뵽ѡ
ףεͱʪˣʪգ̺ˮ֣ϡ
Ȼʶʦڱ
ǹؼؼʦ˿̣޴ѽ
ףԴκ
޷
ʦ𣬡·ʪ͸ˣлա
˵ţʦ㽫ִɿˡ
ףĵظеʧ䣬ȥϵ¿ۡ
ֺȻס
ҵһᡣ
ףαǲ۾ģһ㶯ܵʦ뿪
Щżûԥ̫ã͵΢΢۾ҪȥѰʦ㡣
Ϳ˻صȪرϵʦ㣬˲ϢʦȻۻϣֻлδ͸ںڷ˿͸¶ŵȪˮУԵļ
׽ףߵ˹ȥ
һһͣʱռݸλ糣ףʦüȻʪ͸ɴһݣȻطˡ
ףεԴ˳
ѽȪأû
žȻǳĳˮɵˡ
ףԴ˳ˮУ˼ݣٶ
ʦ㲻ǹİɣ
һ뵽ʦ㣬׻𡭡һָժ
ףʵδȫȻЩˮ޷ߣҲֻӹϢߣֻʦ׼׵ڷ⣬ԼĻʼ˺
ʦֱʱǰףȻ͵˰Բ¡

ףٴγˮȥ
¿ûʦˣҼס˽ѵս촽ûٳԵˮ

֪Ȫĥ˶ãϴףڻصԷ֮С
ʱ鰸ǰ
鷨͵ĹҫϣƺⷨûλüŵľŮĿ
ʦæ¡
ףԾŲ⣬ȴ뵽ʦ㡭Ȼһ˿һûС
Լ㺦ߣҲûо÷ŷġ
ףαþʦܺһʱ䣬е˵׵ί
ղȪĥʱ⣬Դκ˼Լ̫⵱ˡ
ϵĶ͸ŵίȻֲֻĬĬʦ㡣
촽Ȼ΢΢ſ
˻
ףǰƢҲǼѽ
ִʣҳд֡
ף֪ʦдעĵáЩʦ㿴鼮ʱᱻѧĽϰ೤ǽߣѧϰЩЩԼȥĶ
Ȼ֪ܴʦ㣬ȴһ˿һû뿪ʦ㡣
죬ȴǺڣʦüļ䵭뿪ʼطƶüۣǣһ껹Ҫۺ콿۵ĴǼ˿ںڷ˿
ףԽǹͣԽǸпʦôôأ
һӾͽŵίȫˣ¶ЦݣסԼ°ͣµؼš
ء
ߴƶ͸ɫĲǣºۡ
ףЩȴԾ£룬ڵסз⡣
ǡ
˼ϢӦԼЩź
žһأģףԼ촽ϣѹסԼ
ţ
ףǡǡԼȥ벻ʲôʡ
ƺӦáɫ
˫סԼ
ʲûдˣΪǴԼ
ףȷʵҲû뵽ԼȻǺɫˡ
ƺᵽЩ˵֮˼ˡϾôܲɫ
ףʦá
ʦף̧ͷȴһʦ㾹ȻѲ֪ʱߵǰ
ѹ֣ܽ
ףԴպͨͨ޵ʦ㡭
⸱ģ糣ţ΢΢ͷףΡ
ףεķϡ
ǡףΧ
ףһ㶼ûʶֻʦ˵ʲôʦɻΪʲô졣
ɡҪô˵Ҳ̫ˣ
ǣ֧֧ᣬҶ
ԼԼڽʲô
ףûע⵽ԽЩ
ϥǴʦȡݴ겻ɫ
ףʦáָףεգԼ
ͬȫȫأרĵأ
ֱ˫峺Ӱȫռݺǳǳ´ǡ
ʦһЦףε۾¶Ц⡣
ʱ
Ỻ˿͸ټˡ
ףαڻƫͷףգǰƽ˳졣
ףᣬףζ˽Сԡ
ףη§סʦ඼ڼ¶
Щʦ
£ͷˡ
ʦ㡭һףβŷԼɤЩɬ
ǳûˮɿ
ȻҪѰˮԴҵ˿֮ǰףΪԼжҵ˳ŽǣڡҲϡ
ǰԼףյϣףЩصԸ
ƺһЦ
ףζʦսûҶֻÿһ㣬ȴʦĻӦ
˵ǣ׿ϡ
ָḧ
ȵף̲סȥʱƺô𸴣ȷҹ*ɫ
˾䣬ͬһ
ף˹ȥ
ǳֹǡҧʦ´ʹʦΪҪʦʪʦĺʦġһС
ֻ죬ڣŹлл
ףʦͨԣӦ˵ѧϰ鱾ϵ֪ʶ
ģѹֲסĴϢ
˭ģ
ףηֲ壬Ҳȥֱ档
ֻǣҪʦ㡣
ʦ㡭
ףεš
ֹһ
֣ÿẰʦ㣬ʦͬӦ㣬ӡ

ҹĻ貣Բ
ǵͥԺЩʱϢ
һţûκ˵ĺʱ⡣
ҲϾ˼
ףٶȹ͵Ǽķ⣬һΡȥ
š
ԺȫȻʦ㡣
ʦ㡭ҡףε϶ȴΪ֣أҡáʦ㡭

һҹߡ

Сԣ
ƺ˭ỽ
ʦ㣿
ףŬ۾ȥӦʦ㣬ʦģ
Ѿȫǰ˹ǹ֮󣬸ֳĹȻʦģ
ףЦ
Ȼһ
ʦ㡭üļСС룬ȥˣ
̰˯ʦĴϣﴫףζգȥ
ԽԽƮ죬޷ڣףŬȥȴʲôҲ塣
Ȼѣ
л˵



193 
ǵĹϵƺڴ˿̣ı仯ˡ
ǳ۾,ףʶ۾
ȵ߻ָʱģʦ˯ա
ۣë,һһ,ıֱͦ,촽΢΢ţԼѹ,עĿ
ʦʱ͸˯еİϢ
ףεĿûбʦפüļĵϡ
ڵġ
üšһϢ
šμʦ㣿
ɺö˶˵ģΪҪμʦüûкģ
ף,ⷬԸ,ϲʦС롣
Ҳǰδ,ͷԼĻʱĿ䵽ʦüļĵϡ
ԣΪλΣ
ף˼,֪ʱ,Ȼ,
ʦһƽ˼ʦףΣͻȻҹ顣
ʱʦ,,͸ˮ,ʧ
Լ,Լ,¶鶯,ף޷԰,롣
ЩܿףԺ,
ûϢѸٺˡ
ףʵǺߣܿʦȴ㣬˹ȥʦ㣬ȥʦĲ
˿ë׵ɨ겱ϸ弡
֣Դ˿
ͷ°ᴥףͷ
˽ܵرһ
˵ֻǾ׵ģģӵš
Ӵļ¶ȡ
ףΪݽӴеůͰģ۾Դ˺һЩʦ㡣
ǵЦȻЩҪ׽Ū˵Ļ
ûд˿Ц⣬ֻעŻеĵ£ףν²⵽һ顣
ȻףδսգҸһ
Ϊ͹ˡ
û뵽ף˿ִ߱սأüļ䣬ǿССĺ롣
Ƿ·հ⡣
Ӳһ˲ܿƽϢȥûףβ
ף§һЩë׵Դ´صԼ
ףε߱ڱΣʦ
գȥæЩˡǸףʦãˡ
ףˣȻʧ䣬ȻˣӦ󣬲ʦ㡣
ټӿ죬±һһԹڼеȴʦģ
У
겶׽ףεôʣͷףε
ߣǿûжоð뷨
Щ΢С飬Ҳֵÿ佱ô
ͷȥָףζߣùԡ
ףϲֿٵĵͷ
ǵûôգ
ͷʱ򣬶ҲŶϡ
һϢΪĴףζһԾףס췴Ӧ
ָԼĿڣǿѸʦ㣬ʦ㣬ɲԡһ£
̫ˣûúء
ƺû뵽ףλ󣬽΢ȶ
ףβԾ͸ڴĿüġ
뿪ָףβƺƶᣬȥͬ۰գҹ䣬Ҫǵáҡ
ôأ
ףЦ۾ʦʦ㣬Ҫʦ㣬Ҫ̫æµˡ
šֲ䣬Խˣǣæ󣬾Ҫҡ
ǵĹϵƺڴ˿̣ı仯ˡ
ףκҪ󣬵ǽĵڶҪ
ңһҲûоû鷳ʦ㣬ȻҲʦӦԼ
ΪѾ㹻׽ԵǣԱ¡
ָ䣬Ƶף°ʹָ˲䡣
ˡ

ףεСֵѰ
ϵ۴ףμۣ˻˿
ʦ㣿ףζʱЩͬһ㣬ָȻ££ڴ
ɣᱻɣ
ףεǾôβعأǡ̫˽ܣ뱻κ˿
ʵҹǼȷʵЩۼʿټ
⶯ԳЩͬѰ
ϪŶһͲһԲȦ
ﻹδͳȥףСһѾнչˣ
ǡǿʦ㣡
ףμ
ףСΣ
ˮֲλѼĶֻǺܸ˵ؽԼｻףΣףΣķһõϣ
˵۾ףΣ򿪰򿪰
ףЦЦյʾСɵľС
ľʢһ塣
ףνȡָȥʱ
ᣬͷ侫˿ϷʵܹһΪ
ˮ󣬻ζԴٺ٣ʦ˵ģܹӦ˴ˣǶԷʱԼһ㣡
ЦţԼ̫
ˮˮȻɽŵʦĳŮԼһ٣żֻС졣
˾ЦҪʯһˮҡ
ˮԽԽƮƮҪ
ӳѩʦ㶼˵˺ˮϻۣû뵽
ߣʲô˻߱ŤŤˮƲ죬Ǻõز仨ӳѩ
ʿЦɽȥ
ҹҪúõİϯ
ףκףԼʦ⣬Ȼһ㣬޴ú֪
ܿѽ
رǰϪ׼ˣûȥо¥Ǵǽһһ
ġϪƺ¿ˮһּΪζȣųк;ֺ
ʳΨлӳѩ֦ûԳرϲˮΪ׵ĻһЦҲ
˵»Ϫʯʦ˸ְ˿ǰ衣
ʿϳˮСߣ˶ʮϯ䣬ϵۼС
ףʳʱһ¶ǡ
Ȼζԡ
Ǻȹģһ¾ͷӦⲻǲ裬Ǿơ
ףο಻ԶСˣӦСŪˣΪ˾ơ
ϲΪˣһƶѣ˾ͺˡ
ֻЦЦͶʳ䡣
һᣬϪȥװķ羰
ȥ
ף·СѰ˹СɾˣŸ˾ƣɻãȡ˽
С˫ֽϡ
ףȷʵеƮƮʧǵԼȷʵܲҲûƴǣл
ڰ֣ʾȥ䡣
ӹ룬ף۾Ȼ̧Сˡ
ʵ㷽Žʲô
СɾС˲⣬ǡСĺ˹ˣ
ףףǡ
ʵڱǸС˻ֲ̿ǸСĸγƺͣΪСĽָ򣡡
ףζ룬СˣЦЦǰСˡ
ѽ
СҲЦʻȻһ䣬йڵͣСĺء
ƺЩףΣȤʣҹ²ΪѰ㣿
ӵʿĿǰڱɽͨӴ˶ԶɵѰȣе˪ɡ
ǰãŵⶣףΣһҪĶɣҪһʱ򳤱ȡ
Ϊɶ˻ӡΪȤ
ʱףαظǰҪ˻ӡ
ЦЦ֣ҰգףΡ
ףҡͷˡѴ
ɱ㣿ǰѹףҪĺ
ףβδֻǰᡣ
ɵͷɫ䵭ףΣ̫棬˻ӡƵУΪǰ׵һǻᶪˡ
Ϊ¼ƣںֹԼҲˡ꣬
¶ǿˡ
ΪԹԵ˵ţ˼ʲôΣҲıŶҲΪı
ɿףΣһһٵıνÿһõõ꣬ҩι
ȻЦЦץףμϡ
˶ʱ˰Уʱƻ轵
ε˳ǽ֮Уߣϣѩδ
ꡣ
Ŷɵףοʦ㡣
̤ڿУĿѩҪн
ͣɵɱ
üšѹΪֲ
ô׺ݡ̧̧Դֱ꣬㲻ãԣǽô
һЩ˽ԴĿġϧţȻ˽緲ˡ
ףβ׶ɵĻƺľƻδȥ۾Щʹ˼
ɵӦȷ˸Ͼ
ЦʵѾõЩʲô𣿡
ĿһȫȻףϡ
ףԵмʹü
ʲô
ȻȾϼС
Ȼٱƽ
ġһƣף£Ầ
סףΣС
ףεĺ˴֮ϣȡ
ġɵżָӣҲ̾ϢҲųŪףΣҲЩˡ
ȻⲢƽô
꣬˲ʧ
֮ˡǣ䣬ҪЩ߸ϵĵkŪô



194 Ͻ
һССģĺ롣
֮,ףαǼŵϤ㡣
ڻഫݣܽ
ɵЩףβס
ĳ˲䣬Щ,Ϊһж,һס
ôŬ,ǰ޷ȷԼǷΪʵ
ʶڵ˻ӡûܵ߶,
ף˻ָʶۡ
ǰɫİŴѩ,ë,ضװ,û˿ů͸ɭ䡣
ȫȻĳ,ȴվһԼޱϤŮӡ
ʦ㣿
ףμ˲䷢,ǰʦüļ䲢ǿź롣
һʱûг,һϢԼȻֽʦ㲱䡣
ףһ,ҪԼ,ʦƿ,òС
,Լ,޷Ų硣
䵭,ɤѩΪ,㲻ᶯ֡
ʦ㡭⸱ģ,ףδδ
ʶʦ㣬ֻٱ䶯ȴ䣬ƽˡ
ףȴԼ
¡
֣ҲŴӲʦ¶볰Ū߸ϵ㣬Ϊ˳ΪϽ繲ϧҼ̫´ֱģ𡣡
£Ͻ繲
Լ˵Щʲô
ףüԼô˲ʦ㡣
죬Ҳϲϣ
̧һɨˡ
ʵòԶǡһľ롣
䵽ףϣףѾǸεǸΡ
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ףεʳ,δ̵õ𰸡
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Է󻼣
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ǳǳͬŵֺնɤᣬԡҧ



197 д
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ĿƮƮ䵽⣬ȻףʦһԵȷʵǳ
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ʦ㣬ýûе£ǡʦɣҲŸõİɡ
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ָףգָףεĲףʦãɻǵõ񣿡
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ʦ㣬Ǵʦ˵Ļܷ񡭡Σ
ʦ㲻ƭģԲԣ
ͬԸѵسףظˡ
ʱ룬ΪҪ֪Щء
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ǵáдš
дţд
л˵
ķʯתҲԡʫۡ



198 ұ
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Ϊ֮,ֹδ
ˮ뿪ͼ,ǵô,ףδǼ͵õĹܼңԡ
ܴǷܱǰ֪,ףνܹ䵭࣬ض,·ǡ
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ˮԼͼ˼ͼºȤ,ûдϡ
Ҫұͣһ,֪Щ,޲ס
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ԹܼһۣףɾĪҪ֣ͼʦЩ˼ͼҰݣԸʦǽ뷨ʵ
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֮ǣҪӣ֮ʲôҪȡ
ν˼ˮΪУǽͳпɴţмˣβֱǿǽڡ
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⡭Թܼһʱѿֲҷˮ
ǿڳһԴǲ֪Ϊͼ˵㣬ΪζԼƲϡ
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ףνɽ𵤣Ψһ֮츳ѡ
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ݡԺһȾָηԴ

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´֣ҹ˴ѩѹܣӦᶳɱ裬ֻˣΪΧ紵ڴϣֽס⣬Ƿʶѣһ͵ûд
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ףʱˣطʱףεסţЩˣԻףģд֡
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ʦ㣬ҿԣӲƭҡҽ̫ףҾȻ֪ǰɥʧ˸ᡣ
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ָֽ߬ôһ˲䣬ףߡ

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СʹǷģһŬָ£ȡᣡ[][][]



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203 һ
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һеһУϽִߵı
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۽ǵ飬Ѫüġ

ǣףεһ
ԭãҲᣬΪˡ



204 
Ҫһ𰸡
,ҶݻƣԺҼȡ
ףʱվԺ
,ͷ,˹ȥ
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ƫƫҪٵʮ꣬ı꣬˰㣬Ѫǰк顭
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ǵֳˮССԹȥںüּ꣬ųţף㶼ûмЩĳɹء
ǡϪҲǴСܵ»δãܣɲаףСΣ䲻Σ
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Щݷ羰ףߵú
·Ҳоͷ
ףųԺ䣬Ȼꡣ
Ŀⲻϣֺֿܿ
š
ףǰһ
⴦طʦɱԼ
úӡϵ֣֮ͥʾ
ףιȥ󣬶
ʱǰ㣬ַõͷ࣬ҪҲҪǵϢҪԼ̫档
ףͷЦݡ
ʱҲЦţסߣѪȻ档
šףӦ¡
ŵʾ£վ
ӣ֮վЩԶֱ֣Ťˣ
ۼ¶Щǣףķ˿ЩС¡
ƫͷ꣬΢Ц񡭡*ˣôʦ㣿
Цⲻ۵ס
֪ʦƲףš
˱áҲ֪δţʵСΣЩʱջҪسס
ףһ٣
ɣȴ䵭Ȼͺˣʦͬסģʦ㣬Ը⣿
ЦݼʦȻԸģɵӡ
ף΢΢۾ʦ㣬˵
ףΣδ
ףʦԼǼЦ޷ڿףʹ࣬ȴαװЦݡ
ʹ޷
ܿףЩʦ𣬽ձ㵽գһЩˡ
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ףԭվĵطЩ
СΣ
ֱŵſοЩʱգȷʵæµǲ㡣
šףᣬ֪

ҹ
ףεصԭһסͥԺȥ᷿
ô
ףп鰸˫ֳţ꣬Ϊ˵˵ʵ򲻻ô
лëʣ̧ƽףΣɻ᷿
ףζҾҪ⡣
ǲԸ⣬ȥԵĵطҼȻӦţͻ
ǧٴζӣЩʱ򣬺ǢȻˣ˵ѡ
ÿףοʱףʦáֻˡ
峺ʱ۾䣬ȫ׽
ƿĿ⣬޷Ѱ鷳Ҳֹ
糣ʼ顣
ףμüϢ֮ջ֣һԡ
ȼ˰ء
ҹɫ
ޱȼžķΧУŸԵˡ
գˡ
ŲǵԺ䣬ȴͬ±һ㣬ҹҹص᷿УĬĸ¡
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꣬ΪðףΡ
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ʲôûȴҪ衣
ܱ߻İ
ƾʲôЩƷжӵ˿ԳΪ״ӣͲԺΪΪȥ˺𣿡
ѵ㲻ܵ˵𾴣Ϊףµʿ
ͬľȴذԶԶ޷㲻Ľĵλɣ
ңǣ԰㡣

飡
ͷ˫۱˿񸲸ǣָᴥ
ԵʯȻĩ
ʦ𡣡ɤɣЦ⣬ѣҪˡ
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ķʮعڲ׽ħټ
ѭЩۼһΣħǰ
»
ħᣬżãû˪ˣء



205 
ǧ顣
һ,̨׽ư
ף̨ף˫ϥ֮ϡ
ͬػߣֺֻ
˪ڿֻŵС
,չʱ,פ˪ɵǶյŵ
ӳ˪,κһˡ
ǲ֪νĲ,⳷ʱȻ׽ͬŽ顣
׽֮˺Ȼεһжˡ
,,̿֡ǲٿ˴,
֪ΣͻĴЩʿ,,Ϊ,ȻͬϮҲֱӶѰû
ǳ,Ҳǧѡ˪,ܹѰ
ףεĶߴϤ,,ȥ
ѧĽϰ,
ŵֻ뿪,ڽϰ,,ϼĵǶС
ΣӦڵС
˪ɴܣûֳֵƵ޷˳룬ʱȴ˺Щħޡ
ףԱ£Ȱ˵ףΣҲЩӳȥɣǵս
ǰûýˣίǸεֻû뵽Ȼħ޹ᣬħ´󷨡
ֲԴӽʮ꣬βоڵֲ㼣鲼ȫ¡
˵û˱Ÿ˽
˪ռɽ޷ڸܵ󷨼໤ʶҵĳĵطڽ˵̫ס
ףδϥϵĽ
㲻Ҫ𡣡ִļģһж޹أЩ档
üëѹתЩᣬǣȾ˪ɡ
ףβͷ
ԣνϰֵɣ
üëºͣ͸ЩЦ⣬Ȼ
׽ؿףΣ㷢ˡ
ǴЩط״ƺ棬ɷң
ףεĽƮ𣬽򣬽ԶЩ
˳ӵջ֣ȻЦףΣѧʱ̵ӵģ
ʦ˺ıΣ˪ɵ顣ף䵭νϰŴ˽㣬ֻҪģ󷨲ѡ
ƾɣַŵϥϣɢţ·Ҫȥ
ףҡͷƾʱѰҡ
Ҳʿħ˵ֵһᣬҪɱҡ
Ψ㣬Щķ֮֪ҵ⡣
ռνϰ˵ˡףбӿ
ϰõĳȴ֪ʲôʱ𣬱ռǣ˺˪ɡ
ףΣö겻ˡˬʴЦδ㻹ܻţ㵱ɥ֮Ȯӳ磬ѡˣ
ףĿѪ𣬽һһ㡣

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ħδ»Ļ鲻ãҡҡͷ»֮ңᡣ
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ӦУʱҲضһһ
ʱ֮վ˵ǢǶδĺѻһ㡣
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ףԸꡣ
ΪħǹЦϽ磬᲻һϡ
ȻֳȣϽһͬ
˽ĸ˽٣Ͻ޸Ƽؾʧʱʲôͨͨ»㲻ãȤô
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𣬰ǰȥι㣬ħȡˡ
λǰҲ
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λ˽ǧΪγɲħޣı֮ڽ֮ǰõ
棬ǧ򲻸ã뷽֮ıգĳ㡣
ħ⽣ĻظֻЦţսᶼʤߡ
ĿڽǰʱȻɡ
ûнص˪ɣֹ٣

ꡣ
ƽ˪ɸ
ˮִǰüЩϣԷ֪ν
ǼλЩǵĳʱΧųƣ֮ͥ۸긵Ͳţղҷ
ԣΪڳϣȻħɱΣǵȥˣ
ˮŭ϶ŭ⣬޲ýǵͷȫһˣñЩ
ʮǰΪԣΪʦ񾳽ڴڣʵ򷢻Ӳȫʵ
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ΣỤסͥ
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Хذ
Ϊβң
ʱЩƣʵǣʹɽ̫Ϊγе֮ˣҡ
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ţĿϷ˪ڵķλ
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ףν˻ӡǰȴаƬһͬ
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Ψɽ뷽֮ĶԾУ
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ףϽ綼ǿΪֻһأǰδеľš
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ӽʼ˽罭Ӳβݣ£˻ռ˽֮ʱ
ףΣ㵱޷ֹıգҲսʧܡһΣ᳹



206 
һ飬ףüġ
,ʱڱչ⡣
ףͷִա
ӷģ㣬Ϳ̿δ,ƺǰ
Щ޳ʳ,ڱη,ľأ˽ữʹ,пġ
ռķ֮ӲβݣǱˮ
,գ
Ϊ֮ʤ˽
ףιЦ,̫,ҿ̫أ㽫ǧ,
,ƽᶨ
ȴúЦ,µͻɣף,ΪҲ֪ݹٴô
ٴǧ,ÿһ,ܵݵĽʱ,ȲΨһı,ֻҪɱ,ٲκα䶯
ֳ,ףϮ

˪,Ȫ
ڸŶ֮ʣΪɵļ̳ˣ̤ս꣬ȴ
ȻһϮ£üĵ׺ŵ룬ʥ
ȪƣڱΡ
ˡ
ȪȪûлȷʵʶ
⡣
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Ȫˮ֮ϣȪˮƽ׵ؽָȥȪġ
ʮһǰ۵Ĳл˲á
ӦΪk
۴Ӳ˽ֻǡһ·вͨʱɴ־طУ¿ʼ
޼ة࣬ĳӣ֮ϵȨִ˻ӡգȫҪˡ
Ϊľһ̡ӳ˻ӡ֪ǧ˽дʼ
۷Լݣʼ֡
kָұؽءȪʮһڱδκ
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񽣱ؽ
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Ϊʦֶ츳ˮԼƳķӦ
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ԺһףһѾɽ
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Ϫţ档
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ף£ǿֳס
ҿԣ³Ѫ

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ףǰȴа˻ӡһͬƯɢâ
ЩӵĴϢҪ
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ͽ޹
Ѹٱռݣƻǡ
ð취Ըˡ޺޵ΪʧܹһΣҲô
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һնףΣ

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֮ͥۼˮϲƣ޷Լʦ㱳
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¡
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ǰӰһǿֻǿӰ֮ͥȻ֪˭
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˻ͷʳָڴǰꡣ
֪֮ͥʦ˼
Ϊ֪
𾪵촽΢š
ΪʦȴнȻͬ
ĳ֪һģһ
ۣ

ףɱˡ
üչЦ߽ҪȡԼսƷ
˻ӡ
ԱССƬ䲻Ҫһ߱ǡ
ǵʱȴͬδڴ˵سֹһ㣬Ȼʧ
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꣡

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˱ۣ鰲Ȼ
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
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ǣףεͷѪ
꿴Լӣָս
սԼЩʹ
¼ˣּ̿ˣˡ
ش𡭡
ǳ˯ǧˣë۾
һ飬ףüġ
˼ǧ
ᣬ



207 
Ը
յ˻Ӧ
ףοԼ֮ǰ,ɿףε֣վ
ףεĶƣ˳ʥŮϡ
δ,ƽ̺Į
ʱ,һѽ,ƾճףǰ
Ŀ֮䵽˽ϡ
һѡǰδǿĽ
Ҳ͸ţףϤϢ
ɲǼ䡣
ף촽,ɿֳ߬᲻ܿƵӯջ,䵽½ϡ
,Ҫ
˻,ʹ
Ǳǵزա
ף絶,Ȼ,Ѫ,ôСֻǡʶҡ
ƽ,ף,ûʱٵˡ
˵Ҫ˷
һɱ㡭
ףε,,Ŵ
áӦʡ
һн,С,һҪȡҵ

衣
ףûڱη,ʧǵ뿪Ȫ
ǡ,ѰȻˣǱɣ
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ááãվҲҪɱˣ֮ﲻٱȫڵسⷽء
ֵһ˲䡣
ؽ׷
ͬʱ˪෽֮ﲻռ۶ڡ
ΪͻƶɽڣָףǰĿֲʵǿɱȼΪ
ף㴥ûУֻǴ˺һԼǰ
Ƿ֮Ȼ龳磬ֻۼΣա
ص׷δǿƿֲһѸ
֮ﲻѰ֪ٲɱףΣεļƻʧܣ
̴µķ
׷ºǳ֮һףҲΣվء
ףνִڽϣܹܵԼȫȻ
촽̲ס
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촽ʼɬƤѪҺҪڰʹʲôҲû˵Ĭظ˾
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ͬ߰㣬ڴ˵سʥһһŽڶȥ

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